challengen.

Brit.

/ˈtʃalᵻn(d)ʒ/, U.S.

/ˈtʃæləndʒ/

Forms: α. Middle English–1500s calenge, (Middle English caleng, 1500s callenge). β. Middle English Scottish challanss, Middle English chalange, chalaunge, Middle English–1600s chalenge, (Middle English chaleng, Middle English challeng), Middle English Scottish chalans, (1500s chaling), 1500s– challenge.

Etymology: Middle English calenge, chalange, < Old French ca-, chalenge, -lange, originally -longe (with many other forms) = Provençal calonja, Old Spanish caloña < Latin calumnia, trickery, artifice, misrepresentation, false accusation, malicious action at law; probably < calvi, calvere to devise tricks. With the phonetic development in Old French compare that of somnium, songe. Old English had both the Northern French calenge, and the central French chalenge; the latter has (as in many other words) survived. Challenge is thus originally the same word as calumny. Some of the senses still in use go back to the Middle English and Old French noun, but others are taken immediately from the verb, as in blame, etc., so that the sequence is not simple.

†1. An accusation, charge, reproach, objection.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [noun] > instance of

sakec1175

challengec1315

quarrela1325

accusationa1382

cause1382

blamec1384

pointa1387

accusementa1393

chesouna1400

objectionc1410

accuse?a1439

thing1548

facing-carda1624

intentation1623

indictment1871

c1315 Shoreham 131 Thou hast y~broȝt ous out of cry Of calenge of the fende.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 6714 Þe bestis lauerd sal ga quite Of alkines chalange and wite.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Jer. vii. 6 If ȝe maken not fals caleng to a comelyng, & to a fadirless child, & to a widewe.

1483 Cath. Angl. 58 A chalange, calumpnia.

a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) Pref. sig. B^v The incertainty of law..is the principall and most iust challenge that is made to the lawes of our [nation].

1632 Guillim's Display of Heraldrie (ed. 2) iii. xv. 202 Differences sufficient to debarre all challenge.

1681 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis 1057/1 He refuses the challenge of the crime, or denies he did commit it.

a. The act of calling to account; esp. the act of a sentry in demanding the countersign.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > word or cry > [noun] > password > act of sentry demanding countersign

challenge1487

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) viii. 82 But challans [1489 Adv. challance] eschapit [he] had, Ne war ane hynt hym by the brand.

1526 W. Bonde Rosary sig. Biii Peter, at the chalenge of a poore handmayde, for feare dyd deny the [= thee] his lorde.

1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison V. xlii The creature..had subjected herself to your challenges.

1889 N.E.D. at Challenge Mod. Startled by the challenge of a sentinel.

Categories »

b. Hunting. The opening and crying of hounds at finding the scent; see challenge v. (In modern dictionaries.)

3. Law.

a. ‘An Exception taken, against either persons or things’ (Blount); spec. an objection made to one or more of the jurymen in a trial, as in principal challenge, peremptory challenge, challenge to the array, challenge to the polls, challenge to the favour. Also, an exception taken to a vote, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > objection > [noun] > an objection

objectionc1410

objecta1425

challenge1530

quarrel1579

demurrer1598

demurral1808

1292 Britton i. ii. §11 Et si defendoms a touz Corouners qe nul remue jurour par chaleng de nule partie.]

1530 1 Act 22 Hen. VIII c. 14 §8 No person arrained for any pety treason, murder, or felony be..admitted to any peremytorie chalenge aboue the nombre of xx.

1660 Exact Accompt Trial Regicides 32 If you will not agree in your Challenges, we must be forced to Try you severally.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 359 As the jurors appear..they shall be sworn, unless challenged by either party. Challenges are of two sorts; challenges to the array and challenges to the polls..Challenges to the array are at once an exception to the whole panel, in which the jury are arrayed.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 361 Challenges to the polls, in capita, are exceptions to particular jurors.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 363 Challenges to the favour, are where the party hath no principal challenge; but objects only some probable circumstances of suspicion, as acquaintance, and the like.

1853 T. I. Wharton Digest Cases Pennsylvania II. 115 Interest in a juror is a principal cause of challenge.

b. East India. (See quot. 1858.)

ΚΠ

1858 J. B. Norton Topics for Indian Statesmen 198 Another check..is the right of ‘challenge’..long..recognised in this district..Any ryot who imagines that his wealthier neighbour's field is more lightly assessed than his own, offers to take it at a higher rate, claiming a corresponding reduction for his poorer holding.

4. A calling in question or disputing; the state of being called in question.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > [noun] > raising of doubts

questioninga1450

impugningc1450

impugnation1502

addubitation1588

impugnance1602

challenge1820

impugnment1840

1820 W. Scott Monastery II. iii. 107 Whatever schemes may be pursued for bringing her title into challenge.

†5. A claim; the act of demanding as a right. In early use, often, a false claim. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > dueness or propriety > [noun] > claiming as due or right > claim or a demand for something as due

challengec1314

claim1393

oncalla1400

acclaim1546

pretext1591

plea1598

pretendence1603

pretendment1642

c1314 Guy Warw. A. 5466 Swithe thai priked..Chalaunge on Herhaud to legge.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 34 Of þe rote of auarice guoþ out manye smale roten..þe þridde roberye. Þe uerþe chalenge.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 68 Chalaunge or cleyme, vendicacio.

1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 262 To Maude, so soone as euer she made her challenge to the Crowne.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage I. vii. ii. 556 They lay challenge to Jerusalem for their inheritance.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 1 (1753) I A publick Challenge of Honours and Rewards.

a. An invitation or summons to a trial or contest of any kind; a defiance.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > [noun]

challengec1325

challenging1330

defiancec1430

defya1586

provocatory1611

provoke1824

c1325 Coer de L. 525 When none wolde..With schafft to him make chalenge, etc.

1551 King Edward VI Jrnl. in Lit. Remains (1857) II. 312 I lost the chaling of shoting at roundes, and wane at rovers.

1649 E. Reynolds Israels Prayer (new ed.) vii. 157 The pride and wrath of man to give a chalenge to the justice and power of God.

1722 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. iv. 314 The Baptists sent him a letter by way of challenge, that they would discourse with him.

1847 L. Hunt Men, Women, & Bks. II. xi. 275 His whole countenance is a challenge to scrutiny.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xi. 182 A challenge to duty and honor.

1879 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times II. xxix. 387 It was a challenge to established beliefs and prejudices.

b. In weakened use: a difficult or demanding task, esp. one seen as a test of one's abilities or character.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > [noun] > an undertaking > difficult

stick of work1581

challenge1954

the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [noun] > quality of being difficult or exacting > a difficult or demanding task

push1883

challenge1954

ass-kicker1973

1954 W. Faulkner Fable 23 It was not that his trained professional judgment told him that the affair..would be touch-and-go and hence more than doubtful..that would have been a challenge, as if the old destiny had not abandoned him at all.

1957 A. E. Stevenson New Amer. iii. iv. 147 One of tomorrow's great challenges will be to make good use of what will very possibly be a greatly increased leisure.

1966 Hockey Coaching (Hockey Association) 5 The game of hockey in this country is facing a real challenge.

1972 E. Longford Wellington xxii. 340 Today the Martyrs' Memorial stands like a rock of tranquillity in the roaring currents of the twentieth century, an occasional challenge to the climbing skills of students, pot in hand.

1979 D. Halberstam Powers that Be (1980) i. ii. 71 He almost seemed to welcome the challenge of the war, it would test America's worthiness.

7. spec. A summons to fight, esp. to single combat or duel.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > [noun] > challenge to

appeala1450

provocation1484

challenge1530

defya1586

gagea1592

dare1594

defiance1597

society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [noun] > single combat or duel > challenge to

deraignc1300

wagec1400

challenge1530

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 202/2 Calenge or provokyng to do armes, chalenge.

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxvii. 150 He..must abyde both chalenge and combate with all the rest.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. iv. 141 Heere's the Challenge, reade it.

1661 A. Marvell Let. 7 Feb. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 19 Upon some words Gen: Mountagu..sent a chalenge to the Duke of Buckingham.

1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. 167 Challenges to fight, either by word or letter..are punishable by fine and imprisonment.

1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy II. vi. 166 It was not in Captain Tartar's nature to refuse a challenge.

8. attributive.

ΚΠ

1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. x. 142 The valiant Knight of Triermain Rung forth his challenge-blast again.

9. The action or process of administering an immunogenic agent to an animal or person in order to study the resulting immune response, or of exposing an animal or person to an infectious agent, esp. to measure the efficacy of a vaccine. Frequently as a modifier, esp. in challenge study, challenge trial. Cf. challenge v. 9.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > dose of medicine > types of dose

overdose1700

under-dose1822

challenge1935

booster1950

loading dose1961

bolus1967

1935 Canad. Public Health Jrnl. 26 213 When administered to guinea pigs previous to a challenge inoculation of Br[ucella] abortus, serum 43C conferred a degree of protection.

