Some, such as budgeting, working capital management and cost control, remain important, but, in isolation, they are insufficient.

The capital management subsidiary lost $499 million, compared with a $294 million profit last year.

The human capital management module had been updated to include subjects such as talent management, organisational design, staff retention and internal relations.

In both cases, those closest to the end user are often disenfranchised in the interests of remote politicians or institutional capital management.

There are vacancies in each of the bank's ten main divisions, including global investment research, investment banking, merchant banking & private equity, human capital management and technology.