Over the past quarter century democratic governments have generally sought to subordinate discretionary policy to a framework of rules.

Each was refused entry clearance because he did not meet one or more of the terms of the discretionary policy as set out in chapter 29.4 of the general instructions.

It may also avoid the inefficiencies of time inconsistency from the exercise of discretionary policy.

For this reason, he argued the case for general rules rather than discretionary policy.