1952 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 81 110/1 Even after 10 days a high mortality rate results following antigenic challenge of a series of mice sensitized with a mixture of horse serum and vaccine.

1964 W. G. Smith Allergy & Tissue Metabolism i. 5 The second injection of antigen, which brings about anaphylactic shock, is termed the challenge dose.

2001 J. M. Gwaltney & J. O. Hendley in J. C. Thomas & D. J. Weber Epidemiol. Methods Study Infectious Dis. x. 220/2 Most virus challenge studies have been done with rhinovirus and influenza virus.

2007 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 196 1329 The vaccine provided mild immune protection to the ferrets after challenge.

2020 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 19 May (Early ed.) a4 More than 23,000 volunteers from 102 countries have signed up online to participate in a human challenge trial for COVID-19 should one be held.

Draft additions June 2017

Sport. An opportunity for a competitor to raise an immediate objection to a decision made by an umpire, referee, line judge, etc., reviewed using video or electronic technology.

ΚΠ

1985 Washington Post 26 Feb. e1/1 The league doesn't allow challenges on holding calls.

1996 Washington Post 14 Mar. d10/1 Tagliabue said there would be four elements involved in the experiment—using a challenge system triggered by coaches instead of a replay official.

2006 C. Bowers Fantastic Federer (2007) 263 The dismissive..way in which Federer made his occasional challenges seemed to suggest he still may not have been entirely convinced by the new technology system.

2015 Guardian (Nexis) 8 July The Scot was thankful for the challenge system..with a correct challenge on match point in the fourth set giving him victory over the big-serving Croat.

Draft additions June 2017

challenge round n. Tennis (now historical) the deciding round of a championship in which the reigning champion, who receives a bye to this round, plays a challenger who has qualified for this round by winning a knockout tournament.The Davis Cup, the last major tennis championship to be decided by a challenge round, adopted a standard knockout format in 1972.

ΚΠ

1884 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 4/5 When he met Mr. Sears in the challenge round the superiority of the latter was quickly and easily demonstrated.

1968 Life 12 July 73/1 The U.S. lost the challenge round [of the Davis Cup] in 1964 and has not even made the challenge round since.

2014 E. Wilson Love Game (2016) xii. 115 He [sc. Bill Tilden]..argued for the abolition of the challenge round.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

challengev.

Brit.

/ˈtʃalᵻn(d)ʒ/, U.S.

/ˈtʃæləndʒ/

Forms: α. Middle English kalange-n, kalenge-n, Middle English calange(n, Middle English–1500s calenge(n. β. Middle English–1500s chalange, Middle English–1600s chalenge, Middle English chalaunge, chalunge, chalinge, chalynge, chalang, schalange, ? chalain, (Middle English Scottish challanss, 1500s chaleng, chalynch, challynge, Scottish challance, 1500s–1600s challeng), 1600s challendge, Middle English– challenge.

Etymology: Middle English kalange-n , chalange-n , < Old French ca-, chalonger, -langer, -lenger (with numerous variant forms) = Provençal calonjar , Old Spanish caloñar < late Latin calumniāre , for calumniāri to accuse falsely, < calumnia : see challenge n. Compare French songer from Latin somniāre.

†1.

a. transitive. To accuse, bring a charge against, arraign, impeach. Also absol. Obsolete (or ? dialect)

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > charge, accuse, or indict [verb (transitive)]

wrayc725

forwrayOE

beclepec1030

challenge?c1225

indict1303

appeachc1315

aditea1325

appeal1366

impeachc1380

reprovea1382

arraigna1400

calla1400

raign?a1425

to put upa1438

present?a1439

ditec1440

detectc1449

articlec1450

billc1450

peach1465

attach1480

denounce1485

aret1487

accusea1500

filea1500

delate1515

crimea1550

panel1560

articulate1563

prosecute1579

impleada1600

to have up1605

reprosecute1622

tainta1625

criminatea1646

affect1726

to pull up1799

rap1904

run1909

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 44 Hwerof chalengest þu me.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 43 Þe zenne..of sergons þet accuseþ and calengeþ þet poure uolc.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 558 If eny man wolde chalenge a frere.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xix. 60 Gud schir dauid the brechyne Thai gert challans [1489 Adv. chalance] richt stratly syne.

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xviii. sig. Aa7^v To be challenged of vnkindnesse.

1593 Queen Elizabeth I Speech in G. P. Rice Public Speaking of Queen Elizabeth (1951) (modernized text) 101 The King of Spain does challenge me to be the quarreller and the beginner of all these wars.

1655 T. Fuller Hist. Waltham-Abby 6 in Church-hist. Brit. Let none challenge the words of impropriety.

a1676 H. Guthry Mem. (1702) 75 The E. of Stafford was Challeng'd and made Prisoner.

1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 321 To challenge, or accuse one.

†b. To lay (an offence) to one's charge, accuse one of. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] > lay to one's charge, impute

witec893

challenge1297

weena1300

to bear upon —c1300

likenc1400

layc1425

to put upa1438

object1447

establish1483

impose1484

reproach1490

annotea1513

lade1535

appoint1553

burden1559

clap1609

to charge (a fault, etc.) on, upon, against (a person)1611

upcast1825

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 279 Seyn Dunston..kalangede her mys-dede.

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter lv[i]. 6 If þai myght chalange oght in vs.

1485 W. Caxton Trevisa's Higden (1527) iv. xxxiii. 180 b Unwyse handelynge is chalenged of the.

a. To find fault with, reprove, reprehend; to call upon to answer for something, or to give account of oneself; to call to account. Now only dialect except as in 2b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > rebuke or reprove [verb (transitive)]

threac897

threapc897

begripea1000

threata1000

castea1200

chaste?c1225

takec1275

blame1297

chastya1300

sniba1300

withnima1315

undernima1325

rebukec1330

snuba1340

withtakea1340

reprovec1350

chastisea1375

arate1377

challenge1377

undertake1377

reprehenda1382

repreync1390

runta1398

snapea1400

underfoc1400

to call to account1434

to put downc1440

snebc1440

uptakec1440

correptc1449

reformc1450

reprise?c1450

to tell (a person) his (also her, etc.) own1450

control1451

redarguec1475

berisp1481

to hit (cross) one over (of, on) the thumbs1522

checkc1530

admonish1541

nip1548

twig?1550

impreve1552

lesson1555

to take down1562

to haul (a person) over the coals1565

increpate1570

touch1570

school1573

to gather up1577

task1580

redarguate?1590

expostulate1592

tutor1599

sauce1601

snip1601

sneap1611

to take in tax1635

to sharp up1647

round1653

threapen1671

reprimand1681

to take to task1682

document1690

chapter1693

repulse1746

twink1747

to speak to ——1753

haul1795

to pull up1799

carpet1840

rig1841

to talk to1860

to take (a person) to the woodshed1882

rawhide1895

to tell off1897

to tell (someone) where he or she gets off1900

to get on ——1904

to put (a person) in (also into) his, her place1908

strafe1915

tick1915

woodshed1935

to slap (a person) down1938

sort1941

bind1942

bottle1946

mat1948

ream1950

zap1961

elder1967

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 174 [I] am chalanged in þe chapitel hous, as I a childe were.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19148 Es it..resun þat we Calanged [Fairf. chalaunged, Gött. schalanged, Trin. Cambr. chalanged] for ur gode dede be?

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 68 Chalengyn or vndyrtakyn, reprehendo.

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxiv. 157 Why were they dumb being thus chalenged?

1642 R. Harris Serm. preached to House of Commons 20 If God fill not every vessell, challenge him upon that his word, Open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it.

a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 579 He was warned of it, and challenged him on it.

1855 Scotticisms Corrected 10 His father never challenged him for lying.

1889 N.E.D. at Challenge Mod. Sc. I have never been challenged for crossing these fields.

b. Said of a sentinel; and in derived figurative uses.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > word or cry > [verb (transitive)] > (of a sentinel): call to demand countersign

challenge1796

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc vi. 50 The sentinel..with uplifted lance Challenged the darkling travellers.

1833 Regulations Instr. Cavalry i. i. 28 On any one approaching his post, he must challenge them by the words ‘Who comes there’?

1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 44 In the country every unknown face was challenged and examined.

1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 6 No blue space in its outspread..challenged my emerging head.

c. Also said of the hounds giving mouth on finding a scent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting with hounds > work done by hounds > action of hounds [verb (intransitive)] > give mouth

questa1350

to call on1575

challenge1677

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [verb (intransitive)] > cry on finding a scent

to call on1575

challenge1677

1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) i. 17 When Hounds or Beagles at first finding the scent of their Game presently open and cry, we then say, they Challenge.

