chemicaladj.n.

1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner Newe Jewell of Health To Rdr. sig. *.iij. The vertues of medicines by Chimicall distillation, are made..of more efficacie.

1591 R. Rabbards in Ripley's Compound of Alchymy Ep. Ded. sig. A4 Hoping..to make unto your Maieste some rare Present by experiments Chimicall or Martiall.

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. ix. 37 The chymicall salte.

1638 D. Featley Stricturæ in Lyndomastygem ii. 9 in H. Lynde Case for Spectacles The fire of Purgatory is rightly termed..chymicall, because by means of this fire, they extract much gold.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iv. 81 If you moysten the same with any chymicall oyle, water or spirits of wine, or onely breath upon it, it quite omits its Attraction. View more context for this quotation

1654 R. Boyle in T. Birch Life R. Boyle (1744) 108 A barbarous country, where..chemical instruments [were]..unprocurable.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 120. ¶14 A Chymical Operation.

1790 Monthly Rev. 3 546 Chemical tests, or, as the French call them, reactives.

1823 J. Neal Seventy-six II. vi. 91 A chymical combination of two such hearts.

1832 G. R. Porter Treat. Manuf. Porcelain & Glass 318 Its toughness [etc.]..render this porcelainous glass well qualified for chemical vessels.

1875 W. S. Jevons Money (1878) 36 The microscope and the chemical balance.

1934 Ann. Reg. 1933 60 Harris devised a chemical test for vitamin C.

1962 Rep. Progress Physics 25 371 This was confirmed by chemical separation of plutonium from the ashed filter, a very lengthy and tedious procedure.

1998 Early Sci. & Med. 3 42 Many chymical writers include an etymological excursus in their texts, and the variety of spurious etymologies found therein is astounding.

2007 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 22 June 29 He studied science from books, carrying out chemical experiments in his mother's kitchen.

1585 R. Bostocke Difference Auncient Phisicke xvii. sig. Hiiii The foundation and principles of this Chimicall Phisicke.

1618 T. Bretnor tr. A. Sala Opiologia sig. B1 ^v Whether Chymicall Medicines in generall are more violent and dangerous then other ordinarie Medicines are.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. i. iv. i. 298 Paracelsus is so stiffe for his Chimicall medicines,..deriding..Hippocrates, Galen, and all their followers.

a1671 M. Casaubon Treat. Spirits (1672) 17 Presently, Pills, or Potion, somewhat was given me, which..restored me to sense, and speech... Now, that, what I took, was some Chymical composition, my Tutor told me.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Galenic Paracelsus..exploded Galenism, and the Peripatetic Doctrine, and render'd Medicine wholly Chemical.

1782 S. Johnson Let. 8 May (1994) IV. 38 I am of the Chymical sect, which holds phlebotomy in abhorrence.

1851 Lancet 4 Jan. 1/1 He has not given us a refutation of chemical medicine, but many proofs of the irreconcilable and blind hatred which he entertained for the chemists of his time.

1964 Ambix 12 2 As a noted proponent of chemical medicines, Turquet de Mayerne may be expected to have been especially interested in regulating the dispensing of medicines.

2006 Brit. Jrnl. Hist. Sci. 39 5 The rise of chemical medicine, particularly the Paracelsian and Helmontian challenges to various forms of Galenism.

1599 F. Thynne Animaduersions (1875) 33 The Chimicall philosophers defyne the fermente to bee ‘animam’, the sowle or lyfe of the philosophers stoone.

1670 Let. 19 Aug. in Earl of Arlington Lett. to Sir W. Temple (1701) 450 I have sent the Salt-makers to Sir Robert Murray, who..passes amongst us for a very understanding Chymical Man.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Acid Some late Chymical Philosophers have even made it very probable, that 'tis the Acid is the saline Part or Principle in all Salts.

1791 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse §176 How to analyze limestones..my chemical friends will be at no loss.

1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. i. 9 The experiments of a number of chemical philosophers.

1901 Proc. Royal Soc. 1900 67 456 On referring to a chemical friend, he could not definitely state that butyric acid, methylamine, and trimethylamine are also produced.

1974 Times 27 Sept. 16/5 He was not a profound chemical scholar, but he was intensely interested in problems of mechanism.

2005 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 27 Mar. 59 When she was working as a chemical researcher, did the young Margaret Thatcher really invent the ‘whippy’ ice cream that squirts from a nozzle?

