However, with a strategic trade policy of an export subsidy, the matrix changes as the protecting government covers some of the costs.

At the same time there has been a rise in other forms of protectionism, not least in the form of generous export subsidies.

Gone were the export subsidies and milk powder mountains.

Import restrictions — by tariffs, quotas or export subsidies — damage consumers' living standards by raising prices and reducing choice.

Officials have also brought back export subsidies two years after they were ended and promised ¤1.5 billion emergency help for dairy farmers.