charkn.¹

/tʃɑːk/

Etymology: apparently short. < chark coal, which appears soon after 1500, for charcoal n. No independent origin of the word appears. Compare chark v.²

1. Wood or coal charred; charcoal; coke.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > charcoal > [noun]

coalOE

charcoalc1400

lind-coal14..

black coal1525

small coal1591

beech-coal1607

sallow charcoal1615

brier-coal1626

wood-coal1653

withy-cole1657

chark1708

vegetable ethiops1752

biochar1995

1708–15 J. Kersey Dict. Anglo-Britannicum Charks, (in Worcestershire) Pit-coal chark'd, or charr'd.

1714 tr. French Bk. of Rates 38 Coals-Chark per Maund, 01 06.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 209 I contriv'd to burn some Wood..under Turf, till it became Chark, or dry Coal.

1789 H. L. Piozzi Observ. Journey France I. 223 Wood burned to Chark is a real poison.

2. (See quot. 1872) (Perhaps a distinct word.)

ΚΠ

1872 C. Hardwick Trad., Superstitions, & Folk-lore 35 The discoverer of the Chark or ‘fire-drill’, an instrument for obtaining fire by artificial means.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2020).

charkn.²

/tʃɑːk/

Etymology: < Russian čarka, diminutive of čara glass, noggin.

A small (Russian) glass or cup.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > drinking vessel > [noun] > small

tass1480

cymphe1490

cannikin1509

trinket1541

tun1555

pocill1572

noggin1588

chark1591

quick shot1624

nipperkin1691

pannikin1727

tassie1790

dobbin1792

tinnie1825

tot1828

tin1900

thimble cup1933

1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xxviii. f. 112^v They beginne commonly with a Chark, or small cuppe of Aqua vitæ.

1686 Diary P. Gordon 26 Jan. (Spalding Club 1859) Receiving a charke of brandy out of the youngest his hand.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online January 2018).

† charkv.¹

Etymology: Old English cearcian to creak; found also in Middle English as cherk , chirk adj.: compare merk, mark, etc.

Obsolete or dialect.

1. To make a grating noise with the teeth. (Scottish)

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (intransitive)] > grate > grind or gnash teeth

gristbitec900

grindc1000

gnasta1300

grinta1300

gnacche13..

chirka1387

grenta1425

grunt1426

gristc1460

gnash1496

to crash with the teeth1530

grash1563

granch1736

chark1825

c1000 Ælfric Gram. (Z.) xxvi. §5. 157 Strideo oððe strido, ic cearcige oððe gristbitige. [Somner has also cearciende téþ, stridentes dentes.]

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. To chark..as the teeth do [In South of Scotl. pronounced chairk].

†2. To creak, as a wheel on its axle, a door on its hinges. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > shrill quality > sound shrill [verb (intransitive)] > creak

chirkc1386

chark1393

fratchc1440

geig1513

jarg1513

graislea1522

cry?1523

screak1565

creak1582

crake1656

complain1722

to cry out1781

1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 102 There is no dore, which may charke.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Amos ii. 13 Lo! Y shal charke vndur ȝou, as a wayn chargid with hei charkith.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 70/1 Charkyn as a carte or barow or oþyr thynge lyke, arguo, VG alii dicunt stridere.

3. To complain continuously, be querulous. Scottish.

ΚΠ

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. To Chark,..To be habitually complaining, to be constantly in a querulous humour.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2019).

charkv.²

/tʃɑːk/

Etymology: appears only about the middle of the 17th cent.; see chark n.¹

transitive. To burn to charcoal; to char; to coke (coals).

ΘΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making charcoal or coke > make charcoal or coke [verb (transitive)]

coal1457

charka1661

char1686

coke1804

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > burn or consume by fire [verb (transitive)] > to carbon

charka1661

char1686

carbonize1798

carbonate1799

carbonify1801

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Sussex 97 A way..to Charke Seacole in such manner, as to render it usefull for the making of Iron.

1664 J. Evelyn Sylva 32 Small-coal..made by charking the slenderest brush, and summities of the twigs.

1667 Third Advice in Second & Third Advice to Painter 21 Paint..the great Harman, charkt almost to Cole.

1690 T. Burnet Theory of Earth iii. 53 We are not to conceive that the earth will be onely scorcht or charkt in the last fire..it will become a molten sea mingled with fire.

1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. ix. 203 A beefsteak..completely charked by over-dressing.

