| 释义 |
de-, prefix
The Latin adverb and preposition, used in combination with verbs, and their derivatives. A large number of verbs so formed lived on in French as popular words, or were taken over into the language in earlier or later times as learned words, and thence came into English, as dēcrēsc-ĕre, décreis-tre, decrease; dēfend-ĕre, défend-re, defend; dēsīderāre, désire-r, desire. In later times English verbs, with their derivative adjectives and substantives, as also participial adjectives and substantives without any verbs, have been adapted directly from Latin, or formed from Latin elements, without the intervention of French. The following are the chief uses in Lat. and Eng.
I. As an etymological element. In the senses:
1. Down, down from, down to: as dēpendēre to hang down, depend (dependent, -ence, etc.); dēpōnĕre to lay down, depone, depose; dēprimĕre to press down, depress; dēscendĕre to climb down, descend; dēvorāre to gulp down, devour. So of English formation, debreak.
2. Off, away, aside: as dēclīnāre to turn aside, decline; dēducĕre to lead away, deduce; dēfendĕre to ward off, defend; dēportāre to carry off, deport; dēsignāre to mark off, designate; dēsistĕre to stand off, desist.
b. Away from oneself: as dēlēgāre to make over, delegate; dēprecārī to pray away, deprecate.
3. Down to the bottom, completely; hence thoroughly on and on, away; also methodically, formally: as dēclāmāre to shout away, declaim; dēclārāre to make quite clear, declare; dēnūdāre to strip quite bare, denude; dēplōrāre to weep as lost, deplore; dērelinquĕre to abandon completely, derelict; dēspoliāre to spoil utterly, despoil.
b. To exhaustion, to the dregs: as dēcoquĕre to boil down or away, decoct; dēliquēscĕre to melt away, deliquesce.
4. In a bad sense, so as to put down or subject to some indignity: as dēcipĕre to take in, deceive; dēlūdĕre to make game of, delude; dērīdēre to laugh to scorn, deride; dētestārī to abominate, detest.
5. In late L., dēcompositus was used by the grammarians in the sense ‘formed or derived from a compound (word)’, passing later into that of ‘compounded over again, doubly or further compounded’; in this sense the word has in modern times been taken into chemistry, botany, etc. (see decomposite, decompound), and the prefix has been similarly used in other words, as decomplex, demixture.
6. In Latin, dē- had also the function of undoing or reversing the action of a verb, e.g. armāre to arm, dearmāre to disarm, decorāre to grace, dēdecorāre to disgrace, jungĕre to join, dējungĕre to unyoke, vēlāre to veil, dēvēlāre to unveil, and of forming verbs of similar type from substantives, as deartuāre to dismember, from artus member, joint, dēcollāre to behead, from collum neck, dēcorticāre to deprive of bark, from corticem bark, dēflōrāre to rob of its flowers, from flōrem flower. A like notion was usually expressed in classical Latin by the prefix dis-; e.g. cingĕre to gird, discingĕre to ungird, convenīre to agree, disconvenīre to disagree, jungĕre to join, disjungĕre to disjoin, diffībulāre to unclasp, dīlōrīcāre to uncorslet, discalceātus unshod. In late L., dis-, Romanic des-, became the favoured form; and although some L. words in dē- lived on, or were by scholars adopted into the Romanic langs., all new compounds were formed with des-, and many even of the Latin words in dē- were refashioned in Romanic with des-: thus L. dearmāre, dēcarnāre, dēcolōrāre, dēcorticāre, dēdignārī, dēformāre, *dēcapitāre, Romanic desarmare, descarnare, descorticare, desdegnare, de- and des-formare, de-, des-capitare, OF. desarmer, descharner, descorchier, desdaigner, de- and desformer, de-, descapiter. In later F. des- became, first in speech, and finally in writing, dé-, in which form it was identical with the dé- of learned words from L. dē-. In English, early words taken from OF. with des- retained this form (now altered back under Latin influence to dis-), as in disarm, disband, disburse, discolour, disdain, disfrock, disjoin, disrobe; but later words have de-, which, although coming from F. dé-: —OF. des-:—L. dis-, is usually viewed and treated as identical with Latin dē-; e.g. debauch, debord, defy, defile, depeople, derange, develop. In some words both forms have passed into English, as disburse, † deburse, discard, † decard, disconcert, † deconcert, disfrock, defrock. In French the prefix des-, dé-, has received an ever increasing extension as a privative, freely prefixed to verbs, as in débarasser, débrutaliser, décentraliser, déconstiper, etc., or used to form verbs of the same type from nouns, as débanquer, débonder, déchaperonner, défroquer, etc. From the free adoption of these into English, de- has here also become a living privative element, freely prefixed to verbs (esp. in -ize, -ate, -fy), and forming verbs of a similar type from substantives or adjectives. Hence:
