He imagines the coppery material coating rooftops and windows, or layered on tents or other outdoor equipment to control heat flow.

The business has been set up to develop technology using thermofluidic oscillators, which are systems in which oscillations in fluid, created by heat flow, propel a liquid.

This environment induces high dynamic pressure, high temperature, and high heat flow loads particularly upon the leading edge surfaces of the aerospace plane.

The remaining heat flow at the surface would be due to basal heating of the crust from mantle convection.

Complex geometries, or configurations that require three-dimensional analysis of heat flow, require more complex tools such as finite element analysis.