The cost of the licence could have been set so as to discourage smoking by ensuring that, perhaps, only a quarter of such venues choose to afford it.

It has been shown that higher prices for cigarettes discourage smoking.

The government had been in favour of plain packaging as a way of discouraging smoking.

The countrys attempts to discourage smoking through higher taxes have instead fueled the illegal cigarette industry.

West believes that for many people the ban provided a trigger in a culture that already discouraged smoking through high cigarette prices and an advertising ban.