In this treatment, currents are used to stimulate nerves and decrease pain.

Increased levels of free adenosine temporarily decrease pain, allowing over exertion without awareness.

This increase in circulation has been shown effective in various clinical studies to decrease pain in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain, and delay need for surgical intervention in advanced cases.

A complicating issue may be a narrow therapeutic window; lower doses decrease pain but higher doses have the opposite effect.