He says that privilege used to carry a stigma, and people thought that music must be just a hobby for him, some kind of joke.

The paper also describes using other microbes, including yeast and smaller cellular components like proteins, to perform similar functions that might not carry the stigma of bacteria.

Expected to name names, people found themselves betraying friends and colleagues then having to carry the stigma of stool pigeon.

As such, it did not necessarily carry any stigma with it.

These can particularly impede projects on brownfields, which carry the stigma of contamination.