| 释义 |
adversaryn.adj. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French adversarie, adversaire; Latin adversārius. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman adversari, adversare, adversarie, adverser, adversair, adverseir, adversere, adverserie, Anglo-Norman and Middle French adversaire (French adversaire ), alteration (after the ulterior Latin etymon) of Anglo-Norman aversairie, aversarie, averser, aversere, aversier, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French aversaire (noun) the Devil (1135 in Old French as aversaire ), antagonist, enemy, foe (1155), (in weakened sense) opponent in a game or contest (13th cent. or earlier), (adjective) hostile, opposed (12th cent.) and its etymon classical Latin adversārius (adjective) opposed (to), hostile, adverse, harmful, injurious, of the opposing party, (masculine as noun) opponent, antagonist, foe, opposing party, in post-classical Latin also the Devil (Vulgate; early 3rd cent. in Tertullian) < adversus adverse adj. + -ārius -ary suffix1. Compare Old Occitan aversier , aversari , adversari (12th cent. as noun, c1300 as adjective), Catalan adversari (13th cent.), Spanish adversario (first half of the 13th cent. as noun and adjective), Portuguese adversário (14th cent.), Italian avversario (second half of the 13th cent. as noun, first half of the 14th cent. as adjective); also Middle Dutch adversarijs , adversaris , adversarise (noun) opponent (13th cent.). Compare later adverse n., adverse adj.With the ε. forms compare -our suffix. Variation in the position of the primary stress is apparently found from an early date; compare similarly adverse adj. In modern British English, the variant with second-syllable stress is sometimes disfavoured. A. n. 1. a1325 (2011) vi. 23 Ant ȝif child biþinne age bee iholde out of his eritage..ant his aduersarie comez in curt ant aleggez feoffement [etc.]. 1431 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1431 §27. m. 5 Adversarie ayenst þe saide Lord Audeley and Alianore hys wyf, in þe saide action. c1460 in A. Clark (1907) 63 (MED) Þe saide aduersariis beyng absent..þe tithis of þe hey..to þabbot and Couent..we haue i-jugged. a1628 J. Doddridge (1629) 118 They doe set it [sc. the principle or rule] forth so generall, that it giueth their aduersarie some cause of challenge and cauill thereunto, by obiecting some instance or cases vpon exception of the said Rule. 1703 tr. S. von Pufendorf iv. ii. 310/2 In Court, when the Oath is offer'd by one Party, the other shall not decline it, unless upon very weighty Reasons; but shall either take it himself, or return it to his Adversary. 1793 J. F. Schiefer 283 As to the rule to shew cause, the time mentioned therein is usually four days, when the counsel who applied for it must then move to make it absolute, when his adversary may shew cause why it should not be made absolute. 1854 2 742 The plaintiff in equity may well forbear to state facts which may militate against his own title, knowing that his adversary is cognizant of them, and may avail himself of them in his defence. 1889 Special orders, in law, those orders which are made only in view of the peculiar circumstances of the case, and require notice to the adversary and a hearing by the court. 1901 52 115/2 Denying to Insurance companies the equal protection of the laws by subjecting them to penalties which are not imposed on their adversaries or upon other litigants. 1942 51 568 He may produce conviction of an ultimate fact in a way which quite overpowers the strongest cumulative testimony of his adversary. 2000 W. Schabas vii. 341 The defence of tu quoque is a plea that the adversary committed similar atrocities. the mind > emotion > hatred > enemy > [noun] the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opponent society > society and the community > dissent > contention or strife > [noun] > one who > against whom one contends c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring (1891) lxxiii. 11 Þyn enemy [L. inimicus] shal reproce þe, þe aduersarie [L. adversarius] draw out þy name in-to ende. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 339 (MED) Seynt Donstoun wolde..warne hym of al þe sleiþe of his adversaries. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. clxxx. 1074 Some vnwise men..closeþ wiþinne in þe vyneȝerd houndes þat ben aduersaries to foxes. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) ii. 82 (MED) At Wyncehestre he held his parlement ilk ȝere, & þer men him teld, who was his aduersere. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 529 (MED) Dong of gees..is an aduersary To euery seed. a1475 J. Fortescue (Laud) (1885) 115 (MED) Thai ben..able to resiste the aduersaries of this reaume. a1542 T. Wyatt (1969) viii. 71 Myne aduersary, with grevous reprouff, Thus he began. 1597 W. Shakespeare iii. i. 179 His auncient knot of dangerous aduersaries To morrow are let bloud at Pomfret Castle. View more context for this quotation 1692 W. Hope (ed. 2) 10 Volting is the leaping by your adversaries left side, quite out of his measure. 1711 J. Addison No. 239. ⁋3 Socrates..would ask his Adversary Question upon Question, till he had convinced him..that his Opinions were wrong. 1749 13 Give no such Advantage..to the Adversaries of Liberty. 1825 J. Neal III. 154 He..overthrew his brutal adversaries, like a giant. 