The courts have nevertheless tended to uphold their validity.

Contract law in the 19th century was experiencing a shift from a formalistic regime toward a more flexible paradigm that tended to uphold the validity of contracts.

They were arguing about a highly contentious judgment, to be released the next day, upholding the validity of legislation to limit the collective bargaining rights of public employees.

However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.

But after each state amended its divorce statutes to permit such divorces, court decisions in each state upheld the validity of these statutes.