catacombn.

/ˈkatəkəʊm//katəkʊːm/

Etymology: < French catacombe, < Italian catacomba (= Provençal cathacumba, Spanish catacumba) < late Latin Catacumbas, a name of which even the original application is uncertain.The name regularly applied to the Roman catacombs during the first four centuries, when they were in use, as well as during the succeeding four or five centuries, while they were still objects of attention and care, was cœmētērium. Catacumbas, catecumbas, appears in the 4th (?), 5th, and following centuries only in connection with the name of the cemetery of St. Sebastian on the Appian Way, which is distinguished as Cœmeterium Catacumbas, or shortly Catacumbas. In other cases Catacumbas appears to be used as name of the locality, or perhaps of the part of the Appian Way, in which this cemetery lay. The earliest instances are:?a400 Inscr. in Orelli 4575 Comparaui..uiuus in catacum[b]as a[d] lumenarem a [f]ossore.411 [or ?354 ] Martyrology in Bucher Ad Canon. Pasch. 237 Depositio martyrum..Decimo tertio Kalendas Februarij, Fabiani in Callisti et Sebastiani in Catacumbas... Tertio Kalendas Iulij, Petri in Catacumbas et Pauli Ostiense.a600 ( List of Cemeteries ) Cimeterium catecumbas ad St. Sebastianum Via Appia.a600 Gregorius Magnus Epist. iv. Ind. xii. Ep. 30 In loco qui dicitur catacumbas collocata sunt.a700 Imperia Cesarum in Eccard Corp. Hist. Med. Æv. I. 31 Maxentius [ a.d. 311] Termas in Palatio fecit et Circum in Catecumpas.c705 Bæda De Sex Æt. Mund. ad ann. 4327 Damasus..fecit basilicam..aliam in catacumbas ubi jacuerunt corpora sancta apostolorum Petri et Pauli.a900 Anastasius Hadrian i. §343 In loco qui appellatur catacumbas ubi corpus beati Sebastiani martyris cum aliis quiescit.a1300 De Mirabil. Romæ Cœmeteria Calisti juxta Catacumbas. The evidence does not settle the disputed question whether the name originally belonged to the cemetery, or (as the majority of investigators now appear to think) to the locality. Some of the other cemeteries were named from their locality, e.g. Ostiense, Ad Septem Columbas, Ad Duas Lauros (names of taverns), but most from a personal name as Calisti, Domitillæ, Cyriacæ. The word catacumbas was in later times treated as an accusative plural, with nominative singular catacumba; but in earlier use it appears to be invariable. To account for this, some have surmised that the full name was Ad Catacumbas, others that it was itself a Greek phrase κατὰ κύμβας. The recorded meanings of Greek κύμβη are ‘the hollow of a vessel, a drinking vessel, cup, or bowl (whence a possibility that κατὰ κύμβας was the name of a tavern); a boat, Latin cymba; a knapsack, wallet’. But the question how a Greek phrase was likely to become the name of something near Rome, when it is not known what that thing was, is manifestly futile; still more profitless are conjectures that the word might contain the Greek preposition combined with a Latin, Sabine, or Celtic word or root, which may be seen in works or articles treating of the Catacombs. There appear to be no examples of the application of the word to the other Roman subterranean cemeteries in ancient times, though catacumba is apparently used by Joannes Diaconus (9th cent.) of those of Naples: see Du Cange. But the actual extension of the name belongs to modern times, since the discovery of ‘Subterranean Rome’.

1. A subterranean place for the burial of the dead, consisting of galleries or passages with recesses excavated in their sides for tombs.

a. Representing the Latin catacumbas (catecumpas), or (?) ad catacumbas, used as early as the 5th cent. in connection with the subterranean cemetery under the Basilica of St. Sebastian, on the Appian Way, near Rome, in or near which the bodies of the apostles Peter and Paul were said to have been deposited: this is the only sense in which the word occurs in English before the 17th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome > on Appian Way

catacomb971

971 Blickl. Hom. 193 Eal folc Romwara befeng þa lichoman on þære stowe Catacumbe þy wege þe hate Appia.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 119/1 Whan thou hast wasshed it [my body] thou shalt burye it at Cathacombes by the appostlis.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 205/2 The grekes..threwe the bodyes [of the two apostles] in a pitte at catacumbas.