1751 Chambers's Cycl. (ed. 7) at Hunting

1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting xviii. 224 It is a great pleasure when a hound challenges, to be certain that he is right.

3. Law. To object or take exception to (a juryman, evidence, etc.); to take an initial exception to (any proceeding). Also absol.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > objection > object [verb (transitive)]

strivea1400

objectc1443

repugna1513

controlc1525

to lay something in a person's light1530

pass1534

take1542

to think (it) much1548

challenge?1577

except1577

except1597

to formalize upon1597

formalize1599

scruple1627

demur1827

1292 Britton i. v. §8 Et cum..les jurours soint venuz en court, si porunt il estre chalengez: Sire, il n' i deit estre, car mei endita, etc.]

?1577 F. T. Debate Pride & Lowlines sig. Biii Ye may him chalenge from your Iury.

1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 389 We may lawfully chalenge the aray, being enpanelled by..a partial shirif.

1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 104/2 The corporation objected to the whole jury, which in law language is called challenging the array.

c1781 Trial George Gordon 8 When the panel was called over a second time, the prisoner by his counsel, peremptorily challenged nineteen, and the Attorney-General for the Crown, challenged seven.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues IV. 79 Anybody may challenge on the ground that so and so is unfit.

1883 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 11 598 The evidence of the women was accepted and not challenged.

4. To call in question, dispute.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > objection > object [verb (transitive)] > dispute or call in question

traversea1325

challengec1386

disputea1535

quarrel1548

contestate?1572

to controverse in question1602

question1613

tax1614

contest1663

to call upon ——1746

c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 344 Povert is..Possessioun that no wight wil chalenge.

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iii. xi. 189 Whether the lordes by whos landes a kynge..muste passe may challenge hym the passage.

1625 R. Montagu Appello Cæsarem 1 Whatsoever they have challenged and articled against in their accusation.

1825 W. Scott Talisman ii, in Tales Crusaders III. 25 I were wrong to challenge..the privilege of thy speech, since boasting is more natural to thee than truth.

1869 Huxley in Sci. Opinion 5 May 486/2 As a temporary measure, I do not presume to challenge its wisdom.

5. To assert one's title to, lay claim to, demand as a right, claim for, arrogate (to obsolete) oneself. archaic or Obsolete.

a. with simple object. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > claim

challengea1240

claimc1320

pretend?a1425

vouch1488

to lay claim to1584

assert1649

vindicate1680

to take up1810

a1240 Wohunge in Cott. Hom. 275 Þi derue deað o rode..calenges al mi heorte.

c1300 K. Alis. 7512 Heo is my qwene; Y hire chalenge.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 616 Nat þ^t I chalange any thyng of right Of yow my souereyn lady, but youre grace.

1513 T. More Hist. Edward V 3 [He] began not by warre, but by Law to challenge the crown.

1520 Chron. Eng. iv. f. 31/1 To calenge the trybute whiche they did denye.

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. 1 Pet. i. 21 That we should therby chalenge no prayse vnto our selues.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 298 It is for the French King, who is here taken prisoner, and there are mo then .x. Knights and squires that challenge the taking of him and of his sonne.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 1 I challenge no thankes for what I publish.

1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall ii. 22 These Urnes will challenge above thirteen hundred years.

1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 329 A Gentleman that challenges the Title of Honourable.

1746 T. Smollett Reproof 7 An injured friend!—who challenges the name? If you, what Title justifies the claim?

1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iii. 156 Causes which led them to challenge Imperial rank.

†b. with infinitive as object. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1300 K. Alis. 7303 Ye chalangith al to habbe.

138. J. Wyclif Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 220 Men that calengen here to be evene wiþ Crist.

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 83^v As thou challengest to be noble in blood, [etc.].

1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts i. 483 Can yee challenge to possesse the land.

1683 in Pennsylvania Arch. (1852) I. 70 Where he challenged..to have spoak so.

†c. with object clause. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 76 Nowe clerkis..chalungen to hem þat only it perteniþ to hem to punisch symony, etc.

1660 T. Fuller Mixt Contempl. i. xxxi. 51 If fift Monarchy..men challenge to themselves; that..they must be exempted from their Obedience.

†d. with object and complement. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxvii. l. 717 For his love that ȝe Calangen ȝoure lord I schal ȝow socowren.

1493 Festivall (1515) 4 b Fendes chalengynge hym theyres as by ryght.

1559 Bp. Scot in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1824) I. ii. App. vii. 15 Challynging Christe to be ther foundation.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. i. 19 The Chronicle of Westminster challengeth the same to be done in their Convent.

†e. absol.

ΚΠ

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear i. 48 Which of you..doth loue vs most, That we our largest bountie may extend, Where merit doth most challenge it.

a. figurative. To have a natural right or claim to; to demand, to call for. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > demand or call out for (some action)

challenge1577

to cry for ——1581

claima1616

crya1616

scream1906

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 88^v The Peare..chalengeth the next place, and is one of the cheefest beauties of the Orcharde.

a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Spanish Curat iii. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. F2 v/2 Whose honest cause..Will challenge Justice.

1648 J. Evelyn Let. in Diary & Corr. (1857) III. 10 Yours of the 6th and 9th of May received, challenges this account from me.

1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 4 Bruges..may well challenge place among the Cities of the second rate in Europe.

a1704 T. Brown Ess. Eng. Satyr in Wks. (1707) I. i. 33 Horace and Juvenal..Challenge..a Superiority before all the rest.

b. Now esp. To claim (some responsive action or recognition on the part of others, e.g. attention, regard, respect, approbation, admiration).

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > claim > claim acknowledgement or recognition

to bear out1530

challenge1615

1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 33 The Aquæduct made by the Emperour Valentinian..doth principally challeng remembrance.

1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 239 Our better Part challenges our greatest care and diligence.

1766 C. Anstey New Bath Guide viii. i. 50 Men..That challenge Respect from all Persons of Birth.

1786 J. Bonnycastle Introd. Astron. 3 Astronomy..has challenged the admiration of all ages.

1818 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages I. v. 460 Unless his merit should challenge the popular approbation.

1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. §32. 330 A strange thing—one sufficiently anomalous to challenge attention.

a. To summon or invite defiantly to a contest or any trial of daring or skill; to defy, dare. (Often to do something, or to an action.) Frequently in figurative contexts, esp. in weakened sense ‘to present a challenge to’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > of difficulty: beset (a person) [verb (transitive)] > present a challenge to

challengea1522

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. xiii. 7 Sowtht pipand wyndis..Challancis to pass on burd.

a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) ii. ix. sig. G.v Euery man that feleth himself chalenged & prouoked by temptacion.

1633 P. Fletcher Piscatorie Eclogs i. vii. 3 in Purple Island I durst to challenge all my fisher-peers.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1151 I..challenge Dagon to the test.

1769 in ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. 135 We..are challenged to produce a precedent.

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 368 Challenge the son of Tendal to a competition in song with you.

1855 C. Kingsley Theseus in Heroes ii. 211 He challenges all comers to wrestle with him.

1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. x. 221 I shall laugh at any one who challenges me to find out anything so silly.

1927 V. Woolf To Lighthouse iii. iii. 236 Form, were it only the shape of a white lamp-shade looming on a wicker table, roused one to perpetual combat, challenged one to a fight in which one was bound to be worsted.

1963 J. Wiesenfarth Henry James v. 105 The narrator's theory is challenged by Grace Brissenden's.

1965 A. J. P. Taylor Eng. Hist. 1914–45 i. 28 Lloyd George spoke publicly in all-out support for the war. From that moment, he challenged Asquith... Unconsciously, perhaps even unwillingly, he was offering himself as the man who could run the war better.

1973 E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful ii. i. 77 I [sc. C. P. Snow] was asking something which is about the scientific equivalent of: ‘Have you read a work of Shakespeare's?’ Such a statement challenges the entire basis of our civilisation.

b. To invite (emulous, hostile, or critical action of any kind). (Cf. 6b.)

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > challenge (a person) [verb (transitive)]

provoke1474

to take to task1546

dare1580

assay1604

challenge1610

defy1674

banter1789

brag1843

to fuck with ——c1947

society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > challenge (a person) [verb (transitive)] > invite emulous or hostile action

challenge1610

1610 Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists xxxvi. 87 Wee doe vtterly denie it, and challenge your proofe.

1664 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders (new ed.) i. sig. d Your Apollo's Oracle-like Arcenal, may challenge the most sublime proffers of men of parts.

1718 Free-thinker No. 75. 2 Prudence is a real Perfection, which challenges the nicest Observation.

1847 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conquest Peru II. iii. x. 41 Such a one as might have challenged comparison with the bravest of his ancestors.

