Beyond a certain point, they start looking more and more like the major carrier in that market.

In 1957, a third major carrier was inserted in the gap between the rail and road bridges.

While they still do on some airlines, now many major carriers are starting to charge an international lap fee.

There has even been talk of multibillion-dollar bailouts from governments in order to keep the major carriers afloat until the coronavirus storm passes.

Some holding companies operate a large number of individual airlines, with each airline's fleet specifically tuned to the scope clause of that airline's contracted major carrier.