1637 Abp. J. Williams Holy Table 220 The famous place called Catacombe (a word of mongrell composition, half Greek, half Latin, and signifying as much as near the Tombs), a kind of vaulted Church under the earth.

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 98 From this church a pair of stairs leads down into the Roman catacombs.

1854 N. Wiseman Fabiola ii. ii The cemetery of St. Sebastian [among] other names had that of Ad Catacumbas: the meaning of this word is completely unknown.

1870 W. B. Marriott Test. Catacombs 1 Catacombs—this name properly applies only to one particular cemetery beneath the church of St. Sebastian.

b. In later times applied (in the plural) to all the subterranean cemeteries lying around Rome (which, after having been long covered up and forgotten, were fortuitously discovered in 1578). In the singular applied to a single crypt or gallery.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome

cemeterya1464

catacomba1680

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome > single gallery of

catacomba1680

a1680 J. Bargrave Pope Alexander VII (1867) ii. 121 Ten miles, almost, round about Rome, under the vineyards and cornfields, are hollow caves, streets, rooms, chappells, finely paynted, &c., which is called Rome underground, or the Catacombe.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 129. ⁋7 There has lately been found an Humane Tooth in a Catecomb [at Rome].

1717 T. Robinson in Philos. Trans. 1714–16 (Royal Soc.) 29 479 Those Quarries became Catacombes.

1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. iv. 395 It was..after the discovery of the Catacombs.

1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands II. 35 Sextus, bishop of Rome, had been slain in the catacombs.

1870 W. B. Marriott (title) Testimony of the Catacombs, and of other Monuments of Christian Art.

1876 E. Venables in W. Smith & S. Cheetham Dict. Christian Antiq. 313/2 The catacombs became places of refuge in times of persecution (..though not to the extent popularly credited).

1876 E. Venables in W. Smith & S. Cheetham Dict. Christian Antiq. 314/1 At the entrance of the Jewish Catacomb on the Via Appia.

c. Extended to similar works elsewhere, as at Naples, at Syracuse, in Egypt, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome > works similar to

catacomb1705

1705 G. Berkeley Descr. Cave of Dunmore in Wks. (1871) IV. 508 Those artificial caves of Rome and Naples called catacombs.

1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. May (1965) I. 406 During his wonderfull stay in the Egyptian catacombs.

1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos II. ix. 327 Bury the king's corpse in the catacombs of Utica.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 271 Under the mountains adjoining the Kiow are several catacombs.

1858 R. A. Vaughan Ess. & Remains I. 5 The Necropolis, with its Catacombs.

1862 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Ch. (1877) I. xv. 290.

2. In a wider sense, applied to any subterranean receptacle of dead bodies, as the catacombs of Paris, which are worked-out stone-quarries (see quot.); also figurative place of entombment of former races of animals, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean

catacomb1836

1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 359/2 The catacombs of Paris could not be called catacombs with any propriety until very recent times, when, by a decree of the French government, all the churchyards were emptied of their contents, and the skulls and bones sent to the spacious subterranean quarries, where they are now arranged in a manner that is grotesquely horrible.

1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. iv. 93 This point, being a perfect catacomb for monsters of extinct races.

a. transferred. A place arranged with crypts and recesses, like the catacombs.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > building of specific internal arrangement > [noun]

pseudodipter1692

pseudodipteron1706

catacomb1884

warren1922

three-decker1942

shotgun1945

triplex1962

bi-level1965

1884 Harper's Mag. Nov. 828/1 These are, indeed, catacombs of books, with lettered avenues.

b. spec. A compartment in a cellar with recesses for storing wine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > wine-making > [noun] > wine-cellar or store > compartment in

catacomb1795

1795 Edinb. Advertiser 2 Jan. 2/1 One half of the sunk flat or cellars, neatly laid out and furnished with catacombs.

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality ix, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 227 He ran down to the cellar at the risk of breaking his neck, to ransack some private catacomb.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2019).

