Both sides have repeatedly targeted civilians, causing mass displacement, and attacked and blocked humanitarian aid.

The energy transmission from an impulse break derives not from mass displacement, but from wave transmission.

These include all types of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, windstorms, famines and droughts; and human induced disasters creating mass displacement of people from civil strife and conflicts.

However, this view has been re-evaluated by some archaeologists and historians since the 1960s, and more recently supported by genetic studies, who see only minimal evidence for mass displacement.

Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee camps or across the border, creating a humanitarian crisis.