Very few compounds make it through the laboratory, clinical testing and getting a licence to be prescribed (up to seven million molecules are screened, leading to one commercial launch).

That means that manufacturers should be required to conduct toxicological and clinical testing and to disclose the results.

Scanners may have an edge for very high-density arrays (if required for massive clinical testing).

He also claimed to be responsible for aspirin's initial surreptitious clinical testing.

Even widely used remedies may not have undergone substantial clinical testing.