This benign disease resembles pancreatic carcinoma both clinically and radiographically.

This procedure was historically done only prophylactically or with mastecomy for benign disease over fear of increased cancer development in retained areolar ductal tissue.

This increases the likelihood of the patient eventually requiring major open surgery in benign disease and can lead to tracheal cancer presenting too late for curative surgery to be performed.

A radiation oncologist may also use radiation to treat some benign diseases and benign tumors.