The antibodies may also be produced through molecular mimicry, where cross reactive antibodies bind to both virus and human proteins.

Donor-specific antibodies bind with high affinity to the vascular endothelium of graft and activate complement.

Antibodies bind to and detect phosphorylation-induced conformational changes in the protein.

Activating and blocking antibodies mostly bind to conformational epitopes, whereas neutral antibodies bind to linear epitopes.