II. As a living prefix, with privative force.
1. Forming compound verbs (with their derivative ns., adjs., etc.), having the sense of undoing the action of the simple verb, or of depriving (anything) of the thing or character therein expressed, e.g. de-acidify to undo or reverse the acidifying process, to take away the acid character, deprive (a thing) of its acid; hence de-acidified, -fying, -fication; de-anglicize to undo the anglicizing of, to divest of its English character, render no longer English. Some of these are formed by prefixing de- to the original verb, but others are more logically analysed as formed with de- + n. or adj. + verbal suffix, the resulting form being the same in either case. In others, again, no corresponding simple verb is in use: e.g. decephalize, decerebrize, decolourize, defibrinate. The older and more important of these words are given in their places as main words: e.g. dechristianize, decompose, demagnetize, demoralize, etc. Of others of less importance, of recent use, and of obvious meaning, examples, nearly all of the 19th c. (but decanonize 1624, decardinalize 1645), here follow.
(The hyphen is conveniently used when the de- comes before a vowel, and sometimes elsewhere to emphasize the occasional nature of the combination, or draw special attention to its composition; otherwise it is not required.)
de-aˈcidify (-fied, -fication), de-ˈalcoholize (-ed, -ization, -ist), de-ˈalkalize (-ed), de-aˈmericanize, de-aˈnathematize, de-ˈappetize (-ing), de-arˈsenicize (-ing), de-ˈaspirate (-ing, -ation, -ator), debiˈtumenize (-ation), deˈbrutalize, deˈbunnionizer, deˈcæsarize, deˈcalvinize, deˈcanonize (-ation), deˈcamphorize, deˈcardinalize, decaˈthedralize, deˈcelticize, deˈchemicalize (-ation), deˈchoralize, deˈciceronize, deˈcitizenize, deˈclassicize, deˈclericalize (-ation), deˈclimatize, deconˈcatenate, deˈconcentrate (-ation), deconˈventionalize, deˈcopperize (-ization), deˈcultivate, deˈdoggerelize, deˈdogmatize (-ed), de-ˈeducate, de-eˈlectrify, de-eˈlectrize (-ation), deˈfeudalize, deˈflexionize (-ed, -ation), deˈformalize, deˈfortify, deˈganglionate (-ed), deˈgeneralize, deˈgentilize (-ing), deˈgermanize, deˈheathenize, deˈhellenize, (-ation), dehiˈstoricize, de-iˈdealize (-ed, -ing, etc.), de-indiˈvidualize (-ation), de-indiˈviduate, de-inˈdustrialize (-ation, -ized, -izer), de-ˈinsularize, de-ˈintegrate, de-inteˈllectualize (-ed, -ing), de-iˈtalianize, deˈjansenize, deˈjunkerize, deˈlatinize (-ed, -ation), deleˈgitimize (-ation), deˈliberalize, deˈlimitize, deˈlocalize, deˈmartialize, deˈmentholize (-ed), deˈmetallize, deˈmetricize, deˈnarcotize, deˈnucleate (-ed), de-ˈorganize (-ation), de-oriˈentalize, de-ˈossify (-fication), de-ˈozonize (-ation), deˈpaganize, deˈpantheonize (to put out of the pantheon), deˈpartizanize, dephiˈlosophize, deˈphysicalize (to do away with physical development; -ation), deˈpiedmontize, depoˈliticalize, deˈpriorize (deprive of priority), deproˈfessionalize, deˈprotestantize, deproˈvincialize, deˈrabbinize (-ation), dereˈligionize (-ing), deˈruralize, deˈsaxonize, deseˈmiticize, desentiˈmentalize (-ed), deˈskeletonize (to rid of its skeleton), deˈsocialize (-ation), desuperˈnaturalize, detaˈrantulize (-ation), deˈtheorize (to divest of theories), devoˈlatilize.