单词	catacomb
释义	catacombn. /ˈkatəkəʊm//katəkʊːm/ Etymology: < French catacombe, < Italian catacomba (= Provençal cathacumba, Spanish catacumba) < late Latin Catacumbas, a name of which even the original application is uncertain.The name regularly applied to the Roman catacombs during the first four centuries, when they were in use, as well as during the succeeding four or five centuries, while they were still objects of attention and care, was cœmētērium. Catacumbas, catecumbas, appears in the 4th (?), 5th, and following centuries only in connection with the name of the cemetery of St. Sebastian on the Appian Way, which is distinguished as Cœmeterium Catacumbas, or shortly Catacumbas. In other cases Catacumbas appears to be used as name of the locality, or perhaps of the part of the Appian Way, in which this cemetery lay. The earliest instances are:?a400 Inscr. in Orelli 4575 Comparaui..uiuus in catacum[b]as a[d] lumenarem a [f]ossore.411 [or ?354 ] Martyrology in Bucher Ad Canon. Pasch. 237 Depositio martyrum..Decimo tertio Kalendas Februarij, Fabiani in Callisti et Sebastiani in Catacumbas... Tertio Kalendas Iulij, Petri in Catacumbas et Pauli Ostiense.a600 ( List of Cemeteries ) Cimeterium catecumbas ad St. Sebastianum Via Appia.a600 Gregorius Magnus Epist. iv. Ind. xii. Ep. 30 In loco qui dicitur catacumbas collocata sunt.a700 Imperia Cesarum in Eccard Corp. Hist. Med. Æv. I. 31 Maxentius [ a.d. 311] Termas in Palatio fecit et Circum in Catecumpas.c705 Bæda De Sex Æt. Mund. ad ann. 4327 Damasus..fecit basilicam..aliam in catacumbas ubi jacuerunt corpora sancta apostolorum Petri et Pauli.a900 Anastasius Hadrian i. §343 In loco qui appellatur catacumbas ubi corpus beati Sebastiani martyris cum aliis quiescit.a1300 De Mirabil. Romæ Cœmeteria Calisti juxta Catacumbas. The evidence does not settle the disputed question whether the name originally belonged to the cemetery, or (as the majority of investigators now appear to think) to the locality. Some of the other cemeteries were named from their locality, e.g. Ostiense, Ad Septem Columbas, Ad Duas Lauros (names of taverns), but most from a personal name as Calisti, Domitillæ, Cyriacæ. The word catacumbas was in later times treated as an accusative plural, with nominative singular catacumba; but in earlier use it appears to be invariable. To account for this, some have surmised that the full name was Ad Catacumbas, others that it was itself a Greek phrase κατὰ κύμβας. The recorded meanings of Greek κύμβη are ‘the hollow of a vessel, a drinking vessel, cup, or bowl (whence a possibility that κατὰ κύμβας was the name of a tavern); a boat, Latin cymba; a knapsack, wallet’. But the question how a Greek phrase was likely to become the name of something near Rome, when it is not known what that thing was, is manifestly futile; still more profitless are conjectures that the word might contain the Greek preposition combined with a Latin, Sabine, or Celtic word or root, which may be seen in works or articles treating of the Catacombs. There appear to be no examples of the application of the word to the other Roman subterranean cemeteries in ancient times, though catacumba is apparently used by Joannes Diaconus (9th cent.) of those of Naples: see Du Cange. But the actual extension of the name belongs to modern times, since the discovery of ‘Subterranean Rome’. 1. A subterranean place for the burial of the dead, consisting of galleries or passages with recesses excavated in their sides for tombs. a. Representing the Latin catacumbas (catecumpas), or (?) ad catacumbas, used as early as the 5th cent. in connection with the subterranean cemetery under the Basilica of St. Sebastian, on the Appian Way, near Rome, in or near which the bodies of the apostles Peter and Paul were said to have been deposited: this is the only sense in which the word occurs in English before the 17th cent. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome > on Appian Way catacomb971 971 Blickl. Hom. 193 Eal folc Romwara befeng þa lichoman on þære stowe Catacumbe þy wege þe hate Appia. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 119/1 Whan thou hast wasshed it [my body] thou shalt burye it at Cathacombes by the appostlis. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 205/2 The grekes..threwe the bodyes [of the two apostles] in a pitte at catacumbas. 1637 Abp. J. Williams Holy Table 220 The famous place called Catacombe (a word of mongrell composition, half Greek, half Latin, and signifying as much as near the Tombs), a kind of vaulted Church under the earth. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 98 From this church a pair of stairs leads down into the Roman catacombs. 1854 N. Wiseman Fabiola ii. ii The cemetery of St. Sebastian [among] other names had that of Ad Catacumbas: the meaning of this word is completely unknown. 1870 W. B. Marriott Test. Catacombs 1 Catacombs—this name properly applies only to one particular cemetery beneath the church of St. Sebastian. b. In later times applied (in the plural) to all the subterranean cemeteries lying around Rome (which, after having been long covered up and forgotten, were fortuitously discovered in 1578). In the singular applied to a single crypt or gallery. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome cemeterya1464 catacomba1680 the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome > single gallery of catacomba1680 a1680 J. Bargrave Pope Alexander VII (1867) ii. 121 Ten miles, almost, round about Rome, under the vineyards and cornfields, are hollow caves, streets, rooms, chappells, finely paynted, &c., which is called Rome underground, or the Catacombe. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 129. ⁋7 There has lately been found an Humane Tooth in a Catecomb [at Rome]. 1717 T. Robinson in Philos. Trans. 1714–16 (Royal Soc.) 29 479 Those Quarries became Catacombes. 1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. iv. 395 It was..after the discovery of the Catacombs. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands II. 35 Sextus, bishop of Rome, had been slain in the catacombs. 1870 W. B. Marriott (title) Testimony of the Catacombs, and of other Monuments of Christian Art. 1876 E. Venables in W. Smith & S. Cheetham Dict. Christian Antiq. 313/2 The catacombs became places of refuge in times of persecution (..though not to the extent popularly credited). 1876 E. Venables in W. Smith & S. Cheetham Dict. Christian Antiq. 314/1 At the entrance of the Jewish Catacomb on the Via Appia. c. Extended to similar works elsewhere, as at Naples, at Syracuse, in Egypt, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean > in Rome > works similar to catacomb1705 1705 G. Berkeley Descr. Cave of Dunmore in Wks. (1871) IV. 508 Those artificial caves of Rome and Naples called catacombs. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. May (1965) I. 406 During his wonderfull stay in the Egyptian catacombs. 1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos II. ix. 327 Bury the king's corpse in the catacombs of Utica. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 271 Under the mountains adjoining the Kiow are several catacombs. 1858 R. A. Vaughan Ess. & Remains I. 5 The Necropolis, with its Catacombs. 1862 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Ch. (1877) I. xv. 290. 2. In a wider sense, applied to any subterranean receptacle of dead bodies, as the catacombs of Paris, which are worked-out stone-quarries (see quot.); also figurative place of entombment of former races of animals, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > burial ground or cemetery > [noun] > subterranean catacomb1836 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 359/2 The catacombs of Paris could not be called catacombs with any propriety until very recent times, when, by a decree of the French government, all the churchyards were emptied of their contents, and the skulls and bones sent to the spacious subterranean quarries, where they are now arranged in a manner that is grotesquely horrible. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. iv. 93 This point, being a perfect catacomb for monsters of extinct races. 3. a. transferred. A place arranged with crypts and recesses, like the catacombs. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > building of specific internal arrangement > [noun] pseudodipter1692 pseudodipteron1706 catacomb1884 warren1922 three-decker1942 shotgun1945 triplex1962 bi-level1965 1884 Harper's Mag. Nov. 828/1 These are, indeed, catacombs of books, with lettered avenues. b. spec. A compartment in a cellar with recesses for storing wine. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > wine-making > [noun] > wine-cellar or store > compartment in catacomb1795 1795 Edinb. Advertiser 2 Jan. 2/1 One half of the sunk flat or cellars, neatly laid out and furnished with catacombs. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality ix, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 227 He ran down to the cellar at the risk of breaking his neck, to ransack some private catacomb. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2019). < n.971
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