That requires speculative investment that can only be harmed by the diminution of surplus funds.

In all these growth areas, success demands innovation and innovation demands speculative investment.

While she considers commissions to offer exceptional value, she says that the scope for speculative investment gains can be hyped.

This initially concentrated on speculative investment, but clients increasingly wanted physical delivery of currencies around the world.

In 2007, a good pair of walnuts could be bought for around 20, but speculative investment and the walnut's new status as an expensive gift means prices have exploded.