1730 P. Shaw tr. G. E. Stahl Philos. Princ. Universal Chem. ix The chemical structure of natural bodies.

1780 T. Cavallo Ess. Med. Electr. 17 The investigation of the action of the electric fluid, especially relating to its chymical action.

1788 T. Jefferson Let. 19 July in Papers (1956) XIII. 381 The attempt..of Lavoisier to reform the Chemical nomenclature is premature.

1842 T. Graham Elements Chem. iii. iii. 847 Naphtol, C₂₄H₂₂; like naphtene, greatly resembles naphtha in its chemical properties.

1876 Proc. Royal Soc. 24 p. xxvii There was not a volume of a chemical journal in this large library that he had not read.

1910 Encycl. Brit. VI. 28/2 The law of chemical mass-action not only defines the conditions for chemical equilibrium, but contains at the same time the principles of chemical kinetics.

1947 Lancet 26 July 146/1 The latest synthetic analgesic, amidone..bears only a slight chemical resemblance to morphine.

2004 Pittsburg (Pa.) Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 23 June c4 As the Huygens probe descends, it will analyze the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

1797 J. Murray & S. Highley Catal. Bks. 6 Their universal concurrence in the highest commendations of the Earl of Dundonald's Treatise on Chemical Agriculture, cannot but have weight with every mind.

1799 Cambrian Reg. 1796 2 367 In the course of the process, a soluble saline matter [is] procured.., whose beneficial effects on vegetation are well known to chemical farmers.

1872 Sci. Amer. 17 Feb. 120/1 The idea of chemical farming became a thing to be ridiculed, and fell into an ill repute which still attends it.

1959 Times 2 Oct. 13/3 Modern methods of chemical farming, and especially the wide use of insecticides, are a great danger to bees.

1981 V. Kulvinskas et al. Life in 21st Cent. Introd. 85 Research..on the overwhelming hazards of nuclear technology and chemical agriculture.

2001 Observer 21 Oct. (Life Suppl.) 72/3 Chemical gardeners spray with a fungicide based upon propiconazole.

2007 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 10 June Even more worrying for our 1,785 native plants, their natural rural habitats were under threat from intensive chemical farming and over-development.

1799 Pennsylvania Gaz. 17 Apr. Steere's Chemical Opodildock, for sprains, bruises and rheumatism.

1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Ink ‘Chemical Indelible Ink’, sold for the purpose of marking linen.

1860 C. M. Yonge Hopes & Fears II. iii. xxi. 406 Try chemical manures—drain that terrible old marsh.

1930 Engineering 26 Dec. 814/2 The use of chemical cleaners, such as..carbon tetrachloride,..is more effective.

1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat vii. 158 The chemical hygrometer measures the relative humidity directly.

1984 E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) xxvi. 701 In chemical machining, material is removed from selected areas of a workpiece by immersing it in a chemical reagent.

1990 D. Icke It doesn't have to be like This vii. 101 Chemical pollution is responsible for the loss of large numbers of eider, spoonbill, herring gull and tern.

2005 New Yorker 23 May 38/2 Tina is crystal methamphetamine, a chemical stimulant that affects the central nervous system.

1918 F. M. Smith Higher Powers of Man iv. 65 Narcotic intoxication is most closely related to ecstasy, in some forms strikingly so. It is chemical ecstasy.

1936 A. Huxley in Nash's Pall Mall Mag. Dec. 87/2 If..people's lives..seem to them worth living, there will be a smaller demand for..booze and dope There is no reason, however, to suppose that the need for occasional holidays from self and surroundings will ever be wholly eliminated. This being so, we should..search systematically for the most efficient and least harmful forms of chemical holiday-givers.

1965 M. V. Miller in Dissent Spring 56 The hipsters and revolutionary zealots concerned with little but the right names and phrases, the devotees of the latest chemical highs, the lunatic fringe of the avant-garde.

1970 G. Melly in Observer 19 July 22/8 Most of those involved had given up chemical trips in favour of meditation of one kind or another.

1997 Face June 22/1 My first chemical experience came when I was 14 at Wigan Casino, and carried on with some gusto until punk arrived.

1913 Chem. Abstr. 7 2808 If the total amt. of lecithin cannot be dissolved after using ether and alc., it shows a ‘reversion’ of the total lecithin P acids, due to the adsorption having become so intensive that probably a chem. adsorption has resulted.

