Since the presumption in section 15 was rebuttable, it did not conflict with any fundamental rule of natural justice, and was logically probative of facts sufficient to constitute the offence.

The court stressed that any physical obstruction of a public place must be accompanied by the element of without a lawful excuse in order to constitute an offence.

Ministers said that the changes would make parking enforcement 'fairer and more transparent' with greater clarity on the appeals process and what constitutes an offence.

However, legal experts have pointed out that the mere offer of an inducement to a representative of the state constitutes an offence.

However, it was the taking of the photographs that constituted the offence.