Recent developments in ensemble methods have improved understanding of and reduced uncertainty in hydrologic forcing by incoming radiation, particularly in areas with a complex topology.

An ideal radiant barrier would have a reflectivity of 1, and would therefore reflect 100 percent of incoming radiation.

We can ask: what happens as the incoming radiation interacts with the ambient field?

Of these six bands, only the lower four have the capability to measure the polarisation of incoming radiation; the two higher bands do not.

The power output depends on the incoming radiation and on the solar panel characteristics.