The year before, the company issued a voluntary recall of three million vehicles.

However, its licence has since been reinstated and a voluntary recall of some of its products was deemed unnecessary.

The cars involved in the latest emissions cheating controversy had been included in last year's voluntary recall, it emerged.

The recall of memories for stressful events do not differ under involuntary and voluntary recall.

In addition, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left precuneus were more active during voluntary recall, while left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was more active during involuntary recall.