| 单词 | brain |
| 释义 | brain (breɪn ) Word forms: brains , braining, brained 1. countable noun A2 Your brain is the organ inside your head that controls your body's activities and enables you to think and to feel things such as heat and pain. Her father died of a brain tumour. 2. countable noun [usually poss NOUN] Your brain is your mind and the way that you think. Once you stop using your brain you soon go stale. Stretch your brain with this puzzle. 3. countable noun If someone has brains or a good brain, they have the ability to learn and understand things quickly, to solve problems, and to make good decisions. They were not the only ones to have brains and ambition. I had a good brain and the teachers liked me. 4. countable noun [usually plural] If someone is the brains behind an idea or an organization, he or she had that idea or makes the important decisions about how that organization is managed. [informal] Mr White was the brains behind the scheme. Some investigators regarded her as the brains of the gang. [+ of] 5. verb To brain someone means to hit them forcefully on the head. [informal] He had threatened to brain him then and there. [VERB noun] Synonyms: hit, strike, smash, belt [informal] 6. to beat someone's brains out phrase [VERB inflects] To beat someone's brains out or bash their brains in means to hit their head very hard, so that they are badly injured or killed. [informal] They stood over him with clubs raised as if to beat his brains out. 7. blow someone's brains out phrase [VERB inflects] To blow someone's brains out means to shoot them in the head, killing them. [informal] 8. have on the brain phrase [VERB inflects] If someone has something on the brain, they keep thinking about it. [informal] You've had chess on the brain since you were little. 9. to pick someone's brains phrase If you pick someone's brains, you ask them to help you with a problem because they know more about the subject than you. [informal] Why should a successful company allow another firm to pick its brains? 10. to rack your brains phrase If you rack your brains, you try very hard to think of something. She began to rack her brains to remember what had happened at the nursing home. Quotations: Our brains may be too big - dooming us as Triceratops was doomed by his armour I was taught that the human brain was the crowning glory of evolution so far, but I think it's a very poor scheme for survival Idioms: have a brain like a sieve to have a bad memory and often forget things I've lost the car keys again – my brain's like a sieve. Easy Learning Idioms Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers get your brain into gear [informal] to start thinking clearly about something, so that you can achieve what needs to be done All I want is to get my brain into gear and get back to the top. Easy Learning Idioms Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers Collocations: brain capacity So, as we lose brain capacity - and the relative ease with which we once learnt new things - we gain brain efficiency. Times, Sunday Times The job occupies all of my brain capacity and there's none left over for diary planning or anything else for that matter. The Sun They also had a greater degree of functional brain capacity 30 days after the start of treatment. The Sun Each showed a massive 80 per cent expansion in brain capacity. Times, Sunday Times However, meerkats have far more social relationships than their small brain capacity would suggest. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Carbohydrates help in the production of the feelgood brain chemical serotonin. Times, Sunday Times (2010) Also contain a chemical we need to make the feelgood brain chemical dopamine. The Sun (2008) A natural brain chemical called dopamine is involved in all forms of addiction. Times, Sunday Times (2008) Drugs with potent effects on the brain chemical serotonin seem most effective. Christianity Today (2000) The researchers say the key to this may be the brain chemical serotonin. Times, Sunday Times (2006) How much of this was circumstantial and how much of it was my brain chemistry is hard to say. Times, Sunday Times (2009) The female hormone oestrogen is known to affect brain chemistry. Times, Sunday Times (2008) And brain chemistry is reducible to simple chemistry, which in turn, ultimately, can be reduced to pure quantum mechanics. THE BROKEN GOD Wheat gluten can also attach to receptors in the brain, which messes with brain chemistry, making people hungrier and making wheat addictive. Times, Sunday Times (2014) The more you use a brain circuit - whether that's for music, maths or any activity - the stronger it gets. Times, Sunday Times This finding shows that caffeine interferes with a modulatory mechanism in sleep regulation rather than a fundamental sleep regulatory brain circuit. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 However, when volunteers generously placed the interests of others before their own by making charitable donations, another brain circuit was selectively activated: the subgenual cortex/septal region. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The mommy brain circuits are finally free to be applied to new ambitions, new thoughts, new ideas. Times, Sunday Times Researchers said that the study showed that music activated brain circuits and stimulated language and communication within the womb. Times, Sunday Times The team did not study fly brains themselves, but rather read through the existing literature on fly olfaction and brain circuitry. Smithsonian Mag Now scientists know why: the stimuli overload their brain circuitry. Times, Sunday Times The brain circuitry responsible for processing rhythms and melodies appears to be one of the last regions to succumb to the physical damage associated with the disease. Times, Sunday Times Brain circuitry also evolved to favor monogamous attachment around the same time that our ancestors developed upright bipedal abilities. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It typically investigates at the level of neurons, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry and the basic biological processes that underlie normal and abnormal behavior. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Those using screens for more than seven hours a day showed thinning of the brain cortex, something that usually happens later in adolescence. Times, Sunday Times They also found that the brain cortex of dolphins such as the bottlenose had the same convoluted folds that are strongly linked with human intelligence. Times, Sunday Times He noted that the majority of the cases their brain ventricles were enlarged without destruction of the brain cortex. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Tertiary brain cortex collects the interpretations from the secondary cortexes and creates a coherent world view of it. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The newest layers are devoted to the most recent acquisitions, like bipedalism, grip of precision, large brain cortex, language and other abstract or recursive cognitive processes. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Also, because their brain development is in certain ways delayed (confirmed by brain scans), they often have poor language development and struggle with academic curriculums. Times, Sunday Times (2011) Cortical thickness is used as a measure of brain development. Times, Sunday Times (2016) Neurobiological research shows difficulties result from abnormal brain development in early pregnancy. Globe and Mail (2003) Prosopagnosia may shed light on fundamental questions of brain function. Times, Sunday Times (2008) This is good for their profit margins but not healthy brain function - and in any case it can be unlearnt. Times, Sunday Times (2016) These included phospholipids with pleiotropic brain function, such as derivatives of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. 2017, 'Comprehensive identification of age-related lipidome changes in rat amygdala during normal aging.', PLoS ONE We have conducted three brain imaging studies on alexithymia, which we describe herein. 2013, 'The alexithymic brain: the neural pathways linking alexithymia to physical disorders', BioPsychoSocial Medicine We excluded nanomedicine gene therapy and nanomaterial in brain imaging. 2016, 'Nanomedicine in Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders: A Present and Future Prospective', Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin Hearing loss and tinnitus led to brain imaging demonstrating a large left cerebello-pontine angle mass. 2012, 'Anesthesia for Suboccipital Craniotomy in a Patient with Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: A Case Report', Case Reports in Pulmonology Experts believe that the brain inflammation was caused by eating the unripe fruit on an empty stomach and exacerbated by the heat. Times, Sunday Times A trial of a vaccine in 2002 ended in failure when some of the patients reacted badly, developing brain inflammation. Times, Sunday Times Physios treat such long-term effects of measles, mumps and rubella as arthritis, brain inflammation and joint pain. The Sun Others have suggested it was encephalitis, a form of brain inflammation. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 They were able to stop the debilitating constant ringing in the ear by blocking a protein that fuels brain inflammation. The Sun Locked-in syndrome is caused by a stroke or brain injury. The Sun (2013) Apoptosis modulators such as caspase inhibitors might one day come close to curing acute brain injury. The Scientist (2000) The jockey has not suffered a brain injury but his vertebral damage remains serious. The Sun (2013) Three pressure sensors in the robotic hand send sensory feedback to separate electrodes attached to nerve cells, which the brain interprets as touch. Times, Sunday Times Tapping in the specific sequence resets the way that your brain interprets and responds to stress, thereby altering your internal brain structure. Times, Sunday Times It could be the retina, or the way the brain interprets the retina. Times, Sunday Times Colour only occurs when the brain interprets the electrical stimulation that reaches it from the retina. The Times Literary Supplement The brain interprets different colors (and with a lot of information, an image) when the rate of firing of these neurons alters. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It was also able to spot brain lesions and predict whether patients would need neurosurgery. Times, Sunday Times However, those asked to stick to twice-weekly weights sessions not only showed significantly less shrinkage of brain matter, but their brain lesions had not multiplied at nearly the same rate. Times, Sunday Times Experts have found that the condition raises the risk of brain lesions, and that the association was even stronger in those who experienced warning signs, or auras, beforehand. Times, Sunday Times Focal brain lesions may be associated with specific neurological symptoms. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 As well as cognitive methods, her research has involved functional imaging studies, exploration of acquired brain lesions, and behaviour genetic methods. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 His synthetic neurobiology group has worked out a way to fire individual brain neurons by imprinting algae proteins on them. Times, Sunday Times Keeping active switches on a process that prunes inactive connections between brain neurons. The Sun As well as being made by brain neurons, they are made elsewhere in the body. Times, Sunday Times Scientists scanned the brains of 12 sleep-deprived people and found how tiredness interfered with the brain neurons' ability to encode information and translate what was seen into conscious thought. Times, Sunday Times For example, altered levels of a normal protein due to environmental factors could then change the structure or functioning of specific brain neurons during development. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 On examining the brain tissue, researchers found that their memory centres showed genetic markers and enzymes concomitant with brain plasticity and the creation of new neurons. Times, Sunday Times He said brain plasticity takes several forms. The Scientist Also, studies have shown differences in brain plasticity due to stimulation of learning or practicing a musical instrument. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Investigations on brain plasticity are aimed at improving human communication and learning in individuals throughout the life span and in clinical populations. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It has not been proven that sensory stimulation therapy can actually improve brain plasticity, nor cognitive function. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Neuroscientists are also testing to what extent other seemingly intangible aspects of the human condition involve brain processes over which we have little control. Times, Sunday Times My brain processes them both as 'maths' and shuts down. Times, Sunday Times The technology copies the way the brain processes images. Times, Sunday Times The finding suggests that musical training has an enduring effect on how the brain processes sound. Times, Sunday Times It creates opportunities to understand how another person's brain processes sensory input. Times, Sunday Times That, say the researchers, suggests nocturnal brain processing was helping them to play the game better. Times, Sunday Times The time resolution needed depends on brain processing time for various events. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It has also been demonstrated that brain processing responds to the external environment. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It also examines the consequences for realism versus idealism, subjectivity, intersubjectivity and objectivity, and the relation of consciousness to brain processing. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Since social interactions are complex, evaluating the appropriate behavioral response in these situations requires greater brain processing capacity involving multiple brain structures. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Brain receptors sprouted on the surface of the frogspawn - where for the first time they could be conveniently studied. Times, Sunday Times After analysing hundreds of recipes he claims to have discovered a hidden system in western cuisine, foods paired by shared olfactory compounds that affect the same brain receptors. Times, Sunday Times Certain brain receptors also have the ability to alter the behavior of the pleasure center. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Our unconscious brain registers their presence: at night, even if they are switched off and elsewhere in the bedroom, we are affected by them. Times, Sunday Times This will ensure that your brain registers when you've eaten enough - before it's too late. Times, Sunday Times In other words, the brain registers the movements that muscles combine to make, not the individual muscles that are making the movements. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Six years later he died from a brain seizure after suffering cirrhosis, toxic hepatitis, nerve damage and epilepsy. The Sun The zoo's football-playing polar bear cub went on to attract hundreds of thousands of visitors before dying from a brain seizure in 2011. Times,Sunday Times A prisoner's pain has been compared to suffering a heart attack and brain seizure. The Sun He died in 2001 of a stroke after having a brain seizure. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The burden of sensitivity and comparison in the onset of a brain seizure. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 But while the 10,000 space-age prosthetic, which responds to brain signals, helped him with everyday tasks, his ring kept slipping off. The Sun He says that nicotine disrupts adolescents' brain signals. Times, Sunday Times While caps have been tested before, the scientists used improved sensing and machine-learning to minimise the 'noise' associated with externally sourced brain signals. Times, Sunday Times It sends currents through the spinal cord to mimic brain signals that initiate movement. The Sun The tech creates words from brain signals associated with jaw, larynx, lips and tongue movements. The Sun The brain stem tumour, while non-malignant, is inoperable; if it grows, he will die. Times, Sunday Times (2009) He suffered a head injury so catastrophic it damaged his brain stem irrevocably. The Sun (2010) The cerebellum is at the base of the skull, behind the brain stem. AFTERMATH (2001) The human brain is essentially made up of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. AFTERMATH (2001) Slowly the radiologist tracked back and, increasing the resolution, focused on the critical region around the brain stem. GRACE He will now lead a pilot study into whether deep brain stimulation can help six patients with early Alzheimer's disease. Times, Sunday Times (2008) The results suggest that it could be possible to use deep brain stimulation directly to boost memory. Times, Sunday Times (2008) Therefore, we recommend that noninvasive brain stimulation be used adjunctively with rehabilitation training and other concurrent neuroplasticity facilitation techniques. 2015, 'Neuroplasticity in post-stroke gait recovery and noninvasive brain stimulation', Neural Regeneration Research The formation of gliosis around implant electrodes for deep brain stimulation impairs electrode-tissue interaction. 2013, 'Dissociated neurons and glial cells derived from rat inferior colliculi after digestion with papain.', PLoS ONE Parkinsonian and essential tremor can often be effectively treated by deep brain stimulation. 2013, 'A slow axon antidromic blockade hypothesis for tremor reduction via deep brain stimulation.', PLoS ONE Our distinctive personalities are partly inborn and partly mediated by brain structure, hormones and neurotransmitters. Times, Sunday Times Tapping in the specific sequence resets the way that your brain interprets and responds to stress, thereby altering your internal brain structure. Times, Sunday Times It may even increase life span, alter brain structure and change personality. Times, Sunday Times After looking at people who claimed to have been targeted, the scans found differences in their brain structure when compared with healthy ones. Times, Sunday Times This process occurs in the amygdala - the brain structure associated with memory and emotion. Times, Sunday Times Had a dura mater transplant during brain surgery. Houston Chronicle (2001) She underwent brain surgery and is now in a stable condition under armed guard in hospital. The Sun (2015) Six years ago she had to undergo brain surgery. The Sun (2017) He underwent five hours of emergency brain surgery and was in a coma for two weeks. Times, Sunday Times (2017) He underwent six hours of emergency brain surgery and made a miraculous recovery. The Sun (2017) She was placed in a medically induced coma to prevent brain swelling. The Sun Sugar solution used to ease brain swelling by osmosis. Times, Sunday Times A head injury can also cause brain swelling. The Sun The triad of retinal haemorrhage, subdural haemorrhage and brain swelling was present in this case. Times, Sunday Times He was later put in an induced coma with brain swelling and kidney failure. The Sun In humans, three ppm would be considered potentially poisonous to brain tissue. Times, Sunday Times (2015) It is thought that one reason may be that the implants use electrodes that are stiff and can damage brain tissue over time. Times, Sunday Times (2008) The advance could make many transplants unnecessary and allow the regeneration of brain tissue and limb parts. Times, Sunday Times (2008) We need fat - for the protection of internal organs, for brain tissue and bone marrow. The Sun (2010) There are trials of drugs to cut toxic protein that destroy healthy brain tissue. The Sun (2016) Tests revealed he died of alcohol poisoning which stopped his brain working. The Sun (2008) Go into an exam the way you would into a football match: have a good meal beforehand and go in with your brain working. Times, Sunday Times (2013) She was born with only half her brain working, the other half being good only for causing fits. Times, Sunday Times (2011) It gets your brain working. Times, Sunday Times (2006) He asked the patient to imagine playing tennis and areas of her conscious brain became active. Times, Sunday Times Or maybe your brain's neurons made the decision before your conscious brain had anything to do with it, and the choice was, as with all choices, an illusion. Times, Sunday Times After all, your conscious brain tells you, a cheap