A large part of the work was controlling the laser pulse to prevent the pellet from tearing itself apart.

As a result of the camera's speed, it can tell how far the photons in the initial laser pulse have travelled when they arrive back.

Under a laser pulse, each electron fired out a package of light called a photon that carried a magnetic signature, known as 'spin'.

For example, one can create substrate that only upon the enzymatic activity shines light when activated (with a laser pulse).

A laser pulse removed an electron from every atom without disrupting the crystalline structure.