The new method focuses on cells in the brain that function as a kind of internal navigational system.

Toothed whales, including dolphins, can hear ultrasound and use such sounds in their navigational system (biosonar) to orient and capture prey.

Monarch pioneered all-weather operations in its service area by installing its own navigational system.

During the 1960s and early 1970s he developed a time-based navigational system with passive ranging, circular orbits, and space-borne high precision clocks placed in satellites.

The navigational system also employs two floating antenna buoys to receive radio-messages, target destination data and satellite navigation signals at great depth.