affrayn.

Brit.

/əˈfreɪ/, U.S.

/əˈfreɪ/

Forms:

α. Middle English afray, Middle English afraye, Middle English–1500s affraye, Middle English– affray, 1500s affroi, pre-1700 affrey (Scottish).

β. Middle English effray.

γ. Middle English enfray.

Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Probably partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French affray , effrei ; affray v.

Etymology: In α. forms probably partly (i) < affray v.; and partly (ii) < Anglo-Norman affray, affrai, affrei, alteration (with prefix substitution: compare a- prefix⁵ and affray v.) of Anglo-Norman and Old French effrei, esfrei, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French esfroi, Anglo-Norman and Middle French effray (Middle French, French effroi ) extreme fear, terror (c1140), breach of the peace (early 14th cent. in Anglo-Norman), noise, disturbance (mid 14th cent.) < esfreer , effreier , effreer effray v. In β. forms < or after Anglo-Norman and Middle French effray (compare effray v.). The γ. forms probably show remodelling of the β. forms by association with formations in en- prefix¹; compare Anglo-Norman enfreier , enfreer , alteration (with prefix substitution) of effreier , effreer effray v. Compare post-classical Latin affraia , affraium (also effraium ) brawl, disturbance, alarm (from 13th cent. in British sources). Compare also fray n.¹

†1. The state of being frightened or alarmed; fear, terror. Frequently in in affray. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > apprehension > [noun] > fright caused by alarm

frighta1325

affrayc1380

fray1398

gloppeninga1400

alarma1460

scare1548

affright1566

affrightment1593

aghastment1594

surprise1609

gastc1686

gliff1732

stew1806

stink1819

feeze1825

startlement1927

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 681 (MED) Þan was þe Sarsyn in gret affray & niste wat was to donde.

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 1822 (MED) Betwyxe þo twey partys þe dragun lay, Gresly to se wyþ grete affray.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 34 Northumberland was in affray for Edred comyng.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 113 In sic a-fray [1489 Adv. effray] thai baid that nycht.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxv. 271 Wherof the pope and cardynalles were in great affray and drede.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. iii. sig. C3 Who full of ghastly fright and cold affray, Gan shut the dore.

1621 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 459 Quherby the towne was put in affray.

1676 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Iliads xxii. 339 About him were the Trojans shedding tears, Sighing, and sobbing, and in such affray As if all Troy had flam'd about their ears.

2. An attack, an assault; esp.(in later legal use) an assault on a person which constitutes a breach of the peace (cf. sense 4). Now rare.In earlier use also without article, esp. in to make affray.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > attack > [noun]

fiend-reseOE

frumresec1275

assault1297

sault1297

inracea1300

sailing13..

venuea1330

checkc1330

braid1340

affrayc1380

outrunningc1384

resinga1387

wara1387

riota1393

assailc1400

assayc1400

onset1423

rake?a1425

pursuitc1425

assemblinga1450

brunta1450

oncominga1450

assembly1487

envaya1500

oncomea1500

shovea1500

front1523

scry1523

attemptate1524

assaulting1548

push1565

brash1573

attempt1584

affront?1587

pulse1587

affret1590

saliaunce1590

invasion1591

assailment1592

insultation1596

aggressa1611

onslaught1613

source1616

confronta1626

impulsion1631

tentative1632

essaya1641

infall1645

attack1655

stroke1698

insult1710

coup de main1759

onfall1837

hurrah1841

beat-up of quarters1870

offensive1887

strafe1915

grand slam1916

hop-over1918

run1941

strike1942

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 3717 (MED) Þat host compþ after with gret effray.

c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 147 (MED) Þin enymy woltou not for-ȝete But ay beo a-fert of his affray.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 176 (MED) In mirke withouten sight wille enmys mak affray.

1448 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) 53 (MED) His mynstral made affray apon a woman, and wold have ravasshed hir.

1509 Parlyament Deuylles (de Worde) sig. A.iii He..strongly withstandeth myn affray.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy f. 74 In diffens of þe folke þat affroi made.

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 22 Learne our fatal auentures, Thee toyls of Troians, and last infortunat affray.

1641 W. Vaughan Sovles Exercise iv. 145 The Pulpit beate with an Affray On Bellarmine, and other Clerkes unknowne, Whom they with Latine there would tumble down.

