| 单词 | inflation |
| 释义 | inflation (ɪnfleɪʃən ) uncountable noun B2 Inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in a country. [business] ...rising unemployment and high inflation. ...an inflation rate of only 2.2%. Synonyms: increase, expansion, extension, swelling Collocations: consumer price inflation Inflation expectations have been rising for five months, suggesting consumer price inflation is likely to remain under pressure in the near term. Times, Sunday Times (2012) They did this because consumer price inflation was being held in check. Times, Sunday Times (2012) Consumer price inflation stood at 4% in March. Times, Sunday Times (2011) Food inflation held steady at 1.5 per cent. Times, Sunday Times (2019) The weather might get worse, food price inflation could return. Times, Sunday Times (2014) Food price inflation has slowed dramatically since March and could well go into negative territory. Times, Sunday Times (2009) In turn, higher wages may be passed on to consumers, fuelling inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2008) The record prices are also fuelling inflation by increasing the cost of goods in the shops. The Sun (2011) Record economic growth is fuelling inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2008) He said that the key issue was whether the slowdown would prevent wage demands taking off, despite rising expectations of future inflation. Times, Sunday Times Interest-rate policies have resulted in house-price inflation, record levels of debt, rising unemployment and a falling pound, which will ensure future inflation levels. Times, Sunday Times The longer inflation remains above target the greater the risk that public expectations of future inflation will shift upwards. Times, Sunday Times After all, people's expectations of future inflation have risen. Times, Sunday Times Yet there are reasons why bond markets may be poor predictors of future inflation. Times, Sunday Times London's rapid house price inflation will begin to slow. Times, Sunday Times (2016) As competitive pressures ease, so should the pace of house price inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2014) A year ago, the building society reported annual house price inflation of 11.8 per cent. The Sun (2015) Retailers will not be able to hold back the tide of imported inflation that is soon to swamp consumers. Times, Sunday Times (2016) It will be imported inflation, not the result of an economic boom. Times, Sunday Times (2017) We may be struggling with imported inflation. The Sun (2011) Even public sector workers could find themselves with real pay rises if inflation drops to 1%. Times, Sunday Times He will have to write a similar letter every three months until inflation drops back below 3 per cent, making this the start of a long correspondence. Times, Sunday Times Gross domestic product grows by an estimated 6%, and inflation drops to about 10%. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 A further 6.5 million was released from within existing budgets after a revision of inflation estimates from 3 per cent to 1.5 per cent. Times, Sunday Times With inflation estimated at more than 11m%, the government agreed last week that shops could price and sell goods in foreign currency. Times, Sunday Times Even using private inflation estimates, however, real wages rose by around 72% from their low point in 2003 to 2013. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Housing experts expect demand to remain tepid in 2011 as austerity measures bite and inflation increases. Times, Sunday Times The move, breaking the link between annual upratings and inflation increases, will result in claimants getting hundreds of pounds less than they expected. Times, Sunday Times The reviews have often recommended larger than inflation increases. Times, Sunday Times Only if interest rates rise and inflation increases might the crisis start to 'bite', he added. Times, Sunday Times Likewise, the lowering of the lifetime allowance for pensions could be even more painful if inflation increases. Times, Sunday Times The government's target inflation measure, the consumer prices index, will not drop into negative territory this week. Times, Sunday Times The impact of linking people's retirement incomes to a lower inflation measure will be felt over the course of decades. Times,Sunday Times Firms will be allowed to switch to a less generous inflation measure when calculating the annual rise in payouts. The Sun Many people regard the retail prices index as the only true inflation measure. Times, Sunday Times The alternative retail prices index inflation measure, which includes housing costs, edged up to minus 1.1 per cent, from minus 1.2 per cent. Times, Sunday Times Nest will adjust the asset allocations of members throughout their working lives according to factors such as the inflation outlook and market volatility. Times, Sunday Times Why do so now, when the inflation outlook appears so much more benign? Times, Sunday Times Its inflation outlook for this year was cut from 0.7 per cent to 0.6 per cent. Times, Sunday Times The immediate inflation outlook was worse, while the threat of a deeper slowdown had mounted. Times, Sunday Times The 7 per cent unemployment threshold would cease to apply if the inflation outlook in 18 to 24 months exceeded 2.5 per cent. Times, Sunday Times We need to consider how the economy will be performing, and the likely degree of inflation pressure, that far ahead when setting rates today. Times, Sunday Times Slow wage growth and lack of inflation pressure would still favour a rate rise early next year rather than late this year. Times, Sunday Times It's an oft-repeated myth that reducing tyre pressures will help your grip on snow, but experts say your tyres are designed to function best at their specified inflation pressure. Times, Sunday Times Some economists expect inflation pressure to grow in the coming months, when the impact of the recently announced price rises for household heating will be felt. Times, Sunday Times The inflation pressure could be varied by sliding the movable weight on top of the bellows. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Contracts are longterm, predictable and often incorporate inflation protection explicitly. Times, Sunday Times But it enhances the attraction of linkers because they carry the inflation protection. Times, Sunday Times They joined the company pension scheme in the reasonable expectation that the inflation protection promise would not be diluted. Times,Sunday Times This rental income can also provide some inflation protection. Times, Sunday Times Your pension will last as long as you do, stock market fluctuations will not affect its value, and it has inflation protection built in. Times, Sunday Times But real wages are falling, inflation is rising and growth is stalling. Times, Sunday Times (2017) Their future looks tough, with benefits frozen, job losses forecast and inflation rising. Times, Sunday Times (2016) These are first a possible broadening of worries about sovereign risk from eurozone economies, and secondly 'a further re-pricing of medium-term inflation risk'. Times, Sunday Times They have taken many small steps to head off the inflation risk, including demanding that banks hold more reserves and tightening mortgage conditions. Times, Sunday Times Two years ago it took the unusual step of baling out of bond investment entirely, arguing that the inflation risk was too high. Times, Sunday Times Inflation risk, he says, remains. Times, Sunday Times Then there's long-term inflation risk. Times, Sunday Times Companies will recoup their costs by raising prices, and so the inflation spiral begins. Times, Sunday Times But he warned higher wages would send inflation spiralling, wiping out any extra cash they earn. The Sun Ultimately this attenuates the inflation spiral. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 People's expectations had outrun their incomes, credit cards became a way of life and, as inflation spiralled out of control, the miners demanded a 35 per cent wage increase. Times, Sunday Times Houses worth nothing, investors fleeing, people out of work, inflation spiralling. Times, Sunday Times The economy grew at an annual rate of 1.8 per cent and inflation surged by 3.8 per cent. Times, Sunday Times The recovery of 1975 was briefly interrupted when inflation surged to nearly 27 per cent that summer. Times,Sunday Times Yesterday wholesale price inflation surged to 11.6 per cent, a fresh 13-year high, as prices for goods from tea to steel increased. Times, Sunday Times Cost inflation surged to an 11-month high with the third biggest monthly increase in costs since the survey started in 1992. Times, Sunday Times Inflation surged, and living standards and trade suffered. Times, Sunday Times He added that the distinction between fiscal and monetary policy was 'blurred territory' that required a clear mandate from elected officials, describing rate rises as an 'inflation tax'. Times, Sunday Times There he published research on the inflation tax and the impact of fiscal policy on optimal inflation. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This meant that the government levied an inflation tax to pay for the fiscal deficits, which in turn contributed to stalling growth. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Theories of hyperinflation generally look for a relationship between seigniorage and the inflation tax. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 But let's not forget the inflation tax. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The gold price has been soaring recently as investors seek a hedge against the falling dollar and inflation worries. Times, Sunday Times They may be around the same level as now or may be a little higher given inflation worries. Times, Sunday Times Inflation worries were reinforced as the proportion of manufacturers hit by rising costs reached the highest for almost three decades. Times, Sunday Times Although the continent's shares suffered when global stock markets were hit by inflation worries in the spring, they have staged a strong recovery. Times, Sunday Times But inflation worries are starting to surface again. Times, Sunday Times One is that the recent change in the curve may reflect hopes of low inflation in future. Times, Sunday Times (2006) The problem is that the margin between stable and low inflation and damaging deflation is quite slight. Times, Sunday Times (2015) All my top forecasters expected low inflation but none quite as low as we got. Times, Sunday Times (2015) It did not use the boosts of low inflation and lower debt interest to fund giveaways. Times, Sunday Times (2015) It warned that low inflation and high unemployment would continue to plague the region. Times, Sunday Times (2014) The Chinese growth curve is widely expected to flatten under efforts by Beijing to lower inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2010) There’s very little evidence that command and control is effective, or can avoid a massive inflation of cost. Computing (2010) It will for some, but only at the expense of others who will suffer from devaluation of their currency leading to massive inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2008) What is the effect of growing up in a war zone, or in a country where massive inflation wipes out savings overnight? Times, Sunday Times (2016) Record high employment, rising wages and moderate inflation all helped to boost household spending. Times, Sunday Times Overall, low or moderate inflation doesn't reduce purchasing power or incentives, as it's a rise in all prices rather than a shift in relative prices. Times, Sunday Times The concept of moderate inflation shouldn't be beyond us. Times, Sunday Times Governments like to use moderate inflation to reduce the real value of debt. Globe and Mail The return of moderate inflation should be welcome news for the eurozone. Times, Sunday Times By 1960 this had increased slightly to $17 billion, less than the amount necessary to offset inflation. Christianity Today The relief operated by allowing companies to offset inflation against any chargeable gains they made, a perk not enjoyed by individuals. Times, Sunday Times This fund invests in health insurers, insurance brokers and reinsurers, which have a proven ability to pass on increases in premiums to investors, helping to offset inflation. Times, Sunday Times When interest rates rose to offset inflation, conglomerate profits fell. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 With wage rises starting to outpace inflation, families are feeling more confident. Times, Sunday Times And as pay including bonuses also rose by 1.7 per cent, wage growth has finally started to outpace inflation. The Sun Yet we all face the same problem: a health bill outpacing inflation, growth and national wealth. Times, Sunday Times The rate of growth has outpaced inflation by 30 per cent. Times, Sunday Times Food-bank use was rising even when benefit levels were outpacing inflation. Times, Sunday Times With rates at this level, finding income-producing investments that outstrip inflation — leaving you better off in real terms — has never been more challenging. Times, Sunday Times More significantly it means wage rises this year are poised to outstrip inflation for the first time since the economic crisis began six years ago. The Sun Salary growth could outstrip inflation in 2013 for the first time in five years, giving consumer spending a much-needed boost. Times, Sunday Times After six years of declining living standards, pay has finally started to outstrip inflation. Times, Sunday Times Average wage increases of 1.7 per cent will outstrip inflation of 1.6 per cent this year, it said in its spring report. Times, Sunday Times Service sector inflation, which normally outstrips overall inflation, has come down to 2%. Times, Sunday Times Only steep increases in the costs of services kept overall inflation decisively positive. Times, Sunday Times Recent falls in oil and food prices have helped to keep overall inflation in check. Times, Sunday Times Food inflation could climb to around 14 per cent by the end of this year, adding another 1 per cent-odd to the overall inflation rate. Times, Sunday Times The fall in food and drink prices, which accounted for three quarters of the drop in overall inflation, was driven by cuts in the price of milk. Times, Sunday Times That persistent inflation had an obvious cause - the explosive increase in credit during the late 20th century, which itself was an aberration. Times, Sunday Times Targeting lower inflation in the 1990s worked because central banks were just helping economies to move from an unnatural state - persistent inflation - towards their natural state, steady prices. Times, Sunday Times Analysts also blamed a collapse in business investment, persistent inflation and sagging exports. Times, Sunday Times As of 2012, this target appears difficult to achieve, due in part to persistent inflation in food prices. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Regardless of persistent inflation after 1272 paper currency backed by limited releases of coins remained as the standard means of currency until 1345. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 For example, people would be assumed to predict inflation by looking at inflation last year and in previous years. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Economists had predicted inflation would stay flat at 0.5 per cent for the month. The Sun They are respectively predicting inflation to peak at 2.8 per cent and 2.5 per cent in 2018. Times, Sunday Times Some analysts have predicted inflation of up to 4% next year as suppliers and retailers try to pass on the impact of higher sourcing costs to consumers. Times, Sunday Times It had previously said it would tolerate above-target inflation but yesterday predicted inflation would exceed 3 per cent and said its tolerance was 'reduced' as a result. Times, Sunday Times Central banks tend to cut interest rates in circumstances like these to prop up demand and prevent inflation falling below the target. Times, Sunday Times It had to balance its budgets and prevent inflation. Times, Sunday Times By then it will be too late to prevent inflation taking hold, at least modestly. Times, Sunday Times The party was to advocate putting more money in circulation to reduce unemployment, and using wage and price controls to prevent inflation from occurring. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The goal of the act was to prevent inflation in the booming, fully employed wartime economy by setting price controls nationwide. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It was a broken economy, rampant inflation, ineffective industry, overdominant trade unions and high taxes. The Sun (2006) This would entail currency devaluation, debt default, a banking crash and rampant inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2011) It might stop if the economy recovers, or if we have rampant inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2012) It could be rampant inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2009) For example, the foreign exchange values of currencies of countries with very rapid inflation tend to decline. International Finance: The markets and financial management of multinational business. (1983) London's rapid house price inflation will begin to slow. Times, Sunday Times (2016) Cutting taxes and removing price controls did cause a period of rapid inflation. The American Nation: A History of the United States to 1877 (1995) If governments announced limits on that growth they would reduce inflationary expectations and wage demands - and thus reduce inflation itself. Times, Sunday Times For instance, there may be pressure on the government to reduce inflation, reduce unemployment, and reduce interest rates while maintaining currency stability. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Their priority was to reduce inflation using steps to control the money supply, which reinforced the high levels of interest and a strong currency. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 His tenure was characterised by radical policies to correct the public finances, reduce inflation and liberalise the economy. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In 1991 most state subsidies were removed, leading to a severe recession exacerbated by the fiscal austerity necessary to reduce inflation and stimulate investment. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Analysts noted the recent subsiding in energy prices should restrain inflation going forward. Globe and Mail This dictated that the government maintain control over the commanding heights of the economy in order to continue economic growth, restrain inflation and institute full employment. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Further, competition from imports to restrain inflation and access to imported supplies for production would both be improved by taking away quantitative restrictions and reducing tariff rates. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Western economies are facing the prospect of a mild bout of stagflation: stagnant economic growth combined with rising inflation. Times, Sunday Times Fears about the impact of rising inflation and interest rates on world stock markets have led already to delays on some flotations. Times, Sunday Times Rising inflation has dampened expectations of more than one further quarter-point cut in rates during the first half of this year. Times, Sunday Times The rising inflation may now lead to interest rates increases. The Sun Nor were they presented with double-digit and rising inflation. Times, Sunday Times The country is in the grip of runaway inflation, rising crime and rampant corruption. The Sun (2014) The result was runaway inflation. America Past and Present (1995) Successive generations struggled to rein in runaway inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2016) This move was not just to slow inflation but also to make computations more manageable. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This move secured him concessions from international creditors, but did not slow inflation, and the economy slipped back into recession during the second half of 1983. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Additional evidence of slowing inflation emerged yesterday as factory gate prices fell for the second month in a row. Times, Sunday Times The latest survey tells us something similar, and simply chimes with other measures of slowing inflation. Times, Sunday Times These efforts significantly slowed inflation. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The country has been struggling with unemployment, soaring inflation and nationwide protests. Times, Sunday Times (2016) Meanwhile soaring inflation led to much higher building costs. Times, Sunday Times (2010) Or they could be discussing how to deal with soaring inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2008) If they delay, they may spark inflation and have to raise interest rates sharply. Times, Sunday Times That means government borrowings won't spark inflation. Outlook India This 'slack' means the economy can grow above 3% without sparking inflation. Times, Sunday Times Their labour has enabled the economy to continue growing faster for longer without sparking inflation or lengthening the dole queues. Times, Sunday Times It was the right thing to do, but it has sparked inflation before it has stimulated economic recovery. Times, Sunday Times Four per cent would still preserve the benefits of low and stable inflation but would restore precious room to manoeuvre above the lower bound. Times, Sunday Times (2016) Modest and stable inflation acts as an economic lubricant, it gets consumers to spend and businesses to invest in anticipation of future demand. Times, Sunday Times (2015) A dose of modestly positive and stable inflation acts as an economic lubricant, encouraging consumers to spend and businesses to invest in anticipation of that demand. Times, Sunday Times (2016) Oil prices' 25 per cent fall since a peak in summer has not only lifted consumer confidence and real incomes, but helped to tame inflation. Times, Sunday Times If prices start spiralling, it will raise rates, sell assets and cancel reserves to tame inflation. Times,Sunday Times To tame inflation it has lifted interest rates to a record 13.75 per cent. Times, Sunday Times The 2015-2017 budget anticipates an end to real-wage growth, a struggle to tame inflation and a falling rouble. Times, Sunday Times Only with punishingly high interest rates and recession did central banks manage to tame inflation in the early 1980s. Times, Sunday Times Our policy has been to target inflation and that, I think, has been the right way. Times, Sunday Times (2008) The Bank's remit is to target inflation, but also to support the Government's broader economic objectives. Times, Sunday Times (2010) Monetary policy in this country aims to target inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2016) However, if wages were increased to compensate for the price increase, then prices could rise again, continuing the threat of inflation, she said. Times, Sunday Times Meanwhile, the threat of inflation has faded fast. Times, Sunday Times So central-bank policy from here on will have to give more weight to the threat of inflation. Times, Sunday Times At the time when the sub-prime crisis first became apparent, the central banks were not worrying about deflation, but about the threat of inflation. Times, Sunday Times However, enthusiasm to cut base rates may have waned thanks to the continued threat of inflation. Times, Sunday Times The Bill is being tabled at a time of heightened industrial unrest and soaring wage inflation. Times, Sunday Times (2006) If demand continues to grow rapidly, wage inflation will pick up. Times, Sunday Times (2014) The banks have argued that such detailed information could encourage wage inflation as top traders would get a better sense of what their peers earn. Times, Sunday Times (2010) Translations: Chinese: 通货膨胀 Japanese: インフレーション |
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