Often in such cases, the translations are made separately, rather than the subtitles being a verbatim transcript of the dubbed scenes of the film.

Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century.

Typically, the material may consist of police notes, memoranda, reports, summaries, letters or verbatim transcripts used by government agents or employees to testify at trial.

Such appeals are difficult to win because the courts do not provide verbatim transcripts of cases--only summaries prepared by the presiding judges.

It instructs the federal courts, in criminal matters to require production of verbatim transcripts and other notes or documents related to testimony by government agents, employees or witnesses.