1657 W. Greenwood Curia Comitatus Rediviva 63 The said C. D...upon the aforesaid A. B. did make an assault and affray, and him did beat, wound, & evil intreat, so that he did despair of his life.

1798 J. Wentworth Compl. Syst. Pleading VI. 369 The said T. W...did then and there with force and arms unlawfully make an assault and affray upon the said E. P.

1903 G. B. Hodgson Borough S. Shields iii. 112 A like penalty being imposed on Margaret Wallis..for an affray upon Catherine Atkinson.

2006 S. de Montalk Fountain of Tears 46 The Islamic Ottoman sultans..created much of their empire from affrays against Christians.

†3. A disturbance, a commotion; an outburst. Also: the state of being in tumult or riotous disorder. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > lack of peacefulness > [noun] > a disturbance caused by dissension

tirpeilc1330

to-doc1330

affraya1393

frayc1420

tuilyiea1500

fraction1502

broil1525

ruffle1534

hurly-burly1548

embroilment1609

roil1690

fracas1727

row1746

the devil among the tailors1756

noration1773

splorea1791

kick-upa1793

rumption1802

ruction1809

squall1813

tulyie-mulyie1827

shindy1829

shine1832

donnybrook1852

shiveau1862

roughhouse1882

ruckus1885

shemozzle1885

turn-up1891

rookus1892

funk1900

incident1913

potin1922

shivoo1924

furore1946

shindig1961

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 3068 (MED) Sche began to crien..And with that noise of hire affray Hir wommen sterten up.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail lii. l. 38 (MED) So lowde they gonne to synge..that piers Awook..so Astoned he was Of that Afray.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xliii. 29 For no gentyl wymmen ought to make none effrayes in them.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xx. 236 Let no man wyt where that we war, For ferdnes of a fowll enfray.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vi. xv. 28 This worthy knycht the common weil Romane, In gret affray perturbit, to rest agane And quyet sal restor.

1638 W. Barwick tr. V. D'Audiguier Love & Valour i. 11 These villaines..crying out, that they massacred Monsieur, the Princes officers, so as all was in rout, in hubbub, and affray.

1789 H. L. Piozzi Observ. Journey France I. 216 The people are..little disposed to public affrays.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 115 So swept the tumult and affray.

4. Law. A breach of the peace caused by fighting or rioting in a public place; the offence of taking part in such a disturbance.In England and Wales, the common-law offence of affray was replaced under the Public Order Act (1986) by a new offence: the use or threat of unlawful violence towards another, such as would cause a reasonable person to fear for his or her safety. This offence need not be committed in a public place, and is distinguished from riot and violent disorder in that only one person need be involved. In general use however, an affray is still considered to be a disturbance as defined above.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > rout, mobbing, or affray

affray?a1400

rout1429

affrayment1704

mobbing1797

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 66 (MED) Now is Edward dede, þe soner for þo affrayes.

1480 Cronicles Eng. (Caxton) cclij. sig. x3 Also this yere was a grete affraye in fletstrete by nyghtes tyme bitwene men of court & men of london.

1527 Statutes Prohemium Iohannis Rastell (new ed.) f. cclvii^v Of hues cryes leueyd and not pursued, also of affrays and of blode shede, also of escape of theuys and felons, [etc.].

1596 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent (rev. ed.) 368 I reade not of any that was slaine in the affraye.

1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. xix. 110 There happened an affray in Limricke, betweene the Souldiers and some of the Towne.

1691 Blount's Νομο-λεξικον (ed. 2) (at cited word) An Assault is only a wrong to the party; an Affray is a common wrong.

1717 E. Miller Acct. Univ. Cambr. 86 The Vice-Chancellour is to have Correction of all Affrays, and Amercements thereof, where a Scholar is Party.

a1797 E. Burke Ess. Abridgm. Eng. Hist. (rev. ed.) in Wks. (1812) V. 574 The suppressing of riots and affrays.

1823 G. Flagg Let. 20 July in Flagg Corr. (1986) 33 On the 10th of the present month an affray happened between Russel Botsford and Col James Kelly.

1877 J. Paterson Comm. Liberty Subj. I. ii. 243 An instance of an affray is where a fight is carried on in a public place, in which case all present and encouraging are guilty of the offence of affray.