1836 G. Head Home Tour 128 Fires, for the purpose of charking the coal used in smelting the metal.

Derivatives

charked adj.

ΘΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making charcoal or coke > [adjective]

coaled1720

coked1763

charked1870

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > [adjective] > burnt > to carbon

charry1786

charred1794

carbonated1796

carbonized1800

carbonified1803

charked1870

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > subjection or exposure to heat or fire > [adjective] > injured by heat or fire > scorched

a-roastc1300

broillyc1400

bristled1553

scorcheda1616

charred1794

birsled1833

charked1870

1870 W. S. Jevons Elem. Lessons Logic vi. 45 Coal..originally..was the name of charked or charred wood.

ˈcharking n.

ΘΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making charcoal or coke > [noun]

coaling1542

charking1655

coking1791

charring1802

carbonizing1804

1655 Counc. Order 31 May in Coll. State Papers J. Thurloe (1742) III. 496 The sole exercise of their invention of charking or calcining of New Castle coals..His [sc. J. Copley's] invention of making of iron with pitcoal charked.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

† charkv.³

Etymology: Variant of cark v.¹

Obsolete.

= cark v.¹ 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > condition of being oppressed > oppress [verb (transitive)]

beareOE

charka1300

to weigh downa1340

besit1377

to bear (a person or thing) heavyc1384

oppressc1384

thringa1400

empressc1400

accloyc1425

to sit downa1450

threst1513

downtread1536

to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595

to bear (a person or thing) hard (also heavily, heavy, etc.)1602

pressa1616

weight1647

to bear (a person or thing) heavily1702

weigh1794

freight1892

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > hinder in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > encumber > burden

charka1300

chargec1308

cark1330

liea1400

labour1437

onerate1453

endossa1500

onera1500

laden1514

load1526

aggravate1530

lay1530

honorate1533

ladea1538

burden1541

ballast1566

loaden1568

degravate1574

aburden1620

pregravate1654

comble1672

a1300 Cursor Mundi 23994 Charked sua i was wit care.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2018).

