In 1831, a set of laws was created that were meant to apply universally.

The present guidance should not be regarded as a straitjacket to be applied universally and rigidly.

Following endorsement, these standards apply universally to all countries throughout the electoral cycle, including during the pre-electoral period, the campaign, on polling day, and in its aftermath.

Unfortunately, the concept of risk assessment was hijacked by overzealous policymakers and applied universally.

In the beginning stages the hujum was not applied universally.