1921 E. L. White Andivius Hedulio i. vi. 93 You not only participated in the affray, but fomented it and led it.

1964 K. Hanson Rebels in Streets vi. 113 The police department does not dignify..the sorties and affrays among teen-age street gangs with the label, ‘war’.

1991 R. Reiner Chief Constables v. xii. 322 So next time they cause trouble, we had to put them up for affray.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

affrayv.

Brit.

/əˈfreɪ/, U.S.

/əˈfreɪ/

Forms: Middle English affraie, Middle English afraie, Middle English afrey, Middle English–1600s affraye, Middle English–1600s afray, Middle English–1600s afraye, Middle English– affray, 1500s affraide (past tense), 1500s afraid (past tense); also Scottish pre-1700 affray, pre-1700 afray.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French affraier, esfreer.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman afraer, afraier, afreier, affraer, affraier, affreer (late 13th cent. or earlier), alteration (with prefix substitution: compare a- a- prefix⁵) of Anglo-Norman esfreier, effreier, Anglo-Norman and Old French esfreer, effraer, effreer effray v. Compare post-classical Latin affraiare to startle, alarm (from early 14th cent. in British sources). Compare also fray v.¹, affray n., and later effray v. See also discussion at afraid adj.With doubling of the -f- in French and English compare af- prefix and discussion at that entry.

Now rare (archaic in later use).

I. Senses relating to fear or disturbance.

a. transitive. To frighten, terrify. Cf. afraid adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of terribleness > terrify [verb (transitive)]

afearOE

affrightOE

breec1000

offrightlOE

agastc1225

offearc1225

dreadc1250

agrisec1275

begallowc1320

ashunchc1325

adreadc1330

affrayc1330

fleya1400

grise1513

terrify1536

fray-bug1551

thunderbolta1586

fear-blast1593

gaster1593

hazen1593

terrorc1595

affrighten1615

ter-terrifya1618

flaite1642

pavefy1656

repall1687

hobgoblin1707

scarify1794

to scare the daylights out of1951

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) 1646 (MED) Now goþ Gij sore desmaid, His woundes him han iuel afreyd.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 174 (MED) Þe noyse dredfulle & grete, It affraied þe Sarazins.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Ellesmere) (1873) l. 455 Nedelees..he thoghte hire for taffraye [Hengwrt tafraye].

?1456 H. at Fenne in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 137 I haue somwhat affrayed þem.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxix. 307 The whiche so affrayed them, that they had no lust to go thyder.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (rev. ed.) f. 55 Na wickit Spreit sall the affray.

1628 W. Struther Resol. for Death 46 in Christian Observ. & Resol. Nothing affrayeth man more at the sight of Death, than vncertaintie of his estate after it.

1744 London Mag. Mar. 149/2 War twice declar'd upon a day The bravest Briton might affray.

1764 C. Churchill Duellist i. 7 Bid Terror, posting on the wind, Affray the spirits of mankind.

1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust I. xxv. 258 Nay, sheathe thy sword at last! Do not affray me!

1907 C. C. Brown China in Legend & Story xii. 153 Earthly Grandfather, your slave, my wife, is sick; a demon is affraying her.

†b. intransitive. To fear, be afraid of. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 7812 (MED) To come sleightly he scholde fonde..So þe barons þem nought mispaye, Ne þe comun folk affraye.

a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) l. 2587 She gan affray of this sodeyn caas.

†2. transitive. To attack, assault. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > attack > attack [verb (transitive)]

greetc893

overfallOE

riseOE

assail?c1225

to lay on or upon?c1225

onseekc1275

to set on ——c1290

infighta1300

saila1300

to go upon ——c1300

to turn one's handc1325

lashc1330

annoyc1380

impugnc1384

offendc1385

to fall on ——a1387

sault1387

affrayc1390

to set upon ——1390

to fall upon ——a1398

to lay at?a1400

semblea1400

assayc1400

havec1400

aset1413

oppressa1425

attachc1425

to set at ——c1430

fraya1440

fray1465

oppugn?a1475

sayc1475

envaye1477

pursue1488

envahisshe1489

assaulta1500

to lay to, untoa1500

requirea1500

enterprise?1510

invade1513

assemblec1515

expugn1530

to fare on1535

to fall into ——1550

mount1568

attack?1576

affront1579

invest1598

canvass1599

to take arms1604

attempt1605

to make force at, to, upon1607

salute1609

offence1614

strikea1616

to give a lift at1622

to get at ——1650

insult1697

to walk into ——1794

to go in at1812

to go for ——1838

to light on ——1842

strafe1915

c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 126 (MED) Ful fersliche Riȝt wol vs affray, And blame vs for vr mis-lyuing.

c1396 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 234 Richard langeford, with other mo vne-knowen..asawt madyn..to þe ȝomen of Schordych..& hem foule afrayedyn.

