The test in relation to apparent bias depended on the view which would be taken by a fairminded and informed observer.

If there was evidence of an apparent bias, then inconvenience, costs and delay in finding a substitute judge were not acceptable reasons for the original judge proceeding to preside.

On the facts the professional association had involved only a few meetings of no consequence and a fair-minded and informed observer would not have inferred apparent bias.

It was not the case that where one member of a tribunal was tainted by apparent bias that the whole tribunal was thereby affected.

A fortiori that would have been the appropriate result had he established not merely apparent bias but, consequent on government pressure to convict, actual bias.