| 释义 |
▪ I. dale1|deɪl|
Forms: 1–3 dæl, 1–4 dal, 3– dale; also 3 deale, 4 dalle, 5 dall, daile, daylle, 6 daill.
[OE. dæl, gen. dæles, dat. dæle, pl. dalu, dalo, neuter; Com. Teut. = OS. dal, OFris. del, deil, MDu. and Du. dal, all neuter, OHG., MHG. tal, masc. and n., Ger. thal n., LG. dal, dâl, Goth. dal n., ON. dalr m. (Sw., Da. dal):—OTeut. dalo-m, dalo-z, of which the root-meaning appears to be ‘deep or low place’: cf. Goth. dalaþ down, dalaþa below. As used in ME. the native word appears to have been reinforced from Norse, for it is in the north that the word is a living geographical name.
As to the final e in Ormin's dăle, see Sachse Unorganische E im Orrm. 22. The form deales pl. in Ancren Riwle is difficult to explain.]
1. A valley. In the northern counties, the usual name of a river-valley between its enclosing ranges of hills or high land. In geographical names, e.g. Clydesdale, Annandale, Borrowdale, Dovedale, it extends from Lanarkshire to Derbyshire, and even farther south, but as an appellative it is more or less confined to the district from Cumbria to Yorkshire. In literary English chiefly poetical, and in the phrases hill and dale, dale and down.
c893K. ælfred Oros. i. iii, Þæs dæles se dǽl se þæt flod ne grette ys ᵹyt to-dæᵹ wæstmberende on ælces cynnes blædum. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 37 Hwile uppen cliues and hwile in þe dales. c1200Ormin 9203 Nu sket shall illc an dăle beon all heȝedd upp & filledd. ― ibid. 14568, & coude & feld, & dale & dun. c1205Lay. 26934 Heo comen..in ane dale deope. a1225Ancr. R. 282, I þe deales..þu makest wellen uorto springen. a1300Cursor M. 22532–4 (Cott.) Al þis werld bath dale and dune..Þe dals up-rise, þe fells dun fall. c1386Chaucer Sir Thopas 85 By dale and eek by doune. c1440Promp. Parv. 112 Dale, or vale, vallis. a1533Ld. Berners Huon xxi. 60 They..rode by hylles and dales. 1560–1Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scotl. v. ii. §10 Galloway, Carrick, Niddisdaill, Annanderdaill, with the rest of the Daillis in the West. 1611Bible Gen. xiv. 17 The valley of Shaveh, which is the Kings dale [1885 R.V. vale]. 1727–46Thomson Summer 1271 Where, winded into pleasing solitudes, Runs out the rambling dale. 1806Gazetteer Scot. (ed. 2) 343 Linlithgowshire..Its surface is finely diversified with hill and dale. 1820Wordsw. Scenery of Lakes (1822) 62 That part of these Dales which runs up far into the mountains. 1847Tennyson In Mem. Concl., Till over down and over dale All night the shining vapour sail. 1876Whitby Gloss. 50/2 Around Whitby all the valleys are ‘dales’ ..There are many smaller dales into which the larger are divided. ‘Deealheead’ is the upper portion of the vale; ‘Deeal end’ being the lower part.
b. fig.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 19 Ðan man hem telled soðe tale..Of blisses dune, of sorwes dale. a1340Hampole Psalter xxiii. 3 Falland down agayn til þe dale of synn. ― Pr. Consc. 1044 Twa worldes..An es þis dale, whar we er wonnand. a1661Fuller in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cxxi. 1 Viewing the deep dale of thy own unworthiness.
†2. A hole in the ground, a hollow, pit, gulf. Cf. dell 1. Obs.
a800Corpus Gloss. 274 Baratrum, dæl [Leiden dal]. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 421 On ðæt deope dæl deofol ᵹefeallaþ. c1420Pallad. on Husb. xi. 481 Ther thay stonde a dale Do make, and drenche hem therin. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. xxv. 78 Dyches or dales or euyll pathes.
3. attrib. and Comb., as dale furze; dale-end, the lower end of a dale; dale-head, the head of a dale or valley; dale-land, ‘the lower and arable ground of a district’ (Jamieson); dale-lander, -man, ‘an inhabitant of the lower ground’ (Jam.); dale-backed a., hollow in the back (as a horse).
1676Lond. Gaz. No. 1078/4 Lost..a brown bay Nag..a little dale backt. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 250 The..dwarf or dale furze blooming in the autumn. 1876[see sense 1].
▪ II. dale2|deɪl|
Also Sc. dail(l.
[The northern phonetic variant of dole:—OE. dál part, portion, division, allotment, dealing, dole; cf. northern hale, stane = standard Eng. whole, stone. Used esp. in the following senses; for others see dole.]
1. A portion or share of land; spec. a share of a common field, or portion of an undivided field indicated by landmarks but not divided off.
c1241Newminster Cartul. (1878) 87, j acram et j rodam in campo del West in duas mikel dales quas Rob. fil. Stephani et Sywardus quondam tenuerunt. 1531Dial. on Laws Eng. i. xxx. (1638) 53 The grantee suffereth a recovery..by the name of a rent in Dale of a like sum as, etc. 1735N. Riding Rec. IX. 157 All the..closes, inclosures, dales and parcels of arrable land meadow and pasture ground thereto belonging. 1820Wordsw. Scenery of Lakes ii. (1823) 43–4 The arable and meadow land of the vales is possessed in common fields; the several portions being marked out by stones, bushes, or trees; which portions..to this day are called Dales. 1875Lanc. Gloss., Dale [local], an unseparated portion of a field..often unmarked, or only shown by stakes in the hedge and stones at the corners of the dale. ‘A dale of about a quarter of an acre on Black Moss belongs to this farm.’
†2. Dealing; having to do with; business. Sc. Obs.
c1375Barbour Troy-bk. ii. 2839 Cume and ly heire besyde me now, So þat I may haf dale with þe. 1469Act. Audit. 9 (Jam.) He sall hafe na dale nor entermeting tharwith in tyme to cum. 1513Douglas æneis xii. iv. 161 All to ȝyng wyth sic ane to haue daill [1553 dale]. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 302 That he wald get the best part of the daill. 1592Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) 544 The successioun proceding of that pretendit mariage or carnall daill.
▪ III. dale3|deɪl|
Also 7 daile, 8, 9 dail, (dill).
[Corresponds in sense 1 to LGer. and Du. daal; also to F. dalle, which is also used for a conduit-tube of wood or metal used in various technical processes, Sp., Pg., It. dala, Sp. also adala. According to Littré dalle in Picard is also a kitchen-sink; and Cotgr. has ‘dalle, a sewer or pit whereinto the washings, dishwater, and other such ordure of houses are conueyed’. See Littré and Diez.]
1. A wooden tube or trough for carrying off water, as from a ship's pump; a pump-dale.
1611Cotgr., Escoursouër, the dale of a (ships) pumpe, whereby the water is passed out. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ii. 8 The daile is a trough wherein the water doth runne ouer the Deckes. 1800S. Standidge in Naval Chron. III. 472 They pumping the water into a pump dill. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 139 Pump dales, pipes fitted to the cisterns, to convey..water..through the ship's sides.
2. An outlet drain in the Fen district.
1851Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XII. ii. 304 When those fens were first embanked and drained, narrow tracts, called ‘dales’, or washes, were left open to the river..Every district, with its frontage of dales, is tolerably well drained.
▪ IV. dale
see deal.
▪ V. dale v.
northern form of dole v. |