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iv. l. 2274 That contre, vnwarli thus affraied, Hadde neuer afforn in bataile been outraied.

1467 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 334 I haue ben affrayd there be-fore this tyme.

a1592 W. Nicolson Leges Marchiarum (1705) 187 Also, yf any Inglysheman have murdered, assaulted, affrayed or robbed any Scottsman within this Realme, [etc.].

1605 R. Treswell Relation Journey Earle of Nottingham 46 He seemed to be most valiant that durst afray the Bull in the face and escape vntouched.

1640 W. Lithgow Gushing Teares of Godly Sorrow sig. E3^v His threatning foes, sent Bassads to affray him.

†3. transitive. Chiefly poetic. To disturb from sleep, rest, etc.; to startle, alarm. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > state of being awake > wake or rouse [verb (transitive)] > specific disturb or startle

diseasec1374

affraya1393

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. l. 2859 I was out of mi swoune affraied.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1780 Wythinne an oure of þe myȝt [read nyȝt] an entre þay hade, Ȝet afrayed þay no freke.

c1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess (Fairf. 16) (1871) l. 296 Smale foules a grete hepe..had Affrayed [c1475 Bodl. 638 afrayed; a1450 Tanner 346 afraied] me out of my slepe Thorgh noyse and swettenesse of her songe.

1563 B. Googe Eglogs Epytaphes & Sonettes sig. C.iii Than rest & slepe I straightway sought no Dreames dyd me afraye.

1666 T. H. tr. Horace Epode xiii, in A. Brome et al. tr. Horace Poems i. 173 Now Thracian North windes, Seas and woods affray.

1782 London Mag. Aug. 390/2 Now breathe your instruments their harshest sound..And with fell Discord's voice, affray the affrighted skies.

1820 J. Keats Eve of St. Agnes in Lamia & Other Poems 97 The kettle-drum, and far-heard clarionet, Affray his ears.

1888 W. Beatty-Kingston Wanderer's Notes I. i. 26 They danced in dozens up and down the walks, affraying the ostriches from their wonted propriety of demeanour.

†4. transitive. To startle into running away; to scare off; to frighten or drive away from. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > causing physical symptoms > cause physical symptoms [verb (transitive)] > frighten away

feezec890

shuncha1225

aschewelea1250

fearc1420

scarec1450

affray1487

fray1526

fright1599

lowbell1642

shy1845

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvi. 205 [Thai] dang on thame so hardely, That all thair fayis afrayit [1489 Adv. affrayit] war.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vii. 55 Beand al affrayit ande fleyit for dreddour of his lyue.

1592 G. Babington Certaine Comfortable Notes Genesis (viii.) f. 36 To pricke vs to the good, and afray vs from the euill.

1617 T. Taylor Davids Learning 377 If wicked men would weight their present estate with the future: surely, it would be a meanes to afray them from many sins.

a1624 R. Crakanthorpe Vigilius Dormitans (1631) xxiii. 369 A most wicked man,..who with a visor affrayed the Emperour like a little Boy from the truth.

1855 R. C. Singleton tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. I. 80 And with a din Affray the birds.

1886 E. Blake Speeches 82/2 He believed that there might be three or four dissentients..and that circumstance affrayed him from the enterprise.