1861 J. Tulloch ii. 276 A hard adversary with his pen. 1906 13 After the trump declaration has been made by the dealer or his partner, their adversaries have the right to double. 1948 N. H. Patterson iv. 12 This wide service..catches your adversary on the backhand. 2008 ‘R. Keeland’ tr. S. Larsson xix. 522 By chance Blomkvist ran into his old adversary, the former financial reporter William Borg. the world > the supernatural > deity > a devil > the Devil or Satan > [noun] > as enemy or fiend 1340 (1866) 238 (MED) To ouercome hire aduersarie, þet is, þe dieuel. c1384 (Royal) (1850) 1 Pet. v. 8 Ȝoure aduersarie [L. adversarius], the deuel, as a roryng lyoun goith aboute, sekinge whom he shal deuoure. ?1406 T. Hoccleve La Mâle Règle l. 58 in E. P. Hammond (1927) 61/1 The keene assautes of thyn aduersarie Me wole oppresse. 1578 Bk. Christian Prayers in (1851) 543 Set thyself in our defence against this our unappeasable adversary. 1614 J. Day ix. 241 To..deliver vp that Soule to thy adversary the Divell, and all for a spurt of pleasure. 1667 J. Milton iii. 156 Or shall the Adversarie thus obtain His end? View more context for this quotation 1722 W. Sewel 31 Some Men have the Nature of the Serpent (that old Adversary) to sting, envenom and poison. 1820 Feb. 213 The growing spirit of sectarianism..gives strength to the adversary. 1870 B. Taylor xx. 208 It is hard for a young man..to see how the snares of the Adversary are closing around him. 1927 J. Buchan i. 21 ‘And what does that prove, Mr Mungo?’‘That there's wealth of prayerful..folk to confound the Adversary.’ 2003 (Nexis) 25 Feb. a4 The church must resolve that we will not fall for this trick of the adversary again. B. adj.the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective] a1382 (Douce 370) (1850) 1 Chron. xviii. 10 Kyng Adadezer was aduersarie [L. adversarius] to [a1425 L.V. of] Thou. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Ellesmere) (1877) §697 Abouen alle synnes thanne is this synne [sc. despair] moost displesant to Crist and moost Aduersarie. 1461 T. Denys in (2004) II. 344 On the aduersarie parte Judas slepith not. 1581 J. Marbeck 886 If in this place the Judge doe signifie God, and the aduersarie plaintiue the Diuell. 1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus i. xiii. 64 Manlius, in a single combat, tooke from the aduersarie champion a Torques. 1652 T. Adams 42 Look upon the adversary power. 1710 H. Prideaux iii. 149 Least we become Adversary to ourselves. 1749 ‘A. Litten’ 4 His mean, abuseful Misrepresentation of the Adversary Candidates. 1860 J. P. Kennedy xvii. 206 Your whole life has been adversary to the good will of the father. 1985 W. Sheed iii. 53 An adversary journalist of genius whose chief mission was to show what was wrong with secular thought. 2007 B. Beaty iii. 81 The work must avoid ‘any contamination’..in order to maintain a stance that is adversary to bourgeois culture. society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [adjective] > methods of proceeding 1785 J. J. Powell v. 104 The defendants pleaded all the former proceedings, the taking the account in an adversary way. 1813 T. Day 4 85 If they shall be of opinion, that the proceeding was adversary, then the plaintiffs will have established an act of bankruptcy. 1875 25 591 The judgments taken upon them were obtained in the usual course of adversary procedure in the courts. 1900 98 463 Relief was sought by a stockholder in an adversary suit..[which] seized and sequestrated the defendant's assets for the benefit of its creditors. 1982 Mar. 275 The adversary process is expensive. It is time-consuming. It often leaves a trail of stress and frustration. 2010 (Nexis) 1 July 31 The unfair dynamics of adversary trial..will bring more wrongful acquittals. Compounds 1965 L. Trilling p. xiii Between the end of the first quarter of this century and the present time there has grown up a populous group whose members take for granted the idea of the adversary culture. 1986 Fall 586 For these self-conscious Modernists of the 1920s and 1930s, the new institution of the adversary culture could seem to acquire validation and authority from the shrewd criticism of José Ortega y Gasset, the distinguished professor of philosophy at the University of Madrid. 2003 C. Kerr II. 88 Elements of the faculty adversary culture gave support to elements of the student uprisings of the 1960s. society > law > system of laws > [noun] society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > [noun] > system of > specific 1912 140 Our adversary system of trying out the facts. 1939 (1940) 2nd Ser. 107 12/1 Under the adversary system the failure of a cross-examination to expose the basis of a physician's opinion may imply an acknowledgment that the underlying data or premises are present and warrant it. 1975 S. E. Finer in S. E. Finer 12 It would be no disaster to the country if the present adversary system were to dissolve into multi-partism. 1989 22 Nov. 25/3 At the heart of the problem is our adversary system of justice. In the continental inquisitorial system, the aim is to ferret out the truth. Ours is designed not to prove whether the accused committed the crime but whether the prosecution's evidence is sufficient to convict. 2005 M. Rush iv. 93 The adversary system emphasises the confrontation between government and opposition, but it is tempered by the belief on both sides that sooner or later their roles will be reversed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.adj.a1325 |
