Solids are composed of a bulk material covered by a surface.

There are simple types of open-topped wagons for transporting minerals and bulk material such as coal, and tankers for transporting liquids and gases.

In this temperature range, as the temperature decreases, amorphous regions can transition into crystalline regions, causing the bulk material to become more crystalline over all.

In nanoscale devices, nanowires consisting of metal atoms typically do not exhibit the same conductive properties as their macroscopic, or bulk material, counterparts.

The non-uniform thermal expansion of a bulk material causes the stress and tension, which may break the device even at a slow change of temperature.