1951 R. Gunn in T. F. Malone Compend. Meteorol. 130 One of the important basic processes that produce electrical effects in the atmosphere results from the chemical adsorption of ions at the surfaces of precipitation particles.

1999 T. M. Cronin Princ. Paleoclimatol. ix. 430 Physical and/or chemical adsorption of gases onto the surface of the snow or ice might occur.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Air With the force of a chymical Agent, he [sc. the sun] resolves the superficial Parts of the Earth into their Principles, Water, Oil, Salt, &c.

1797 Monthly Mag. 3 350/2 Some observations on the sthenic or asthenic virtue of chemical agents, that is to say, their ability or impotence to produce irritation.

1867 Merwin's Connecticut River Business Directory 313 (advt.) Dr. Halsted..has been able to discover the adaptation of certain chemical agents, which act in harmony with the natural functions of special organs, remedying their diseased condition.

1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. i. 13 Gases..may also be purified by using chemical agents to absorb the impurities.

1991 in B. MacArthur Despatches from Gulf War 154 790,000 atropine injectors containing an antidote to chemical agents and 60,000 pyridostigmine bromide tablets, an anti-nerve gas drug.

2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 10 Sept. i. 6/1 Mr. Hussein's weaponeers produced the chemical agents that his army used to gas Iranian troops and Kurdish civilians.

1878 H. T. Burgess Fruit of Vine II. 133 The pneumatic or Alden process may be..described as a method for maturing and preserving animal and vegetable substances, in part through evaporation, and in part through chemical binding of their organic moisture.

1962 Rep. Progress Physics 25 451 Relative values of the field gradient in different compounds can often give a useful indication of the nature of the chemical binding.

2006 Jrnl. Separation Sci. 29 2684 The coating had a high thermal stability (340 degrees C) and a long lifetime due to its chemical binding to the fiber surface.

1891 G. S. Woodhead Bacteria & their Products xviii. 332 A special laboratory for the performance of experiments in chemical biology.

1930 W. S. Gamertsfelder & D. L. Evans Fund. Philos. i. i. 32 A hybridizing process has been taking place and we now have such sciences as physical chemistry, mathematical physics, electro-chemistry, and chemical biology.

2002 Science 15 Mar. 1973 Much is expected of this novel branch of chemical ecology, variously designated as molecular ecology or chemical biology.

1910 Los Angeles Times 24 Aug. i. 5/1 Chicago Council suppresses chemical bombs... Manufacturers and throwers of ‘bombs’ filled with ill-smelling chemicals met short shrift yesterday at the hands of the city Council... A bomb filled with deadly acid was thrown into a crowded taxicab.

1955 C. M. Green et al. Ordnance Departm. xvii. 455 At the opposite extreme in case strength from the semi-armor-piercing bombs were the thin-walled chemical bombs.

2003 N.Y. Times 27 Mar. a25/2 My Tehran classroom at times overflowed with students who ignored the warnings about Iraq's chemical bombs.

1857 J. Scoffern et al. Useful Metals & their Alloys i. 8 The puddling process supplies a mechanical as well as a chemical bond of union in the metal.

1870 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 160 334 Dissolve the chemical bond, either of the nitrous oxide or of the ammonia, and you instantly destroy the absorption.

1929 P. Walden & L. F. Audrieth Salts, Acids, & Bases iii. 155 The basic substance furnishes a pair of electrons for a chemical bond, the acid substances accept such a pair.

2002 New Scientist 16 Nov. 19/3 They work by catalysing a reaction that breaks the chemical bonds in adhesives such as polyvinylacetates.

1926 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 48 1132 (heading) The electron-orbit-sharing theory of chemical bonding.

1977 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) i. 3 Localized chemical bonding..may be defined as bonding in which the electrons are shared by two and only two nuclei.

2001 New Scientist 12 May 100/2 (advt.) Applications are invited for a three-year Ph.D. studentship..involving the chemical bonding of anticoagulant peptides and cells onto a polymer surface.

1943 Sci. News Let. 20 Mar. 183/1 ‘Prompt and considerable improvement’ in nearly all of a group of 60 men with advanced prostatic cancer has been achieved by surgical or chemical castration, Dr. Huggins reported.

1987 J. Franklin Molecules of Mind (1988) xx. 275 Courts..have begun to experiment with various ‘drug punishments,’ such as chemical castration for rapists, in lieu of incarceration.