1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xiv. 226 They could challenge criticism with an easy confidence.

1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 283 Challenging controversy in every possible way.

8. spec.

a. To call upon to answer an imputation by combat; to summon to fight, or to a duel.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > fight (a battle, etc.) [verb (transitive)] > challenge to single combat or duel

appealc1400

becallc1400

bid1487

challenge1598

to call out1671

to take out1749

1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 683 Hector will challenge him.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. ii. 32 Challenge me the Counts youth to fight with him.

1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. i. 73 Pittacus..challenged Phryno to single combat.

1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) II. 166 With the intention..of challenging him to a conflict.

1889 N.E.D. at Challenge Mod. The officer challenged his rival.

b. intransitive or absol.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > contend in battle or give battle [verb (intransitive)] > offer challenge of single combat or duel

challengec1380

to swear outa1440

to cast (out) the gauntlet1548

to fling out (or down) the gauntlet1548

to throw (down) the gauntlet1548

to challenge a person the fielda1616

to step forward1813

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 399 Y chalenge wiþ þe to fiȝt.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 126 They challenge, and encounter Breast to Breast.

1763 C. Churchill Ghost (ed. 3) i. 14 So he that challenges might write Only to those who would not fight.

†c. to challenge a person the field. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > contend in battle or give battle [verb (intransitive)] > offer challenge of single combat or duel

challengec1380

to swear outa1440

to cast (out) the gauntlet1548

to fling out (or down) the gauntlet1548

to throw (down) the gauntlet1548

to challenge a person the fielda1616

to step forward1813

1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 7 Roberte of Vere chalynched them in the felde and was overcome.]

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) ii. iii. 123 To challenge him the field, and then to breake promise with him.

1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 477 The disagreement grew so high, that they challenged the field one of another.

1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 601 To challenge one into the field: in arenam provocare.]

9. To administer an immunogenic agent to (an animal or person) in order to study the resulting immune response; (also) to expose (an animal or person, or, rarely, the immune system) to an infectious agent, esp. to measure the efficacy of a vaccine. Cf. challenge n. 9.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > treat with drugs [verb (transitive)] > give challenge dose to

challenge1939

1939 Jrnl. Immunol. 37 330 Nevertheless when their immunity was challenged by intracerebral inoculation with virus, most of them succumbed promptly.

1962 M. H. Luntz & R. Wright in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism 322 Leucocytes from each group of guinea-pigs were transferred to normal guinea-pigs who were then challenged with lens protein.

1966 W. C. Boyd Fund. Immunol. (ed. 4) xvii. 729 If we are testing the immunizing effect of an antigen, we shall challenge our animals, after a suitable interval, with a dose of the infectious micro-organism, or with a toxic product of this organism.

2001 High Plains Jrnl. 16 Apr. a 4/1 In the trial, some pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis, the bacterium causing ileitis.

Derivatives

ˈchallenged adj.

1578 F. Thynne Let. 20 Oct. in Animaduersions (1875) p. lix I haue thought yt my chalenged dutye..by penne to desplay my Inwarde mynde.

1694 J. Collier Misc. iv. 46 The Challenger is punished as well as the Challenged.

1969 Times 7 July 5/7 It has been possible to treat challenged lungs with drugs known to have an effect in reducing inflammation.

ˈchallenging n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > [noun]

challengec1325

challenging1330

defiancec1430

defya1586

provocatory1611

provoke1824

the mind > language > statement > objection > [noun] > disputing or calling in question

controlment1533

challenging1825

traversal1841

society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > exercises or homework

lesson?c1225

renderc1380

vulgars1520

practicec1541

theme1545

example1562

tax1564

repetition1579

exercise1612

praxis1612

recreation1633

pensum1667

vacation-exercisea1668

version1711

task1737

thesisa1774

dictation1789

challenging1825

holiday task1827

devoir1849

homework1852

vulgus1857

cram-book1858

rep1858

banco1862

prep1866

classwork1867

preparation1875

work card1878

vacation-task1904

the world > action or operation > undertaking > [adjective] > that constitutes a challenge

challenging1842

society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > [adjective]

challenging1842

protested1895

the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective]

arvethc885

uneathOE

arvethlichc1000

evilc1175

hardc1175

deara1225

derfa1225

illc1330

wickeda1375

uneasy1398

difficul?a1450

difficile?1473

difficulta1527

unready1535

craggy1582

spiny1604

tough1619

uphill1622

shrewda1626

spinousa1638

scabrous1646

spinose1660

rugged1663

cranka1745

tight1764

thraward1818

nasty1828

upstream1847

awkward1860

pricklyc1862

bristling1871

sticky1871

rocky1873

dodgy1898

challengeful1927

solid1943

ball-busting1944

challenging1975

1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 173 Isaak a partie had mad a chalangyng.

c1440 Ipomydon 1280 Sithe I was not at the justynge, I will not be at the chalengynge.

1825 J. Bentham Rationale Reward 20 The practice..in many schools, called challenging..he who stands at the head of the class begins the exercise: does he make a mistake, the next to him in succession corrects him and takes his place.

1842 H. E. Manning Serm. vii. 94 The whole inmost soul is bent into a challenging array.

1946 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 63 189/2 210 mice were sensitized..by 4 consecutive intraperitoneal injections of 1 ml each of undiluted horse serum every other day. Twenty-one days later a challenging dose of 1 ml. of undiluted horse serum..was injected intravenously.

1975 Aviation Week & Space Technol. 27 Jan. 63 Clearly the most challenging problem facing the ECM strategist today is to operate efficiently and effectively in a high-density threat environment.

1985 Aerospace America May b54 The innovative techniques evolving in the application of new technology in solving the challenging problems in today's flight test program.

Draft additions June 2017

transitive. Sport. Of a player, team, etc.: to question (the decision of an umpire, referee, line judge, etc.), prompting a review using video or electronic technology.

ΚΠ

1985 Washington Post 26 Feb. e6/1 The instant-replay rule cannot be used to challenge a penalty call, the USFL says.

1995 Washington Post 10 Jan. c2/4 Nor do I like the suggested modification to the instant replay system, where teams are permitted to challenge a certain number of calls per half.

1999 N.Y. Times 13 Dec. d5/1 The call wasn't reversed. He is now 0-4 challenging rulings on the field.

2005 N.Y. Times 28 July d 2/1 A coach wishing to challenge a call would throw a beanbag with streamers onto the court, prompting a video review of the play by the chair umpire.

2009 L. J. Wertheim Strokes of Genius 63 The umpire agreed the ball was out. Television replays seemed to confirm it. Nadal challenged the call, and Hawk-Eye indicated that it was in.

Draft additions 1993

ˈchallenged adj.

euphemistic. With prefixed adverb, also occasionally forming nouns.

a. Originally U.S. Of a person: having a disability of a specified type. Esp. in physically challenged.

1980 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 July e7 Women, Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian/Pacifics, Lesbian/Gays, Youth, Older Americans, the Physically Challenged and the Economically Disadvantaged.

1985 N.Y. Times 20 Apr. i. 26/3 The disabled skiers, whom Mr. Kennedy prefers to call ‘physically challenged’, achieve speeds on difficult runs that would be daunting to most competitors.

1986 Publishers Weekly 10 Jan. 4/1 (advt.) This bestselling author [sc. R. Simmons] of The Never Say Diet Book creates a comprehensive fitness program for the physically challenged.

1987 Los Angeles Times 4 Oct. vii. 3/5 Dee Duncan has discovered the tremendous value of travel for what she fondly calls ‘mentally challenged’ individuals.

1989 Computer Bull. Mar. 10/1 Rank Xerox itself has provided office systems equipment..which has been used to provide IT skills training to those who are physically challenged.

b. By extension: lacking or suffering from a particular attribute or affliction (expressed by the adverb), usually unimportant or minor, viewed humorously as requiring careful use of language in order to avoid giving offence.

1987 A. Maupin Significant Others xix. 148 That runty, big-mouthed lover of hers... O.K. forget runty... Vertically challenged. How's that?

1990 Sojourner (Nexis) 30 June 1 Gay male journalists didn't feel they had much in common with eccentric, financially challenged publications like Lesbian Connection or Womantide.

1991 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 2 Dec. a16/5 (heading) Dorothy Lipovenko presents eight handy cooking tips for the culinarily challenged.

1994 Daily Tel. 15 June 21/6 Still, being follicularly challenged myself, I can sympathise with Emily's reluctance to part with her hair.

1996 Just Seventeen 14 Aug. 12/4 Your pal wants to set you up with her ugly elder brother. Do you tell her how facially-challenged he is?

