The antibodies may also be produced through molecular mimicry, where cross reactive antibodies bind to both virus and human proteins.

Donor-specific antibodies bind with high affinity to the vascular endothelium of graft and activate complement.

Antibodies bind to and detect phosphorylation-induced conformational changes in the protein.

Activating and blocking antibodies mostly bind to conformational epitopes, whereas neutral antibodies bind to linear epitopes.

It's as though they think they can prepare; intellectually prompt an antibody response.

Following transfusion, a subsequent robust antibody response in the patient can occur (anamnestic response), resulting in hemolysis of the transfused red blood cells.

Attempting to overcome this problem by repeated immunization results in a diminished not increased antibody response, so boosters are not recommended with this vaccine.

Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization.

Taking this information into consideration an ideal vaccine candidate would attempt to generate a more substantial cell-mediated and antibody response on parasite presentation.

A large-scale antibody testing programme could reveal for how long immunity lasts.

The imminent introduction of more widespread diagnostics and new antibody testing will help identify clusters of infection and establish which sectors are more vulnerable than others.

Widespread antibody testing will help too.

Diagnostic measures through antibody testing are also particularly useful for identifying serum prevalence in asymptomatic individuals.

Two other tests can be carried out on a sample from the chancre: direct fluorescent antibody testing and nucleic acid amplification tests.

Antibody therapy could be used both to prevent the disease and to stop it from progressing in patients who are already infected.

Monoclonal antibodies have been generated and approved to treat cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, macular degeneration, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, and viral infection (see monoclonal antibody therapy).

He pursued a research career in haematology and immunology, successively becoming an expert in plasma exchange, stem cell transplantation, monoclonal antibody therapy, myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Antibody therapies are being used at other stages in dealing with the pandemic.

Since then, scientists' growing understanding of the molecular abnormalities peculiar to cancer has led to increasingly advanced targeting treatments, such as monoclonal antibody therapies and growth factor inhibitors.

It will show which kind of people develop antibodies and whether they are able to neutralise the virus or not.

The study found that over-60s were slower to respond, taking 42 days to develop antibodies compared with 28 days for younger participants.

Because it's not invasive, your body won't develop antibodies to get rid of it so it should work well.

Vaccinated cattle develop antibodies circulating in their blood.

Mares or jennies which have been sensitized by a previous pregnancy develop antibodies by fetal blood cells crossing the placental barrier.

Humanised antibodies are produced by grafting murine hypervariable regions on amino acid domains into human antibodies.

To avoid this, parts of the antibody can be replaced with human amino acid sequences, or pure human antibodies can be engineered.

In 1988 the first human antibodies were produced in plants.

That means these viruses can recur year after year, with the protective antibodies waning after little longer than a season.

Around 95 per cent of infected patients develop protective antibodies and scientists predict they will offer two or three years of immunity.

Usually with this type of virus, once you recover you have powerful protective antibodies.

It has been suggested that females need stronger immune systems to better pass protective antibodies to their offspring.

Around 95 per cent develop protective antibodies believed to give up to three years' immunity.