Taking advantage of low-cost labour and train staff in-house rather than relying on automation.

These are primarily made through redundancies and, often in the private sector, offshoring services to low-cost labour markets.

A combination of low-cost labour and energy helped the gemstone-working industry flourish.

A purely commercial business would locate its production centres in concentrated areas where infrastructure and a low-cost labour supply are available.

In this regard, older cemeteries designed at a time of relatively low-cost labour and limited automation tend to present the greatest difficulties for maintenance.