†II. Used for defray v.¹

5. transitive. = defray v.¹ 2a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > payment > payment of debt > pay debt [verb (transitive)]

quit?c1225

acquita1250

to pay up1434

satisfy1437

discharge1439

defease1480

persolve1548

solve1558

defray1576

affray1584

clear1600

to pay off1607

extinguish1630

to lay downa1640

wipe1668

settle1688

sink1694

retrieve1711

to clear up1726

balance1740

liquidate1755

to clear off1766

square1821

amortize1830

1584 T. Lodge Alarum against Vsurers f. 3^v Not having friends to releeve them, or money to affray their charges.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	affray
释义	affrayn. Brit. /əˈfreɪ/, U.S. /əˈfreɪ/ Forms: α. Middle English afray, Middle English afraye, Middle English–1500s affraye, Middle English– affray, 1500s affroi, pre-1700 affrey (Scottish). β. Middle English effray. γ. Middle English enfray. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Probably partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French affray , effrei ; affray v. Etymology: In α. forms probably partly (i) < affray v.; and partly (ii) < Anglo-Norman affray, affrai, affrei, alteration (with prefix substitution: compare a- prefix⁵ and affray v.) of Anglo-Norman and Old French effrei, esfrei, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French esfroi, Anglo-Norman and Middle French effray (Middle French, French effroi ) extreme fear, terror (c1140), breach of the peace (early 14th cent. in Anglo-Norman), noise, disturbance (mid 14th cent.) < esfreer , effreier , effreer effray v. In β. forms < or after Anglo-Norman and Middle French effray (compare effray v.). The γ. forms probably show remodelling of the β. forms by association with formations in en- prefix¹; compare Anglo-Norman enfreier , enfreer , alteration (with prefix substitution) of effreier , effreer effray v. Compare post-classical Latin affraia , affraium (also effraium ) brawl, disturbance, alarm (from 13th cent. in British sources). Compare also fray n.¹ †1. The state of being frightened or alarmed; fear, terror. Frequently in in affray. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > apprehension > [noun] > fright caused by alarm frighta1325 affrayc1380 fray1398 gloppeninga1400 alarma1460 scare1548 affright1566 affrightment1593 aghastment1594 surprise1609 gastc1686 gliff1732 stew1806 stink1819 feeze1825 startlement1927 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 681 (MED) Þan was þe Sarsyn in gret affray & niste wat was to donde. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 1822 (MED) Betwyxe þo twey partys þe dragun lay, Gresly to se wyþ grete affray. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 34 Northumberland was in affray for Edred comyng. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 113 In sic a-fray [1489 Adv. effray] thai baid that nycht. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxv. 271 Wherof the pope and cardynalles were in great affray and drede. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. iii. sig. C3 Who full of ghastly fright and cold affray, Gan shut the dore. 1621 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 459 Quherby the towne was put in affray. 1676 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Iliads xxii. 339 About him were the Trojans shedding tears, Sighing, and sobbing, and in such affray As if all Troy had flam'd about their ears. 2. An attack, an assault; esp.(in later legal use) an assault on a person which constitutes a breach of the peace (cf. sense 4). Now rare.In earlier use also without article, esp. in to make affray. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > [noun] fiend-reseOE frumresec1275 assault1297 sault1297 inracea1300 sailing13.. venuea1330 checkc1330 braid1340 affrayc1380 outrunningc1384 resinga1387 wara1387 riota1393 assailc1400 assayc1400 onset1423 rake?a1425 pursuitc1425 assemblinga1450 brunta1450 oncominga1450 assembly1487 envaya1500 oncomea1500 shovea1500 front1523 scry1523 attemptate1524 assaulting1548 push1565 brash1573 attempt1584 affront?1587 pulse1587 affret1590 saliaunce1590 invasion1591 assailment1592 insultation1596 aggressa1611 onslaught1613 source1616 confronta1626 impulsion1631 tentative1632 essaya1641 infall1645 attack1655 stroke1698 insult1710 coup de main1759 onfall1837 hurrah1841 beat-up of quarters1870 offensive1887 strafe1915 grand slam1916 hop-over1918 run1941 strike1942 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 3717 (MED) Þat host compþ after with gret effray. c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 147 (MED) Þin enymy woltou not for-ȝete But ay beo a-fert of his affray. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 176 (MED) In mirke withouten sight wille enmys mak affray. 1448 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) 53 (MED) His mynstral made affray apon a woman, and wold have ravasshed hir. 1509 Parlyament Deuylles (de Worde) sig. A.iii He..strongly withstandeth myn affray. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy f. 74 In diffens of þe folke þat affroi made. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 22 Learne our fatal auentures, Thee toyls of Troians, and last infortunat affray. 1641 W. Vaughan Sovles Exercise iv. 145 The Pulpit beate with an Affray On Bellarmine, and other Clerkes unknowne, Whom they with Latine there would tumble down. 1657 W. Greenwood Curia Comitatus Rediviva 63 The said C. D...upon the aforesaid A. B. did make an assault and affray, and him did beat, wound, & evil intreat, so that he did despair of his life. 1798 J. Wentworth Compl. Syst. Pleading VI. 369 The said T. W...did then and there with force and arms unlawfully make an assault and affray upon the said E. P. 1903 G. B. Hodgson Borough S. Shields iii. 112 A like penalty being imposed on Margaret Wallis..for an affray upon Catherine Atkinson. 2006 S. de Montalk Fountain of Tears 46 The Islamic Ottoman sultans..created much of their empire from affrays against Christians. †3. A disturbance, a commotion; an outburst. Also: the state of being in tumult or riotous disorder. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > lack of peacefulness > [noun] > a disturbance caused by dissension tirpeilc1330 to-doc1330 affraya1393 frayc1420 tuilyiea1500 fraction1502 broil1525 ruffle1534 hurly-burly1548 embroilment1609 roil1690 fracas1727 row1746 the devil among the tailors1756 noration1773 splorea1791 kick-upa1793 rumption1802 ruction1809 squall1813 tulyie-mulyie1827 shindy1829 shine1832 donnybrook1852 shiveau1862 roughhouse1882 ruckus1885 shemozzle1885 turn-up1891 rookus1892 funk1900 incident1913 potin1922 shivoo1924 furore1946 shindig1961 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 3068 (MED) Sche began to crien..And with that noise of hire affray Hir wommen sterten up. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail lii. l. 38 (MED) So lowde they gonne to synge..that piers Awook..so Astoned he was Of that Afray. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xliii. 29 For no gentyl wymmen ought to make none effrayes in them. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xx. 236 Let no man wyt where that we war, For ferdnes of a fowll enfray. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vi. xv. 28 This worthy knycht the common weil Romane, In gret affray perturbit, to rest agane And quyet sal restor. 1638 W. Barwick tr. V. D'Audiguier Love & Valour i. 11 These villaines..crying out, that they massacred Monsieur, the Princes officers, so as all was in rout, in hubbub, and affray. 1789 H. L. Piozzi Observ. Journey France I. 216 The people are..little disposed to public affrays. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 115 So swept the tumult and affray. 4. Law. A breach of the peace caused by fighting or rioting in a public place; the offence of taking part in such a disturbance.In England and Wales, the common-law offence of affray was replaced under the Public Order Act (1986) by a new offence: the use or threat of unlawful violence towards another, such as would cause a reasonable person to fear for his or her safety. This offence need not be committed in a public place, and is distinguished from riot and violent disorder in that only one person need be involved. In general use however, an affray is still considered to be a disturbance as defined above. ΘΚΠ society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > rout, mobbing, or affray affray?a1400 rout1429 affrayment1704 mobbing1797 ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 66 (MED) Now is Edward dede, þe soner for þo affrayes. 1480 Cronicles Eng. (Caxton) cclij. sig. x3 Also this yere was a grete affraye in fletstrete by nyghtes tyme bitwene men of court & men of london. 1527 Statutes Prohemium Iohannis Rastell (new ed.) f. cclvii^v Of hues cryes leueyd and not pursued, also of affrays and of blode shede, also of escape of theuys and felons, [etc.]. 1596 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent (rev. ed.) 368 I reade not of any that was slaine in the affraye. 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. xix. 110 There happened an affray in Limricke, betweene the Souldiers and some of the Towne. 1691 Blount's Νομο-λεξικον (ed. 2) (at cited word) An Assault is only a wrong to the party; an Affray is a common wrong. 1717 E. Miller Acct. Univ. Cambr. 