laptop means that student loan can be put to better use elsewhere. Times, Sunday Times It would read and remember our reactions better than our conscious brain. Times, Sunday Times If indeed his brain was engaged at all. The Sun (2011) It appears to take the form of advanced stupidity and an inability to engage brain before commenting. Times, Sunday Times (2010) It's one of those comedies that can be enjoyed without engaging the brain. Times, Sunday Times (2007) Anchovies add good amounts of omega 3 oils for a healthy brain and heart. Times, Sunday Times I drop and do 20 pressups because healthy brain wealthy body, as they say. Times, Sunday Times A healthy brain, boosted by exercise or supplements, will be the new six-pack, she predicts. Times, Sunday Times He will now be looking at the effects of medication, exercise and diet on the healthy brain. Times, Sunday Times It would seem, therefore, that morality depends on an intact and healthy brain. Times, Sunday Times The ragworm, which is about the width of a hair, has neurons similar to the human brain. The Sun (2018) It then converts the reflected signals into audible sounds that the human brain can learn to process into a detailed mental image of the environment. Smithsonian Mag (2017) Just the auditory cortex of a human brain is many times larger than the entire brain of a bat. Times, Sunday Times (2011) The human brain is essentially made up of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. AFTERMATH (2001) The human brain has not faced sleep deprivation before. Times, Sunday Times (2013) My father was a professional poker player, with a highly mathematical brain. Times, Sunday Times (2010) He had a mathematical brain and photographic memory, so never had to write anything down. The Sun (2010) Boredom during a lecture proved to be the key to finishing a formula that has baffled the best mathematical brains since the 19th century. Times, Sunday Times (2008) After a month, the tissue fragments had automatically organised themselves into primitive brain structures such as the retina and the cerebral cortex. Times, Sunday Times My primitive brain, the part that controls the survival instinct, took the situation in hand. Times, Sunday Times These come from the amygdala, our fight-or-flight primitive brain. Times, Sunday Times Our primitive brain responds by avoiding thinking about the test too much. Times, Sunday Times Their internal anatomy includes a radula and a primitive brain. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 For the novice golfers, there was considerable activity in the limbic region of the brain, while for the experts there was none. Times, Sunday Times The researchers focused on the insula, the region of the brain that usually responds when you see something distasteful. Times, Sunday Times The region of the brain activated when we receive money apparently glows more brightly when we give money. Times, Sunday Times A region of the brain known as the entorhinal cortex plays a critical role. Times, Sunday Times Examination of the physicist's brain tissue found a cluster of cells in a region of the brain associated with mathematical and language skills. Times, Sunday Times The scientists scanned the brains of readers using magnetic resonance imaging. Times, Sunday Times (2013) They were shown pictures of their lost relation while their brains were scanned. Times, Sunday Times (2008) They then had their brains scanned while being shown photos of the food they had just enjoyed. The Sun (2015) It shows she has a shrewd business brain and an amazing ability to make money. The Sun (2011) But it also shows she has a shrewd business brain. The Sun (2011) They respected his shrewd brain, and also knew him as a genial host when he entertained journalists and government press officers. Times, Sunday Times (2009) Avoid rushing around doing chores or surfing the web, which stimulate the brain and nervous system. The Sun She's hoping to stimulate his brain into action. Times, Sunday Times At the press of a button, these will stimulate the brain with a low-level shock. Times, Sunday Times Exercises seeking to stimulate the brain, which are used in hundreds of schools, are 'nonsense' with no proven benefit, a neuroscientist has said. Times, Sunday Times It also triggers the release of a hormone called norepinephrine that can stimulate the brain. The Sun The teenage male brain can only cope with one thing at a time. Times, Sunday Times (2010) Teenage brains are still forming. The Sun (2008) The feelings of insecurity, inferiority and anxiety that ricocheted around my teenage brain would subside as I grew up and I'd be able to stop obsessing over the lives of my peers, of what others thought of me, and just be happy being me. Times, Sunday Times (2019) So, use your brain - the aforementioned toasties, for instance, should be a treat rather than a daily staple. Times, Sunday Times (2008) Use that big brain of yours to find a different approach to this dilemma. The Sun (2015) She should have escaped, gone home and used those brains to do some good, as she originally wanted. Times, Sunday Times (2019) Translations: Chinese: 头脑 Japanese: 脳 |
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