n.¹1708

n.²1591

v.¹c1000

v.²1655

v.³a1300

单词	chark
释义	charkn.¹ /tʃɑːk/ Etymology: apparently short. < chark coal, which appears soon after 1500, for charcoal n. No independent origin of the word appears. Compare chark v.² 1. Wood or coal charred; charcoal; coke. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > charcoal > [noun] coalOE charcoalc1400 lind-coal14.. black coal1525 small coal1591 beech-coal1607 sallow charcoal1615 brier-coal1626 wood-coal1653 withy-cole1657 chark1708 vegetable ethiops1752 biochar1995 1708–15 J. Kersey Dict. Anglo-Britannicum Charks, (in Worcestershire) Pit-coal chark'd, or charr'd. 1714 tr. French Bk. of Rates 38 Coals-Chark per Maund, 01 06. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 209 I contriv'd to burn some Wood..under Turf, till it became Chark, or dry Coal. 1789 H. L. Piozzi Observ. Journey France I. 223 Wood burned to Chark is a real poison. 2. (See quot. 1872) (Perhaps a distinct word.) ΚΠ 1872 C. Hardwick Trad., Superstitions, & Folk-lore 35 The discoverer of the Chark or ‘fire-drill’, an instrument for obtaining fire by artificial means. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2020). charkn.² /tʃɑːk/ Etymology: < Russian čarka, diminutive of čara glass, noggin. A small (Russian) glass or cup. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > drinking vessel > [noun] > small tass1480 cymphe1490 cannikin1509 trinket1541 tun1555 pocill1572 noggin1588 chark1591 quick shot1624 nipperkin1691 pannikin1727 tassie1790 dobbin1792 tinnie1825 tot1828 tin1900 thimble cup1933 1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xxviii. f. 112^v They beginne commonly with a Chark, or small cuppe of Aqua vitæ. 1686 Diary P. Gordon 26 Jan. (Spalding Club 1859) Receiving a charke of brandy out of the youngest his hand. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online January 2018). † charkv.¹ Etymology: Old English cearcian to creak; found also in Middle English as cherk , chirk adj.: compare merk, mark, etc. Obsolete or dialect. 1. To make a grating noise with the teeth. (Scottish) ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (intransitive)] > grate > grind or gnash teeth gristbitec900 grindc1000 gnasta1300 grinta1300 gnacche13.. chirka1387 grenta1425 grunt1426 gristc1460 gnash1496 to crash with the teeth1530 grash1563 granch1736 chark1825 c1000 Ælfric Gram. (Z.) xxvi. §5. 157 Strideo oððe strido, ic cearcige oððe gristbitige. [Somner has also cearciende téþ, stridentes dentes.] 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. To chark..as the teeth do [In South of Scotl. pronounced chairk]. †2. To creak, as a wheel on its axle, a door on its hinges. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > shrill quality > sound shrill [verb (intransitive)] > creak chirkc1386 chark1393 fratchc1440 geig1513 jarg1513 graislea1522 cry?1523 screak1565 creak1582 crake1656 complain1722 to cry out1781 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 102 There is no dore, which may charke. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Amos ii. 13 Lo! Y shal charke vndur ȝou, as a wayn chargid with hei charkith. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 70/1 Charkyn as a carte or barow or oþyr thynge lyke, arguo, VG alii dicunt stridere. 3. To complain continuously, be querulous. Scottish. ΚΠ 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. To Chark,..To be habitually complaining, to be constantly in a querulous humour. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2019). charkv.² /tʃɑːk/ Etymology: appears only about the middle of the 17th cent.; see chark n.¹ transitive. To burn to charcoal; to char; to coke (coals). ΘΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making charcoal or coke > make charcoal or coke [verb (transitive)] coal1457 charka1661 char1686 coke1804 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > burn or consume by fire [verb (transitive)] > to carbon charka1661 char1686 carbonize1798 carbonate1799 carbonify1801 a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Sussex 97 A way..to Charke Seacole in such manner, as to render it usefull for the making of Iron. 1664 J. Evelyn Sylva 32 Small-coal..made by charking the slenderest brush, and summities of the twigs. 1667 Third Advice in Second & Third Advice to Painter 21 Paint..the great Harman, charkt almost to Cole. 1690 T. Burnet Theory of Earth iii. 53 We are not to conceive that the earth will be onely scorcht or charkt in the last fire..it will become a molten sea mingled with fire. 1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. ix. 203 A beefsteak..completely charked by over-dressing. 1836 G. Head Home Tour 128 Fires, for the purpose of charking the coal used in smelting the metal. Derivatives charked adj. ΘΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making charcoal or coke > [adjective] coaled1720 coked1763 charked1870 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > [adjective] > burnt > to carbon charry1786 charred1794 carbonated1796 carbonized1800 carbonified1803 charked1870 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > subjection or exposure to heat or fire > [adjective] > injured by heat or fire > scorched a-roastc1300 broillyc1400 bristled1553 scorcheda1616 charred1794 birsled1833 charked1870 1870 W. S. Jevons Elem. Lessons Logic vi. 45 Coal..originally..was the name of charked or charred wood. ˈcharking n. ΘΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making charcoal or coke > [noun] coaling1542 charking1655 coking1791 charring1802 carbonizing1804 1655 Counc. Order 31 May in Coll. State Papers J. Thurloe (1742) III. 496 The sole exercise of their invention of charking or calcining of New Castle coals..His [sc. J. Copley's] invention of making of iron with pitcoal charked. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2021). † charkv.³ Etymology: Variant of cark v.¹ Obsolete. = cark v.¹ 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > condition of being oppressed > oppress [verb (transitive)] beareOE charka1300 to weigh downa1340 besit1377 to bear (a person or thing) heavyc1384 oppressc1384 thringa1400 empressc1400 accloyc1425 to sit downa1450 threst1513 downtread1536 to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595 to bear (a person or thing) hard (also heavily, heavy, etc.)1602 pressa1616 weight1647 to bear (a person or thing) heavily1702 weigh1794 freight1892 the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > hinder in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > encumber > burden charka1300 chargec1308 cark1330 liea1400 labour1437 onerate1453 endossa1500 onera1500 laden1514 load1526 aggravate1530 lay1530 honorate1533 ladea1538 burden1541 ballast1566 loaden1568 degravate1574 aburden1620 pregravate1654 comble1672 a1300 Cursor Mundi 23994 Charked sua i was wit care. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2018). < n.¹1708n.²1591v.¹c1000v.²1655v.³a1300
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charkn.1

charkn.2

† charkv.1

charkv.2

Derivatives

† charkv.3

charkn.¹

charkn.²

† charkv.¹

charkv.²

† charkv.³