1786Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 134 *Deacidified nitrous air.
1866Pall Mall G. 21 Sept. 11 Like blank cartridge or *dealcoholized wine. 1873M. Collins Sqr. Silchester's III. xxi. 236 It is a capital dealcoholist.
1877Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 74 The substance consists of *de-alkalized fibrin.
1884Tennyson Becket v. ii. 176 Can the King *de-anathematise this York?
1888Academy 28 Jan. 56 A *de-appetising feast of dry bones.
1876T. Le M. Douse Grimm's L. App. F. 210 They both *deaspirated the initial. Ibid. §12. 24 Similar deaspirating movements both in Greek and Sanskrit. Ibid. §22. 47, I have frequently observed..that when a group of deaspirators are talking together, an h is rarely heard at all. 1879Whitney Sanskrit Gram. Index 478/2 Deaspiration of aspirate mutes.
1862Dana Man. Geol. ii. 410 The *debitumenization of the coal.
1891Chicago Advance 30 Apr., Not merely to ‘*debrutalize’ the police force, but to purify and ennoble it.
1872G. W. Dasent Three to One I. 250 An eminent chiropodist and *debunnionizer.
1882Pall Mall G. 20 May 3/2 The Republicans..wish to decentralize, to *decæsarize France.
1832Southey in Q. Rev. XLVIII. 280 He did not talk of *decalvinizing certain of our provinces, nor of dejansenizing certain corporations. 1891Chicago Advance 4 June, That this committee intended to de-Calvinize the church.
1624T. James in Abp. Ussher's Lett. (1686) 318 He hath..inlarged his Book of Bochel's *Decanonization.
c1645Howell Lett. (1650) I. ii. xix. 32 He [the Cardinal of Guise] is but young, and they speak of a Bull that is to come from Rome to *decardinalize him.
1881Academy 28 May 388/3 Ireland is..more *decelticised now than the Scottish Highlands.
1878Scribner's Mag. XVI. 436/1 An aroma which no chemistry, or *dechemicalization is potent enough to retain.
1864Reader 19 Mar. 374/1 Handel meant his oratorios to be choral works. This *dechoralizes them.
1873H. A. J. Munro Lucret. 473 One of the numerous artifices of Tacitus to *deciceronise the style of his annals.
1890Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 27 May, Any..plan of *decitizenizing free Americans.
1848Clough in Life & Lett. (1869) I. 125 The ‘jeunes filles’..were *declassicised by their use of parasols.
1870Sat. Rev. 12 Feb. 209/1 Nor..to allow its Bishops to *declericalize any of its priests and deacons by a penny post letter. Ibid., To accept..a declericalization which was not degradation.
1870Lit. Churchman XVI. 451/2 Englishmen who have lived much abroad seem to become *de-climatised in this particular.
1862Mrs. Speid Last Years Ind. 157 So the whole concatenation *deconcatenated.
1893Sat. Rev. 25 Mar. 333/1 The style of the great Mr. Smith..greatly *deconventionalized.
1784B. Franklin in Ann. Reg. 1817 Chron. 381 The odious mixture of pride and beggary..that have half depopulated and *decultivated Spain.
