The strategic planning approach, on the other hand, tries to coordinate church ministries to enhance one another.

Instead, what won out was a physical planning approach that strengthened the role of central governments over technocrats.

It used a scenario planning approach to explore the next decade of the field.

In this physical planning approach that aims at drawing middle income residents in an attempt to gentrify the area, economic flow-on effects to the city are assumed but rarely eventuate.

Agile techniques, originating from the software development community, represent an alternative approach to the classic prescriptive planning approaches to management.