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	challenge
释义	challengen. Brit. /ˈtʃalᵻn(d)ʒ/, U.S. /ˈtʃæləndʒ/ Forms: α. Middle English–1500s calenge, (Middle English caleng, 1500s callenge). β. Middle English Scottish challanss, Middle English chalange, chalaunge, Middle English–1600s chalenge, (Middle English chaleng, Middle English challeng), Middle English Scottish chalans, (1500s chaling), 1500s– challenge. Etymology: Middle English calenge, chalange, < Old French ca-, chalenge, -lange, originally -longe (with many other forms) = Provençal calonja, Old Spanish caloña < Latin calumnia, trickery, artifice, misrepresentation, false accusation, malicious action at law; probably < calvi, calvere to devise tricks. With the phonetic development in Old French compare that of somnium, songe. Old English had both the Northern French calenge, and the central French chalenge; the latter has (as in many other words) survived. Challenge is thus originally the same word as calumny. Some of the senses still in use go back to the Middle English and Old French noun, but others are taken immediately from the verb, as in blame, etc., so that the sequence is not simple. †1. An accusation, charge, reproach, objection. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [noun] > instance of sakec1175 challengec1315 quarrela1325 accusationa1382 cause1382 blamec1384 pointa1387 accusementa1393 chesouna1400 objectionc1410 accuse?a1439 thing1548 facing-carda1624 intentation1623 indictment1871 c1315 Shoreham 131 Thou hast y~broȝt ous out of cry Of calenge of the fende. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 6714 Þe bestis lauerd sal ga quite Of alkines chalange and wite. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Jer. vii. 6 If ȝe maken not fals caleng to a comelyng, & to a fadirless child, & to a widewe. 1483 Cath. Angl. 58 A chalange, calumpnia. a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) Pref. sig. B^v The incertainty of law..is the principall and most iust challenge that is made to the lawes of our [nation]. 1632 Guillim's Display of Heraldrie (ed. 2) iii. xv. 202 Differences sufficient to debarre all challenge. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis 1057/1 He refuses the challenge of the crime, or denies he did commit it. 2. a. The act of calling to account; esp. the act of a sentry in demanding the countersign. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > word or cry > [noun] > password > act of sentry demanding countersign challenge1487 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) viii. 82 But challans [1489 Adv. challance] eschapit [he] had, Ne war ane hynt hym by the brand. 1526 W. Bonde Rosary sig. Biii Peter, at the chalenge of a poore handmayde, for feare dyd deny the [= thee] his lorde. 1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison V. xlii The creature..had subjected herself to your challenges. 1889 N.E.D. at Challenge Mod. Startled by the challenge of a sentinel. Categories » b. Hunting. The opening and crying of hounds at finding the scent; see challenge v. (In modern dictionaries.) 3. Law. a. ‘An Exception taken, against either persons or things’ (Blount); spec. an objection made to one or more of the jurymen in a trial, as in principal challenge, peremptory challenge, challenge to the array, challenge to the polls, challenge to the favour. Also, an exception taken to a vote, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > objection > [noun] > an objection objectionc1410 objecta1425 challenge1530 quarrel1579 demurrer1598 demurral1808 1292 Britton i. ii. §11 Et si defendoms a touz Corouners qe nul remue jurour par chaleng de nule partie.] 1530 1 Act 22 Hen. VIII c. 14 §8 No person arrained for any pety treason, murder, or felony be..admitted to any peremytorie chalenge aboue the nombre of xx. 1660 Exact Accompt Trial Regicides 32 If you will not agree in your Challenges, we must be forced to Try you severally. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 359 As the jurors appear..they shall be sworn, unless challenged by either party. Challenges are of two sorts; challenges to the array and challenges to the polls..Challenges to the array are at once an exception to the whole panel, in which the jury are arrayed. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 361 Challenges to the polls, in capita, are exceptions to particular jurors. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 363 Challenges to the favour, are where the party hath no principal challenge; but objects only some probable circumstances of suspicion, as acquaintance, and the like. 1853 T. I. Wharton Digest Cases Pennsylvania II. 115 Interest in a juror is a principal cause of challenge. b. East India. (See quot. 1858.) ΚΠ 1858 J. B. Norton Topics for Indian Statesmen 198 Another check..is the right of ‘challenge’..long..recognised in this district..Any ryot who imagines that his wealthier neighbour's field is more lightly assessed than his own, offers to take it at a higher rate, claiming a corresponding reduction for his poorer holding. 4. A calling in question or disputing; the state of being called in question. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > [noun] > raising of doubts questioninga1450 impugningc1450 impugnation1502 addubitation1588 impugnance1602 challenge1820 impugnment1840 1820 W. Scott Monastery II. iii. 107 Whatever schemes may be pursued for bringing her title into challenge. †5. A claim; the act of demanding as a right. In early use, often, a false claim. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > dueness or propriety > [noun] > claiming as due or right > claim or a demand for something as due challengec1314 claim1393 oncalla1400 acclaim1546 pretext1591 plea1598 pretendence1603 pretendment1642 c1314 Guy Warw. A. 5466 Swithe thai priked..Chalaunge on Herhaud to legge. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 34 Of þe rote of auarice guoþ out manye smale roten..þe þridde roberye. Þe uerþe chalenge. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 68 Chalaunge or cleyme, vendicacio. 1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 262 To Maude, so soone as euer she made her challenge to the Crowne. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage I. vii. ii. 556 They lay challenge to Jerusalem for their inheritance. 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 1 (1753) I A publick Challenge of Honours and Rewards. 6. a. An invitation or summons to a trial or contest of any kind; a defiance. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > [noun] challengec1325 challenging1330 defiancec1430 defya1586 provocatory1611 provoke1824 c1325 Coer de L. 525 When none wolde..With schafft to him make chalenge, etc. 1551 King Edward VI Jrnl. in Lit. Remains (1857) II. 312 I lost the chaling of shoting at roundes, and wane at rovers. 1649 E. Reynolds Israels Prayer (new ed.) vii. 157 The pride and wrath of man to give a chalenge to the justice and power of God. 1722 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. iv. 314 The Baptists sent him a letter by way of challenge, that they would discourse with him. 1847 L. Hunt Men, Women, & Bks. II. xi. 275 His whole countenance is a challenge to scrutiny. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xi. 182 A challenge to duty and honor. 1879 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times II. xxix. 387 It was a challenge to established beliefs and prejudices. b. In weakened use: a difficult or demanding task, esp. one seen as a test of one's abilities or character. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > [noun] > an undertaking > difficult stick of work1581 challenge1954 the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [noun] > quality of being difficult or exacting > a difficult or demanding task push1883 challenge1954 ass-kicker1973 1954 W. Faulkner Fable 23 It was not that his trained professional judgment told him that the affair..would be touch-and-go and hence more than doubtful..that would have been a challenge, as if the old destiny had not abandoned him at all. 1957 A. E. Stevenson New Amer. iii. iv. 147 One of tomorrow's great challenges will be to make good use of what will very possibly be a greatly increased leisure. 1966 Hockey Coaching (Hockey Association) 5 The game of hockey in this country is facing a real challenge. 1972 E. Longford Wellington xxii. 340 Today the Martyrs' Memorial stands like a rock of tranquillity in the roaring currents of the twentieth century, an occasional challenge to the climbing skills of students, pot in hand. 1979 D. Halberstam Powers that Be (1980) i. ii. 71 He almost seemed to welcome the challenge of the war, it would test America's worthiness. 7. spec. A summons to fight, esp. to single combat or duel. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > [noun] > challenge to appeala1450 provocation1484 challenge1530 defya1586 gagea1592 dare1594 defiance1597 society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [noun] > single combat or duel > challenge to deraignc1300 wagec1400 challenge1530 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 202/2 Calenge or provokyng to do armes, chalenge. 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxvii. 150 He..must abyde both chalenge and combate with all the rest. a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. iv. 141 Heere's the Challenge, reade it. View more context for this quotation 1661 A. Marvell Let. 7 Feb. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 19 Upon some words Gen: Mountagu..sent a chalenge to the Duke of Buckingham. 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. 167 Challenges to fight, either by word or letter..are punishable by fine and imprisonment. 1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy II. vi. 166 It was not in Captain Tartar's nature to refuse a challenge. 8. attributive. ΚΠ 1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. x. 142 The valiant Knight of Triermain Rung forth his challenge-blast again. 9. The action or process of administering an immunogenic agent to an animal or person in order to study the resulting immune response, or of exposing an animal or person to an infectious agent, esp. to measure the efficacy of a vaccine. Frequently as a modifier, esp. in challenge study, challenge trial. Cf. challenge v. 9. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > dose of medicine > types of dose overdose1700 under-dose1822 challenge1935 booster1950 loading dose1961 bolus1967 1935 Canad. Public Health Jrnl. 26 213 When administered to guinea pigs previous to a challenge inoculation of Br[ucella] abortus, serum 43C conferred a degree of protection. 1952 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 81 110/1 Even after 10 days a high mortality rate results following antigenic challenge of a series of mice sensitized with a mixture of horse serum and vaccine. 1964 W. G. Smith Allergy & Tissue Metabolism i. 5 The second injection of antigen, which brings about anaphylactic shock, is termed the challenge dose. 2001 J. M. Gwaltney & J. O. Hendley in J. C. Thomas & D. J. Weber Epidemiol. Methods Study Infectious Dis. x. 220/2 Most virus challenge studies have been done with rhinovirus and influenza virus. 2007 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 196 1329 The vaccine provided mild immune protection to the ferrets after challenge. 2020 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 19 May (Early ed.) a4 More than 23,000 volunteers from 102 countries have signed up online to participate in a human challenge trial for COVID-19 should one be held. Draft additions June 2017 Sport. An opportunity for a competitor to raise an immediate objection to a decision made by an umpire, referee, line judge, etc., reviewed using video or electronic technology. ΚΠ 1985 Washington Post 26 Feb. e1/1 The league doesn't allow challenges on holding calls. 1996 Washington Post 14 Mar. d10/1 Tagliabue said there would be four elements involved in the experiment—using a challenge system triggered by coaches instead of a replay official. 2006 C. Bowers Fantastic Federer (2007) 263 The dismissive..way in which Federer made his occasional challenges seemed to suggest he still may not have been entirely convinced by the new technology system. 2015 Guardian (Nexis) 8 July The Scot was thankful for the challenge system..with a correct challenge on match point in the fourth set giving him victory over the big-serving Croat. Draft additions June 2017 challenge round n. Tennis (now historical) the deciding round of a championship in which the reigning champion, who receives a bye to this round, plays a challenger who has qualified for this round by winning a knockout tournament.The Davis Cup, the last major tennis championship to be decided by a challenge round, adopted a standard knockout format in 1972. ΚΠ 1884 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 4/5 When he met Mr. Sears in the challenge round the superiority of the latter was quickly and easily demonstrated. 1968 Life 12 July 73/1 The U.S. lost the challenge round [of the Davis Cup] in 1964 and has not even made the challenge round since. 2014 E. Wilson Love Game (2016) xii. 115 He [sc. Bill Tilden]..argued for the abolition of the challenge round. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online December 2021). challengev. Brit. /ˈtʃalᵻn(d)ʒ/, U.S. /ˈtʃæləndʒ/ Forms: α. Middle English kalange-n, kalenge-n, Middle English calange(n, Middle English–1500s calenge(n. β. Middle English–1500s chalange, Middle English–1600s chalenge, Middle English chalaunge, chalunge, chalinge, chalynge, chalang, schalange, ? chalain, (Middle English Scottish challanss, 1500s chaleng, chalynch, challynge, Scottish challance, 1500s–1600s challeng), 1600s challendge, Middle English– challenge. Etymology: Middle English kalange-n , chalange-n , < Old French ca-, chalonger, -langer, -lenger (with numerous variant forms) = Provençal calonjar , Old Spanish caloñar < late Latin calumniāre , for calumniāri to accuse falsely, < calumnia : see challenge n. Compare French songer from Latin somniāre. †1. a. transitive. To accuse, bring a charge against, arraign, impeach. Also absol. Obsolete (or ? dialect) ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > charge, accuse, or indict [verb (transitive)] wrayc725 forwrayOE beclepec1030 challenge?c1225 indict1303 appeachc1315 aditea1325 appeal1366 impeachc1380 reprovea1382 arraigna1400 calla1400 raign?a1425 to put upa1438 present?a1439 ditec1440 detectc1449 articlec1450 billc1450 peach1465 attach1480 denounce1485 aret1487 accusea1500 filea1500 delate1515 crimea1550 panel1560 articulate1563 prosecute1579 impleada1600 to have up1605 reprosecute1622 tainta1625 criminatea1646 affect1726 to pull up1799 rap1904 run1909 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 44 Hwerof chalengest þu me. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 43 Þe zenne..of sergons þet accuseþ and calengeþ þet poure uolc. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 558 If eny man wolde chalenge a frere. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xix. 60 Gud schir dauid the brechyne Thai gert challans [1489 Adv. chalance] richt stratly syne. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xviii. sig. Aa7^v To be challenged of vnkindnesse. 1593 Queen Elizabeth I Speech in G. P. Rice Public Speaking of Queen Elizabeth (1951) (modernized text) 101 The King of Spain does challenge me to be the quarreller and the beginner of all these wars. 1655 T. Fuller Hist. Waltham-Abby 6 in Church-hist. Brit. Let none challenge the words of impropriety. a1676 H. Guthry Mem. (1702) 75 The E. of Stafford was Challeng'd and made Prisoner. 1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 321 To challenge, or accuse one. †b. To lay (an offence) to one's charge, accuse one of. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] > lay to one's charge, impute witec893 challenge1297 weena1300 to bear upon —c1300 likenc1400 layc1425 to put upa1438 object1447 establish1483 impose1484 reproach1490 annotea1513 lade1535 appoint1553 burden1559 clap1609 to charge (a fault, etc.) on, upon, against (a person)1611 upcast1825 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 279 Seyn Dunston..kalangede her mys-dede. a1340 R. Rolle Psalter lv[i]. 6 If þai myght chalange oght in vs. 1485 W. Caxton Trevisa's Higden (1527) iv. xxxiii. 180 b Unwyse handelynge is chalenged of the. 2. a. To find fault with, reprove, reprehend; to call upon to answer for something, or to give account of oneself; to call to account. Now only dialect except as in 2b. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > rebuke or reprove [verb (transitive)] threac897 threapc897 begripea1000 threata1000 castea1200 chaste?c1225 takec1275 blame1297 chastya1300 sniba1300 withnima1315 undernima1325 rebukec1330 snuba1340 withtakea1340 reprovec1350 chastisea1375 arate1377 challenge1377 undertake1377 reprehenda1382 repreync1390 runta1398 snapea1400 underfoc1400 to call to account1434 to put downc1440 snebc1440 uptakec1440 correptc1449 reformc1450 reprise?c1450 to tell (a person) his (also her, etc.) own1450 control1451 redarguec1475 berisp1481 to hit (cross) one over (of, on) the thumbs1522 checkc1530 admonish1541 nip1548 twig?1550 impreve1552 lesson1555 to take down1562 to haul (a person) over the coals1565 increpate1570 touch1570 school1573 to gather up1577 task1580 redarguate?1590 expostulate1592 tutor1599 sauce1601 snip1601 sneap1611 to take in tax1635 to sharp up1647 round1653 threapen1671 reprimand1681 to take to task1682 document1690 chapter1693 repulse1746 twink1747 to speak to ——1753 haul1795 to pull up1799 carpet1840 rig1841 to talk to1860 to take (a person) to the woodshed1882 rawhide1895 to tell off1897 to tell (someone) where he or she gets off1900 to get on ——1904 to put (a person) in (also into) his, her place1908 strafe1915 tick1915 woodshed1935 to slap (a person) down1938 sort1941 bind1942 bottle1946 mat1948 ream1950 zap1961 elder1967 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 174 [I] am chalanged in þe chapitel hous, as I a childe were. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19148 Es it..resun þat we Calanged [Fairf. chalaunged, Gött. schalanged, Trin. Cambr. chalanged] for ur gode dede be? c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 68 Chalengyn or vndyrtakyn, reprehendo. 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxiv. 157 Why were they dumb being thus chalenged? 1642 R. Harris Serm. preached to House of Commons 20 If God fill not every vessell, challenge him upon that his word, Open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it. a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 579 He was warned of it, and challenged him on it. 1855 Scotticisms Corrected 10 His father never challenged him for lying. 1889 N.E.D. at Challenge Mod. Sc. I have never been challenged for crossing these fields. b. Said of a sentinel; and in derived figurative uses. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > word or cry > [verb (transitive)] > (of a sentinel): call to demand countersign challenge1796 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc vi. 50 The sentinel..with uplifted lance Challenged the darkling travellers. 1833 Regulations Instr. Cavalry i. i. 28 On any one approaching his post, he must challenge them by the words ‘Who comes there’? 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 44 In the country every unknown face was challenged and examined. 1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 6 No blue space in its outspread..challenged my emerging head. c. Also said of the hounds giving mouth on finding a scent. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting with hounds > work done by hounds > action of hounds [verb (intransitive)] > give mouth questa1350 to call on1575 challenge1677 the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [verb (intransitive)] > cry on finding a scent to call on1575 challenge1677 1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) i. 17 When Hounds or Beagles at first finding the scent of their Game presently open and cry, we then say, they Challenge. 1751 Chambers's Cycl. (ed. 7) at Hunting 1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting xviii. 224 It is a great pleasure when a hound challenges, to be certain that he is right. 3. Law. To object or take exception to (a juryman, evidence, etc.); to take an initial exception to (any proceeding). Also absol. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > objection > object [verb (transitive)] strivea1400 objectc1443 repugna1513 controlc1525 to lay something in a person's light1530 pass1534 take1542 to think (it) much1548 challenge?1577 except1577 except1597 to formalize upon1597 formalize1599 scruple1627 demur1827 1292 Britton i. v. §8 Et cum..les jurours soint venuz en court, si porunt il estre chalengez: Sire, il n' i deit estre, car mei endita, etc.] ?1577 F. T. Debate Pride & Lowlines sig. Biii Ye may him chalenge from your Iury. 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 389 We may lawfully chalenge the aray, being enpanelled by..a partial shirif. 1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 104/2 The corporation objected to the whole jury, which in law language is called challenging the array. c1781 Trial George Gordon 8 When the panel was called over a second time, the prisoner by his counsel, peremptorily challenged nineteen, and the Attorney-General for the Crown, challenged seven. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues IV. 79 Anybody may challenge on the ground that so and so is unfit. 1883 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 11 598 The evidence of the women was accepted and not challenged. 4. To call in question, dispute. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > objection > object [verb (transitive)] > dispute or call in question traversea1325 challengec1386 disputea1535 quarrel1548 contestate?1572 to controverse in question1602 question1613 tax1614 contest1663 to call upon ——1746 c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 344 Povert is..Possessioun that no wight wil chalenge. 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iii. xi. 189 Whether the lordes by whos landes a kynge..muste passe may challenge hym the passage. 1625 R. Montagu Appello Cæsarem 1 Whatsoever they have challenged and articled against in their accusation. 1825 W. Scott Talisman ii, in Tales Crusaders III. 25 I were wrong to challenge..the privilege of thy speech, since boasting is more natural to thee than truth. 1869 Huxley in Sci. Opinion 5 May 486/2 As a temporary measure, I do not presume to challenge its wisdom. 5. To assert one's title to, lay claim to, demand as a right, claim for, arrogate (to obsolete) oneself. archaic or Obsolete. a. with simple object. archaic. ΘΚΠ society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > claim challengea1240 claimc1320 pretend?a1425 vouch1488 to lay claim to1584 assert1649 vindicate1680 to take up1810 a1240 Wohunge in Cott. Hom. 275 Þi derue deað o rode..calenges al mi heorte. c1300 K. Alis. 7512 Heo is my qwene; Y hire chalenge. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 616 Nat þ^t I chalange any thyng of right Of yow my souereyn lady, but youre grace. 1513 T. More Hist. Edward V 3 [He] began not by warre, but by Law to challenge the crown. 1520 Chron. Eng. iv. f. 31/1 To calenge the trybute whiche they did denye. 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. 1 Pet. i. 21 That we should therby chalenge no prayse vnto our selues. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 298 It is for the French King, who is here taken prisoner, and there are mo then .x. Knights and squires that challenge the taking of him and of his sonne. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 1 I challenge no thankes for what I publish. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall ii. 22 These Urnes will challenge above thirteen hundred years. 1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 329 A Gentleman that challenges the Title of Honourable. 1746 T. Smollett Reproof 7 An injured friend!—who challenges the name? If you, what Title justifies the claim? 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iii. 156 Causes which led them to challenge Imperial rank. †b. with infinitive as object. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1300 K. Alis. 7303 Ye chalangith al to habbe. 138. J. Wyclif Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 220 Men that calengen here to be evene wiþ Crist. 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 83^v As thou challengest to be noble in blood, [etc.]. 1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts i. 483 Can yee challenge to possesse the land. 1683 in Pennsylvania Arch. (1852) I. 70 Where he challenged..to have spoak so. †c. with object clause. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 76 Nowe clerkis..chalungen to hem þat only it perteniþ to hem to punisch symony, etc. 1660 T. Fuller Mixt Contempl. i. xxxi. 51 If fift Monarchy..men challenge to themselves; that..they must be exempted from their Obedience. †d. with object and complement. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxvii. l. 717 For his love that ȝe Calangen ȝoure lord I schal ȝow socowren. 1493 Festivall (1515) 4 b Fendes chalengynge hym theyres as by ryght. 1559 Bp. Scot in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1824) I. ii. App. vii. 15 Challynging Christe to be ther foundation. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. i. 19 The Chronicle of Westminster challengeth the same to be done in their Convent. †e. absol. ΚΠ 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear i. 48 Which of you..doth loue vs most, That we our largest bountie may extend, Where merit doth most challenge it. View more context for this quotation 6. a. figurative. To have a natural right or claim to; to demand, to call for. archaic. ΘΚΠ society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > demand or call out for (some action) challenge1577 to cry for ——1581 claima1616 crya1616 scream1906 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 88^v The Peare..chalengeth the next place, and is one of the cheefest beauties of the Orcharde. a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Spanish Curat iii. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. F2 v/2 Whose honest cause..Will challenge Justice. 1648 J. Evelyn Let. in Diary & Corr. (1857) III. 10 Yours of the 6th and 9th of May received, challenges this account from me. 1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 4 Bruges..may well challenge place among the Cities of the second rate in Europe. a1704 T. Brown Ess. Eng. Satyr in Wks. (1707) I. i. 33 Horace and Juvenal..Challenge..a Superiority before all the rest. b. Now esp. To claim (some responsive action or recognition on the part of others, e.g. attention, regard, respect, approbation, admiration). ΘΚΠ society > morality > dueness or propriety > [verb (transitive)] > claim > claim acknowledgement or recognition to bear out1530 challenge1615 1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 33 The Aquæduct made by the Emperour Valentinian..doth principally challeng remembrance. 1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 239 Our better Part challenges our greatest care and diligence. 1766 C. Anstey New Bath Guide viii. i. 50 Men..That challenge Respect from all Persons of Birth. 1786 J. Bonnycastle Introd. Astron. 3 Astronomy..has challenged the admiration of all ages. 1818 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages I. v. 460 Unless his merit should challenge the popular approbation. 1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. §32. 330 A strange thing—one sufficiently anomalous to challenge attention. 7. a. To summon or invite defiantly to a contest or any trial of daring or skill; to defy, dare. (Often to do something, or to an action.) Frequently in figurative contexts, esp. in weakened sense ‘to present a challenge to’. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > of difficulty: beset (a person) [verb (transitive)] > present a challenge to challengea1522 a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. xiii. 7 Sowtht pipand wyndis..Challancis to pass on burd. a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) ii. ix. sig. G.v Euery man that feleth himself chalenged & prouoked by temptacion. 1633 P. Fletcher Piscatorie Eclogs i. vii. 3 in Purple Island I durst to challenge all my fisher-peers. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1151 I..challenge Dagon to the test. View more context for this quotation 1769 in ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. 135 We..are challenged to produce a precedent. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 368 Challenge the son of Tendal to a competition in song with you. 1855 C. Kingsley Theseus in Heroes ii. 211 He challenges all comers to wrestle with him. 1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. x. 221 I shall laugh at any one who challenges me to find out anything so silly. 1927 V. Woolf To Lighthouse iii. iii. 236 Form, were it only the shape of a white lamp-shade looming on a wicker table, roused one to perpetual combat, challenged one to a fight in which one was bound to be worsted. 1963 J. Wiesenfarth Henry James v. 105 The narrator's theory is challenged by Grace Brissenden's. 1965 A. J. P. Taylor Eng. Hist. 1914–45 i. 28 Lloyd George spoke publicly in all-out support for the war. From that moment, he challenged Asquith... Unconsciously, perhaps even unwillingly, he was offering himself as the man who could run the war better. 1973 E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful ii. i. 77 I [sc. C. P. Snow] was asking something which is about the scientific equivalent of: ‘Have you read a work of Shakespeare's?’ Such a statement challenges the entire basis of our civilisation. b. To invite (emulous, hostile, or critical action of any kind). (Cf. 6b.) ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > challenge (a person) [verb (transitive)] provoke1474 to take to task1546 dare1580 assay1604 challenge1610 defy1674 banter1789 brag1843 to fuck with ——c1947 society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > challenge (a person) [verb (transitive)] > invite emulous or hostile action challenge1610 1610 Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists xxxvi. 87 Wee doe vtterly denie it, and challenge your proofe. 1664 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders (new ed.) i. sig. d Your Apollo's Oracle-like Arcenal, may challenge the most sublime proffers of men of parts. 1718 Free-thinker No. 75. 