1890J. Davidson in Academy 15 Mar. 183/1 An example of the failure of high literary ability to *dedoggerelise it thoroughly.
1878Gurney Tertium Quid (1887) I. 113 The joylessness and dulness of the ‘dereligionised’ (more truly *dedogmatised) life.
1887Parish Problems 36 Poverty, care, work..had slowly *deëducated the Man!
1881Nature XXIV. 21 Method of *de-electrifying woollen yarn.
1824Mech. Mag. No. 61. 77 Might not steam be further *de-electrized? Ibid., By following up the means which produced it, namely, by de-electrization.
1871Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue §445 *Deflectionized languages are said to be Analytic.
1880Grant White Every-Day Eng. 275 This *deformalizing of the English language.
1877P. Thomson in Bible Students' Aids 146 Antiochus *defortifies the Temple.
1885Romanes Jelly-fish 180 The *deganglionated tissue.
1864Reader 23 Apr. 511/3 It may be within the compass of critical science to *degeneralize portions of it into the suggesting particulars.
1839New Monthly Mag. LVI. 454 The *degentilizing distinction above mentioned.
1892Pall Mall G. 7 Sept. 6/1 His theory is that Germany is being fast *de-Germanized.
1893Chicago Advance 31 Aug., The vast student-world was being *de-heathenized.
1866Pall Mall G. 8 Oct. 10 The urban population..is either thoroughly *de-Hellenized, or is in the process of de-Hellenization.
1865W. Kay Crisis Huffeldiana 27 Their attempts to *de-historicize..the oldest and most venerable document of human history.
1865J. Grote Treat. Mor. Ideas vii. (1876) 93 The notion..was very early *de-idealized or positivized. 1890W. S. Lilly Right & Wrong 226 The fine arts, as they exist among us, bear witness..to the deidealising of life.
a1866J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. v. (1870) 94 Reason binds men together, and, if we may so speak, *deindividualizes them. Ibid., The growth of virtue is a gradual deindividualization of men.
1880Fairbairn Stud. Life of Christ xv. (1881) 262 Men *deindividuated are almost dehumanised.
1882B. Leighton in Standard 5 May, To *de-industrialize the population. 1940Economist 23 Nov. 634/1 The ‘new European order’, in which de-industrialised France is to be reduced to an agricultural hinterland of the Reich. Ibid. 634/2 Their [sc. the Germans'] plan is to create just one more economic vassal, and in sponsoring the movement for ‘de-industrialisation’ the Vichy Government have stupidly..given their backing to that plan. 1972Nat. Geographic Sept. 359/2 If man were enlightened..he would deindustrialize many areas of the Connecticut Valley. 1979Daily Tel. 13 Dec. 21 The accelerated rundown of British Steel has disturbing implications about the future health of manufacturing industry and the process of ‘de-industrialisation’ that is now the vogue Whitehall phrase. 1985Inc Apr. 36/1, I began to realize that there were lots of people out there with axes to grind—the small-business camp, the big-business camp, the deindustrializers and the reindustrializers, [etc.].
1882Daily Tel. 2 June, In the face of the tunnel that is to *de-insularise us.
1861Bagehot Biog. Ess. (1881) 142 Years of acquiescing..usually *de-intellectualise a parliamentary statesman before he comes to half his power. 1891Abbott Philomythus 129 The de-intellectualising influence of this resolute faith in miracles.
1889Pall Mall G. 16 Oct. 2/2 The possibility of first *de-Italianising the Sacred College. Ibid. 13 Nov. 2/2 The de-Italianizing of the Church. 1832*Dejansenizing [see decalvinizing].
1866Pall Mall G. 13 Aug. 3 Will a junker be allowed to *dejunkerize himself.
1883Spectator 27 Jan. 126 A certain amount of *delatinisation and some simplification of phraseological structure.