1998 Independent 24 Aug. i. 1/5 The chemical castration trials involved two men..who have abstained from reoffending..after being treated with the drug goserelin acetate, which lowers testosterone levels.

2007 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 27 Apr. 14 Chemical castration is a common treatment for advanced prostate cancer, and more than 250,000 American men are taking these drugs.

1908 Free Press (Winnipeg, Manitoba) 1 July 12/4 (advt.) Absolutely odorless chemical closet very suitable for house with no sewerage.

1952 E. Waugh Men at Arms ii. ii. 178 ‘If you must know, it's my thunderbox’..a brass-bound, oak cube... On the inside of the lid was a plaque bearing the embossed title Connolly's Chemical Closet.

2003 Financial Times (Nexis) 24 May 5 There were two sea toilets and one electric toilet—so no ghastly chemical closets, which was a relief.

1767 E. Wallis Tentamen Sophisticon 148 Its dreadful effects..may be easily and effectually obviated by the proposed method of trial, insignificant as it may seem, perhaps, to persons unskilled in the nature of chemical combination.

1844 J. Liebig Familiar Lett. Chem. 2nd Ser. iii. 44 This chemical power is the cause of the formation of a new body with altered properties, that is, of a chemical combination.

1947 Nucleonics Dec. 29/1 For practical purposes, the hydrogen is nearly always in chemical combination—e.g., as water, paraffin, or as a hydride or hydrate.

1996 D. Benton Food for Thought vii. 116 The sugar is our sugar bowl is sucrose, a chemical combination of glucose and fructose.

1985 Guardian 20 Mar. 13/6 These drugs can make people more manageable and less demanding... Allegations concerning their use as the ‘chemical cosh’ continues to emerge from British prisons.

1992 Independent 30 Mar. 4/7 The ‘chemical cosh’ was widely used in children's homes 20 years ago.

2005 Word Feb. 40/1 [Some of his songs] dealt directly with asylum life, as viewed by an inmate through the haze of a chemical cosh.

1953 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 15 814/2 An acquired chemical dependency of nerve cells to the presence of barbituric acid.

1973 Fond du Lac (Wisconsin) Reporter 21 Mar. 2/1 Mental health, chemical dependency, genetics and mental retardation and future health planning..will be covered in a one-day symposium.

1989 Employee Assistance May 7/2 It takes 25 years for chemical dependency to take its full effect.

2002 D. C. Daley & H. B. Moss Dual Disorders (ed. 3) iii. 67 Since chemical dependencies are associated with a range of medical diseases and problems, each client should receive a thorough physical examination.

1809 W. Nicholson Brit. Encycl. III. at Gastric juice No certain facts have yet been established as to the nature of gastric juice: it is however completely ascertained that it acts with a chemical energy in dissolving food.

1884 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 743 The metal ordinarily used for furnishing chemical energy in a voltaic battery is zinc.

1924 A. J. Allmand & H. J. T. Ellingham Princ. Appl. Electrochem. (ed. 2) xiv. 236 Both the transformation of electrical into chemical energy (charging) and that of chemical into electrical energy (discharging) should proceed nearly reversibly.

2013 L. Billings Five Billion Years Solitude vi. 140 Cyanobacteria evolved a metabolic pathway to use sunlight to split water, a substance that was far more abundant and offered more chemical energy.

1838 Leeds Mercury 26 May 8/1 Mary, wife of Mr. Thomas Graham, chemical engineer.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1220 The incessant tremors..cause the orifice to contract... Provision should therefore be made against this event, by the chemical engineer.

1949 Our Industry (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.) (ed. 2) vii. 198 With the growth of the industry there has developed the Chemical Engineer, a man who by training and experience knows the chemical and physical properties of petroleum products and other materials he has to process.

2000 W. Cabri & R. Di Fabio From Bench to Market i. 14 Biochemists isolated and stabilized the two enzymes; chemists and chemical engineers defined the industrial process.

1861 N. Arnott Surv. Human Progress iv. 108 The business of the farmer..which until lately was deemed so simple that almost any person could practise it with success, is now employing..professors of mechanical and chemical engineering.

1957 Technology Apr. 56 Chemical Engineering. One of the primary technologies which came into being when continuous process production began to replace the older methods of batch processing.

