Moreover, different sets of factors may explain the evolution of social monogamy in different species.

This was then conceived as a principle of maximum empower which might explain the evolution of self-organising open systems.

Every one of these reasons probably would be sufficient to explain the evolution of the traits in the absence of the aquatic environment.

Hypotheses to explain the evolution of biomineralization include physiological adaptation to changing chemistry of the oceans, defense against predators and the opportunity to grow larger.

This has been invoked to explain the evolution of spiteful behaviour consisting of acts that result in harm, or loss of fitness, to both the actor and the recipient.