1969C. Davidson in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 349 People will not move against institutions of power until the legitimizing authority has been stripped away... And we should be forewarned; it is a tricky job and often can backfire, *de-legitimizing us. 1981Church Times 4 Dec. 1/2 The report recommends that the Churches should urgently consider ‘the delegitimisation of the production, possession and use of nuclear weapons as a crime against humanity’. 1983MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour 23 Dec., UNESCO..has become..highly discriminatory against Israel, for example — it's where the delegitimization campaign against Israel first got under way. 1984Listener 2 Feb. 9/3 Terrorism is something of a catch-all category in official thinking, used to de-legitimise a variety of enemies.
1835Tait's Mag. II. 461 To *deliberalize the principles of the youthful patriot.
1887Gurney Tertium Quid II. 194 Further liberalising and *delimitising the conditions of poetic appreciation.
1881Ohio State Jrnl. 29 Jan., Worthless *dementholized oil.
1754Huxham in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 861 Tin and copper..are reduced to ashes, and *demetallized.
1883Athenæum 28 July 104/2 That passage..should..be forthwith *demetricized and turned into honest prose.
1829Togno et al. Mat. Med. The *denarcotized opium.
1892Poulton & Shipley tr. Weismann's Heredity II. 92 Boveri..succeeded in rearing such *denucleated eggs by the introduction of spermatozoa.
1864Homeward Mail 17 Oct. 901 The tendency..is to *de-orientalize the European mind in India. 1881Athenæum 9 July 42/3 Glimpses of Anglo-Indian life before it became de-Orientalized.
1874W. A. Miller Elem. Chem. (ed. 5) II. §341 Ozonized air is also *deozonized by transmission over cold manganese dioxide. 1873C. B. Fox Ozone & Antozone 95 The deozonisation of air passing over densely populated towns.
1847–8De Quincey Protestantism Wks. VIII. 156 Rome, it was found, could not be *depaganised. 1859Lit. Churchman V. 332/1 Among the slowly depaganized people.
1892Harper's Mag. Sept. 629/2 The bones of Mirabeau..were carried in great pomp to the Pantheon in 1791; and were *depantheonized..a year or two later.
1885American IX. 198 To *departizanize the public service.
1862Sat. Rev. XIII. 21/2 The work is resumed..in the Italian language..as a means for *depiedmontizing the author's style.
1872Contemp. Rev. XX. 831 To press philosophy into its service is to *dephilosophize it.
1872S. Butler Erewhon xi. 99 A time of universal *dephysicalisation would ensue.
1859Sat. Rev. VIII. 573/2 Dr. Cullen has really..*de-politicalized the Irish priesthood.
1866De Morgan in Graves Life Sir W. R. Hamilton (1889) III. 562 You cannot..let him take any licence which can damage or *de-priorise anything you choose to write on your own subject.
1884St. James's Gaz. 22 Mar. 4/1 It helps to some extent..to ‘*deprofessionalize’ the English clergy.
1888Mission Herald (Boston) Oct. 442 To *deprotestantize the nation.
1861O. W. Holmes Pages fr. Old Vol. Life (1891) 10 The camp is *deprovincializing us very fast. 1865Lowell New Eng. Two Cent. Ago Prose Wks. 1890 II. 12 Commerce is deprovincializing the minds of those engaged in it.
1891Review of Reviews 15 Sept. 267/1 The Jews must be *derabbinised and denationalised. Ibid., The derabbinisation is far advanced. 1878*Dereligionized [see dedogmatized]. 1879W. H. Mallock Is Life Worth Living? 64 To de-religionize life, then, it is not enough to condemn creeds and to abolish prayers. Ibid. 136 The gradual de-religionizing of life.
1888H. F. Lester Hartas Maturin I. i. 7 The gradual process of *deruralizing his townlet. 1890Daily News 19 Nov. 2/5 He hoped the Council would not entirely ‘de-ruralise’ the park.
1869Lowell Poems, Cathedr., A brain *desaxonized.