2 Prudence is a real Perfection, which challenges the nicest Observation. 1847 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conquest Peru II. iii. x. 41 Such a one as might have challenged comparison with the bravest of his ancestors. 1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xiv. 226 They could challenge criticism with an easy confidence. 1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 283 Challenging controversy in every possible way. 8. spec. a. To call upon to answer an imputation by combat; to summon to fight, or to a duel. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > fight (a battle, etc.) [verb (transitive)] > challenge to single combat or duel appealc1400 becallc1400 bid1487 challenge1598 to call out1671 to take out1749 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 683 Hector will challenge him. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. ii. 32 Challenge me the Counts youth to fight with him. View more context for this quotation 1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. i. 73 Pittacus..challenged Phryno to single combat. 1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) II. 166 With the intention..of challenging him to a conflict. 1889 N.E.D. at Challenge Mod. The officer challenged his rival. b. intransitive or absol. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > contend in battle or give battle [verb (intransitive)] > offer challenge of single combat or duel challengec1380 to swear outa1440 to cast (out) the gauntlet1548 to fling out (or down) the gauntlet1548 to throw (down) the gauntlet1548 to challenge a person the fielda1616 to step forward1813 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 399 Y chalenge wiþ þe to fiȝt. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 126 They challenge, and encounter Breast to Breast. View more context for this quotation 1763 C. Churchill Ghost (ed. 3) i. 14 So he that challenges might write Only to those who would not fight. †c. to challenge a person the field. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > contend in battle or give battle [verb (intransitive)] > offer challenge of single combat or duel challengec1380 to swear outa1440 to cast (out) the gauntlet1548 to fling out (or down) the gauntlet1548 to throw (down) the gauntlet1548 to challenge a person the fielda1616 to step forward1813 1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 7 Roberte of Vere chalynched them in the felde and was overcome.] a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) ii. iii. 123 To challenge him the field, and then to breake promise with him. View more context for this quotation 1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 477 The disagreement grew so high, that they challenged the field one of another. 1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 601 To challenge one into the field: in arenam provocare.] 9. To administer an immunogenic agent to (an animal or person) in order to study the resulting immune response; (also) to expose (an animal or person, or, rarely, the immune system) to an infectious agent, esp. to measure the efficacy of a vaccine. Cf. challenge n. 9. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > treat with drugs [verb (transitive)] > give challenge dose to challenge1939 1939 Jrnl. Immunol. 37 330 Nevertheless when their immunity was challenged by intracerebral inoculation with virus, most of them succumbed promptly. 1962 M. H. Luntz & R. Wright in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism 322 Leucocytes from each group of guinea-pigs were transferred to normal guinea-pigs who were then challenged with lens protein. 1966 W. C. Boyd Fund. Immunol. (ed. 4) xvii. 729 If we are testing the immunizing effect of an antigen, we shall challenge our animals, after a suitable interval, with a dose of the infectious micro-organism, or with a toxic product of this organism. 2001 High Plains Jrnl. 16 Apr. a 4/1 In the trial, some pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis, the bacterium causing ileitis. Derivatives ˈchallenged adj. Π 1578 F. Thynne Let. 20 Oct. in Animaduersions (1875) p. lix I haue thought yt my chalenged dutye..by penne to desplay my Inwarde mynde. 1694 J. Collier Misc. iv. 46 The Challenger is punished as well as the Challenged. 1969 Times 7 July 5/7 It has been possible to treat challenged lungs with drugs known to have an effect in reducing inflammation. ˈchallenging n. and adj. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > [noun] challengec1325 challenging1330 defiancec1430 defya1586 provocatory1611 provoke1824 the mind > language > statement > objection > [noun] > disputing or calling in question controlment1533 challenging1825 traversal1841 society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > exercises or homework lesson?c1225 renderc1380 vulgars1520 practicec1541 theme1545 example1562 tax1564 repetition1579 exercise1612 praxis1612 recreation1633 pensum1667 vacation-exercisea1668 version1711 task1737 thesisa1774 dictation1789 challenging1825 holiday task1827 devoir1849 homework1852 vulgus1857 cram-book1858 rep1858 banco1862 prep1866 classwork1867 preparation1875 work card1878 vacation-task1904 the world > action or operation > undertaking > [adjective] > that constitutes a challenge challenging1842 society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > [adjective] challenging1842 protested1895 the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective] arvethc885 uneathOE arvethlichc1000 evilc1175 hardc1175 deara1225 derfa1225 illc1330 wickeda1375 uneasy1398 difficul?a1450 difficile?1473 difficulta1527 unready1535 craggy1582 spiny1604 tough1619 uphill1622 shrewda1626 spinousa1638 scabrous1646 spinose1660 rugged1663 cranka1745 tight1764 thraward1818 nasty1828 upstream1847 awkward1860 pricklyc1862 bristling1871 sticky1871 rocky1873 dodgy1898 challengeful1927 solid1943 ball-busting1944 challenging1975 1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 173 Isaak a partie had mad a chalangyng. c1440 Ipomydon 1280 Sithe I was not at the justynge, I will not be at the chalengynge. 1825 J. Bentham Rationale Reward 20 The practice..in many schools, called challenging..he who stands at the head of the class begins the exercise: does he make a mistake, the next to him in succession corrects him and takes his place. 1842 H. E. Manning Serm. vii. 94 The whole inmost soul is bent into a challenging array. 1946 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 63 189/2 210 mice were sensitized..by 4 consecutive intraperitoneal injections of 1 ml each of undiluted horse serum every other day. Twenty-one days later a challenging dose of 1 ml. of undiluted horse serum..was injected intravenously. 1975 Aviation Week & Space Technol. 27 Jan. 63 Clearly the most challenging problem facing the ECM strategist today is to operate efficiently and effectively in a high-density threat environment. 1985 Aerospace America May b54 The innovative techniques evolving in the application of new technology in solving the challenging problems in today's flight test program. Draft additions June 2017 transitive. Sport. Of a player, team, etc.: to question (the decision of an umpire, referee, line judge, etc.), prompting a review using video or electronic technology. ΚΠ 1985 Washington Post 26 Feb. e6/1 The instant-replay rule cannot be used to challenge a penalty call, the USFL says. 1995 Washington Post 10 Jan. c2/4 Nor do I like the suggested modification to the instant replay system, where teams are permitted to challenge a certain number of calls per half. 1999 N.Y. Times 13 Dec. d5/1 The call wasn't reversed. He is now 0-4 challenging rulings on the field. 2005 N.Y. Times 28 July d 2/1 A coach wishing to challenge a call would throw a beanbag with streamers onto the court, prompting a video review of the play by the chair umpire. 2009 L. J. Wertheim Strokes of Genius 63 The umpire agreed the ball was out. Television replays seemed to confirm it. Nadal challenged the call, and Hawk-Eye indicated that it was in. Draft additions 1993 ˈchallenged adj. euphemistic. With prefixed adverb, also occasionally forming nouns. a. Originally U.S. Of a person: having a disability of a specified type. Esp. in physically challenged. Π 1980 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 July e7 Women, Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian/Pacifics, Lesbian/Gays, Youth, Older Americans, the Physically Challenged and the Economically Disadvantaged. 1985 N.Y. Times 20 Apr. i. 26/3 The disabled skiers, whom Mr. Kennedy prefers to call ‘physically challenged’, achieve speeds on difficult runs that would be daunting to most competitors. 1986 Publishers Weekly 10 Jan. 4/1 (advt.) This bestselling author [sc. R. Simmons] of The Never Say Diet Book creates a comprehensive fitness program for the physically challenged. 1987 Los Angeles Times 4 Oct. vii. 3/5 Dee Duncan has discovered the tremendous value of travel for what she fondly calls ‘mentally challenged’ individuals. 1989 Computer Bull. Mar. 10/1 Rank Xerox itself has provided office systems equipment..which has been used to provide IT skills training to those who are physically challenged. b. By extension: lacking or suffering from a particular attribute or affliction (expressed by the adverb), usually unimportant or minor, viewed humorously as requiring careful use of language in order to avoid giving offence. Π 1987 A. Maupin Significant Others xix. 148 That runty, big-mouthed lover of hers... O.K. forget runty... Vertically challenged. How's that? 1990 Sojourner (Nexis) 30 June 1 Gay male journalists didn't feel they had much in common with eccentric, financially challenged publications like Lesbian Connection or Womantide. 1991 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 2 Dec. a16/5 (heading) Dorothy Lipovenko presents eight handy cooking tips for the culinarily challenged. 1994 Daily Tel. 15 June 21/6 Still, being follicularly challenged myself, I can sympathise with Emily's reluctance to part with her hair. 1996 Just Seventeen 14 Aug. 12/4 Your pal wants to set you up with her ugly elder brother. Do you tell her how facially-challenged he is? This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1314v.?c1225
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