86 The Vice-Chancellour is to have Correction of all Affrays, and Amercements thereof, where a Scholar is Party. a1797 E. Burke Ess. Abridgm. Eng. Hist. (rev. ed.) in Wks. (1812) V. 574 The suppressing of riots and affrays. 1823 G. Flagg Let. 20 July in Flagg Corr. (1986) 33 On the 10th of the present month an affray happened between Russel Botsford and Col James Kelly. 1877 J. Paterson Comm. Liberty Subj. I. ii. 243 An instance of an affray is where a fight is carried on in a public place, in which case all present and encouraging are guilty of the offence of affray. 1921 E. L. White Andivius Hedulio i. vi. 93 You not only participated in the affray, but fomented it and led it. 1964 K. Hanson Rebels in Streets vi. 113 The police department does not dignify..the sorties and affrays among teen-age street gangs with the label, ‘war’. 1991 R. Reiner Chief Constables v. xii. 322 So next time they cause trouble, we had to put them up for affray. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). affrayv. Brit. /əˈfreɪ/, U.S. /əˈfreɪ/ Forms: Middle English affraie, Middle English afraie, Middle English afrey, Middle English–1600s affraye, Middle English–1600s afray, Middle English–1600s afraye, Middle English– affray, 1500s affraide (past tense), 1500s afraid (past tense); also Scottish pre-1700 affray, pre-1700 afray. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French affraier, esfreer. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman afraer, afraier, afreier, affraer, affraier, affreer (late 13th cent. or earlier), alteration (with prefix substitution: compare a- a- prefix⁵) of Anglo-Norman esfreier, effreier, Anglo-Norman and Old French esfreer, effraer, effreer effray v. Compare post-classical Latin affraiare to startle, alarm (from early 14th cent. in British sources). Compare also fray v.¹, affray n., and later effray v. See also discussion at afraid adj.With doubling of the -f- in French and English compare af- prefix and discussion at that entry. Now rare (archaic in later use). I. Senses relating to fear or disturbance. 1. a. transitive. To frighten, terrify. Cf. afraid adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of terribleness > terrify [verb (transitive)] afearOE affrightOE breec1000 offrightlOE agastc1225 offearc1225 dreadc1250 agrisec1275 begallowc1320 ashunchc1325 adreadc1330 affrayc1330 fleya1400 grise1513 terrify1536 fray-bug1551 thunderbolta1586 fear-blast1593 gaster1593 hazen1593 terrorc1595 affrighten1615 ter-terrifya1618 flaite1642 pavefy1656 repall1687 hobgoblin1707 scarify1794 to scare the daylights out of1951 c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) 1646 (MED) Now goþ Gij sore desmaid, His woundes him han iuel afreyd. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 174 (MED) Þe noyse dredfulle & grete, It affraied þe Sarazins. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Ellesmere) (1873) l. 455 Nedelees..he thoghte hire for taffraye [Hengwrt tafraye]. ?1456 H. at Fenne in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 137 I haue somwhat affrayed þem. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxix. 307 The whiche so affrayed them, that they had no lust to go thyder. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (rev. ed.) f. 55 Na wickit Spreit sall the affray. 1628 W. Struther Resol. for Death 46 in Christian Observ. & Resol. Nothing affrayeth man more at the sight of Death, than vncertaintie of his estate after it. 1744 London Mag. Mar. 149/2 War twice declar'd upon a day The bravest Briton might affray. 1764 C. Churchill Duellist i. 7 Bid Terror, posting on the wind, Affray the spirits of mankind. 1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust I. xxv. 258 Nay, sheathe thy sword at last! Do not affray me! 1907 C. C. Brown China in Legend & Story xii. 153 Earthly Grandfather, your slave, my wife, is sick; a demon is affraying her. †b. intransitive. To fear, be afraid of. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 7812 (MED) To come sleightly he scholde fonde..So þe barons þem nought mispaye, Ne þe comun folk affraye. a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) l. 2587 She gan affray of this sodeyn caas. †2. transitive. To attack, assault. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > attack [verb (transitive)] greetc893 overfallOE riseOE assail?c1225 to lay on or upon?c1225 onseekc1275 to set on ——c1290 infighta1300 saila1300 to go upon ——c1300 to turn one's handc1325 lashc1330 annoyc1380 impugnc1384 offendc1385 to fall on ——a1387 sault1387 affrayc1390 to set upon ——1390 to fall upon ——a1398 to lay at?a1400 semblea1400 assayc1400 havec1400 aset1413 oppressa1425 attachc1425 to set at ——c1430 fraya1440 fray1465 oppugn?a1475 sayc1475 envaye1477 pursue1488 envahisshe1489 assaulta1500 to lay to, untoa1500 requirea1500 enterprise?1510 invade1513 assemblec1515 expugn1530 to fare on1535 to fall into ——1550 mount1568 attack?1576 affront1579 invest1598 canvass1599 to take arms1604 attempt1605 to make force at, to, upon1607 salute1609 offence1614 strikea1616 to give a lift at1622 to get at ——1650 insult1697 to walk into ——1794 to go in at1812 to go for ——1838 to light on ——1842 strafe1915 c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 126 (MED) Ful fersliche Riȝt wol vs affray, And blame vs for vr mis-lyuing. c1396 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 234 Richard langeford, with other mo vne-knowen..asawt madyn..to þe ȝomen of Schordych..& hem foule afrayedyn. a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iv. l. 2274 That contre, vnwarli thus affraied, Hadde neuer afforn in bataile been outraied. 1467 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 334 I haue ben affrayd there be-fore this tyme. a1592 W. Nicolson Leges Marchiarum (1705) 187 Also, yf any Inglysheman have murdered, assaulted, affrayed or robbed any Scottsman within this Realme, [etc.]. 1605 R. Treswell Relation Journey Earle of Nottingham 46 He seemed to be most valiant that durst afray the Bull in the face and escape vntouched. 1640 W. Lithgow Gushing Teares of Godly Sorrow sig. E3^v His threatning foes, sent Bassads to affray him. †3. transitive. Chiefly poetic. To disturb from sleep, rest, etc.; to startle, alarm. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > state of being awake > wake or rouse [verb (transitive)] > specific disturb or startle diseasec1374 affraya1393 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. l. 2859 I was out of mi swoune affraied. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1780 Wythinne an oure of þe myȝt [read nyȝt] an entre þay hade, Ȝet afrayed þay no freke. c1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess (Fairf. 16) (1871) l. 296 Smale foules a grete hepe..had Affrayed [c1475 Bodl. 638 afrayed; a1450 Tanner 346 afraied] me out of my slepe Thorgh noyse and swettenesse of her songe. 1563 B. Googe Eglogs Epytaphes & Sonettes sig. C.iii Than rest & slepe I straightway sought no Dreames dyd me afraye. 1666 T. H. tr. Horace Epode xiii, in A. Brome et al. tr. Horace Poems i. 173 Now Thracian North windes, Seas and woods affray. 1782 London Mag. Aug. 390/2 Now breathe your instruments their harshest sound..And with fell Discord's voice, affray the affrighted skies. 1820 J. Keats Eve of St. Agnes in Lamia & Other Poems 97 The kettle-drum, and far-heard clarionet, Affray his ears. 1888 W. Beatty-Kingston Wanderer's Notes I. i. 26 They danced in dozens up and down the walks, affraying the ostriches from their wonted propriety of demeanour. †4. transitive. To startle into running away; to scare off; to frighten or drive away from. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > causing physical symptoms > cause physical symptoms [verb (transitive)] > frighten away feezec890 shuncha1225 aschewelea1250 fearc1420 scarec1450 affray1487 fray1526 fright1599 lowbell1642 shy1845 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvi. 205 [Thai] dang on thame so hardely, That all thair fayis afrayit [1489 Adv. affrayit] war. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vii. 55 Beand al affrayit ande fleyit for dreddour of his lyue. 1592 G. Babington Certaine Comfortable Notes Genesis (viii.) f. 36 To pricke vs to the good, and afray vs from the euill. 1617 T. Taylor Davids Learning 377 If wicked men would weight their present estate with the future: surely, it would be a meanes to afray them from many sins. a1624 R. Crakanthorpe Vigilius Dormitans (1631) xxiii. 369 A most wicked man,..who with a visor affrayed the Emperour like a little Boy from the truth. 1855 R. C. Singleton tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. I. 80 And with a din Affray the birds. 1886 E. Blake Speeches 82/2 He believed that there might be three or four dissentients..and that circumstance affrayed him from the enterprise. †II. Used for defray v.¹ 5. transitive. = defray v.¹ 2a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > payment of debt > pay debt [verb (transitive)] quit?c1225 acquita1250 to pay up1434 satisfy1437 discharge1439 defease1480 persolve1548 solve1558 defray1576 affray1584 clear1600 to pay off1607 extinguish1630 to lay downa1640 wipe1668 settle1688 sink1694 retrieve1711 to clear up1726 balance1740 liquidate1755 to clear off1766 square1821 amortize1830 1584 T. Lodge Alarum against Vsurers f. 3^v Not having friends to releeve them, or money to affray their charges. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1380v.c1330
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