1892W. Watson in Bookman Oct. 23/1 Grotesque efforts to get inside the English character and *de-Semiticise his own.
1882Traill Sterne vi. 88 That thoroughly *desentimentalized ‘domestic interior’.
1886Blackw. Mag. CXL. 747 She..*deskeletonized the wretched closet with unsparing dexterity.
1889Harper's Mag. June 102/1 The way in which darkness isolates and *desocializes the citizen. 1883H. Maudsley Body & Will iii. iii. 258 Demoralization following desocialization.
1885Pall Mall G. 3 Sept. 5/2 He will steep himself to the lips in falsehood sooner than allow it to be *desupernaturalized.
1836Tait's Mag. III. 168 The singular ceremony of ‘*de-tarantulization’ (since a word must needs be coined).
1883A. B. Edwards in Academy 10 Nov. 309/2 A *de-theorised American.
1868Birm. Jrnl. Sept. 12 The oil..has been *devolatilised, so that all danger of explosion is annihilated.
2. Less frequently verbs (and their derivatives) are formed by prefixing de- to a noun (cf. L. dēfāmāre, F. défroquer), with the sense:
a. To deprive, divest, free from, or rid of the thing in question: as debowel (1375), deflesh, defoliage, deglaze, deglycerin, dehandle, delawn, † demast, demiracle, demonastery, † depark, deprivilege, deprotestant, detenant, † detruth; depetticoated, dereligioned ppl. adjs.; de-legitimation. (Some of these have forms in dis-, which is the usual prefix for words of this type.)
b. To turn out of, dislodge or expel from, as decart, † deparliament (1648); decourt, dehusk.
1860Russell Diary India (1863) I. 299, I completed my journey, and was safely *decarted at the door of a substantial house.
1837–40Haliburton Clockm. I. 76 He was teetotally *defleshed, a mere walking skeleton.
1831R. Huish Mem. Geo. IV I. 57 The lovely rosebud fell *defoliaged. 1879Scribner's Mag. July 402 They..completely defoliage the trees.
1885W. L. Carpenter Soap & Candles 151 The French process..for *deglycerining neutral fats.
1893in Chicago Advance 9 Mar., She had broken the cover of a tureen, and *dehandled a china pitcher.
1726Amherst Terræ Fil. xxxix. 215 The bishop ought to be *de-lawn'd.
1666Lond. Gaz. No. 89/4 Very little damage, besides the *demasting of one Fireship.
1884Tennyson Becket iii. iii. 137 For as to the fish, they *de-miracled the miraculous draught, and might have sunk a navy.
c1808Byron Occas. Pieces xvi. note, Some..monk of the abbey, about the time it was *demonasteried.
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Whet-stones-park, a Lane..fam'd for a Nest of Wenches, now *de-park'd.
1648J. Goodwin Right & Might 19 The men *deparliamented by the Army.
1892Chicago Advance 14 Jan., She is not a *depetticoated virago, who wants to inaugurate a general swapping of sex.
1979Times 27 Nov. 2/7 Headings of his document included ‘Investigate and publicize restrictive labour practices’..‘*Deprivilege (sic) the Civil Service’. 1986Times 26 Apr. 8/7 The government believes there is..a connection between legislation to deprivilege unions and macro-economic improvement.
1890Guardian 5 Nov. 1745/2 The result..is, to use the phrase of The Times, the ‘*deprotestanting’ of the greater part of Ireland.
1835Athenæum 443 The demoralized, *de-religioned invaders of privilege and property.
1883C. A. Cameron in Pall Mall G. 4 Dec. 1/2 Many unsanitary houses have been *detenanted.
1647Ward Simp. Cobler 67 He feares there is Truth in them: Could he *de-truth them all, he would defie them all.
3. By an extension of use de- is sometimes prefixed to adjectives or substantives, as in debare, decheerful, degalant, dedoctor. (Cf. dis- in discontent, dissatisfied, etc.) |