To make green buildings, transport and infrastructure both more energy efficient and environmentally benign.

In contrast to chemical and physical methods, microbial processes for synthesizing nanomaterials can be achieved in aqueous phase under gentle and environmentally benign conditions.

Solar power stations provide an environmentally benign source of energy, produce virtually no emissions, and consume no fuel other than sunlight.

In areas near drainages, creeks and other waterways, excavation spoils are taken away in bulk and deposited in an environmentally benign area.

For these and similar reasons, more recyclable or environmentally benign catalysts have been sought.