2006 Wales on Sunday (Nexis) 10 Dec. 35 What does a career in chemical engineering involve? Chemical engineers design and develop processes to turn raw materials into useful products in a cost-effective and safe way.

1814 W. H. Wollaston in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 104 1 (title) A synoptic scale of chemical equivalents.

1935 C. J. Smith Intermediate Physics (ed. 2) v. xlvii. 779 The mass of a substance liberated by a given quantity of electricity is proportional to its chemical equivalent.

1986 Jrnl. Ecol. 74 902 We speculate that sulphate was produced in the early test and slightly exceeded (in chemical equivalents) the organic anions destroyed.

1873 G. W. Howard Monumental City 342 Its equipment is two elegant silver mounted wagons, with six of Holloway's Chemical Extinguishers.

1930 Engineering 10 Oct. 458/2 It was necessary to have a sufficient supply of chemical extinguishers on board.

2002 Irish Times (Nexis) 25 July 53 Because water and electricity don't mix, you should put out an electrical fire with a chemical extinguisher.

1868 R. O. Pringle & A. J. Murray Pract. Farming II. ii. i. 95 Hoeing and top-dressing should be done, to loosen the soil, and to expose it with its chemical fertilisers to the atmospheric influences, when the accelerated growth takes place.

1952 C. E. L. Phillips Small Garden iii. 18 Compared with the chemical fertilizers, the organic ones are slow in action but enduring in effect.

2007 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 10 May e10/2 Chemical fertilizers designed to be water-soluble and provide instant plant nutrition are a greater environmental hazard than conventionally produced or thermally dried biosolids.

1841 R. Hunt Pop. Treat. Art Photogr. 29 A few experiments will prove the advantage of using, what may be called for want of better terms, the chemical instead of the luminous focus.

1890 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 293 Unless the lens be rendered achromatic, the actinic or chemical focus does not coincide with the visual focus.

1951 M. L. Wolf Dict. Arts 8 Achromatic, in photography, the term describing a lens that has been so adjusted as to allow good representation in two colors. At this point in the adjustment, the visual focus and chemical focus coincide.

1858 C. P. Smyth Astron. Exper. Peak of Teneriffe iv. i. 402 At and near the sea-level, our photographic camera saw only a dim outline of a mountain, looming through a chemical fog.

1901 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 1900 22 45 After the slide is fixed..swab it over with a tuft of cotton immersed in a weak solution of ferricyanide of potassium... This will remove all chemical fog and clear up the whole image.

1952 Class. Jrnl. 47 286/1 Natural dust is as effective a smoke-screen as any chemical fog laid down by modern ship or plane.

1995 Europe–Asia Stud. 47 499 The technology..created intense atmospheric and water pollution. This was especially unfortunate because of Kremikovsti's proximity to Sofia, over which it created a permanent chemical fog.

2004 G. Saxby Pract. Hologr. (ed. 3) v. 62 To prevent the developer from attacking unexposed crystals (‘chemical fog’) it is usual to add a restrainer.

1814 J. Black tr. J. J. Berzelius Attempt Sci. Syst. Mineral. 54 The chemical formula [Sw. kemiska formeln] for this composition is Ag + 2 S.

1862 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 152 870 The compounds included..are not simply solutions, but liquids to which a definite chemical formula may be assigned.

1901 Times 21 Dec. 9/1 In other words poverty is reduced to a chemical formula.

1922 J. J. Sudborough Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (new ed.) Introd. 7 Our chemical formulæ..express not merely a percentage relation, but at the same time the smallest quantity of the compound which is capable of existing as such, i.e. a molecule.

2000 R. Sterling World Food: Spain 101 Sangría is an idea, not a chemical formula. Some people might use apple juice, or pineapple juice... How much of this or that to add to the wine depends on the wine.

2007 Evening Standard (Palmerston North, N.Z.) (Nexis) 19 Mar. 8 Silicon and oxygen combine in the common mineral quartz, chemical formula SiO₂.

1965 Science 23 Apr. 467/1 Calculations..indicate that these chemical fossils [sc. porphyrins] could not have persisted longer than about 100 years in a lithologic environment subjected to temperatures of 250°C.

1971 Sci. Amer. May 38/3 The chemical analysis of organic material from the Gunflint cherts..reveals the presence of the hydrocarbons pristane and phytane: two ‘chemical fossils’..breakdown products of chlorophyll.

1998 S. C. Morris Crucible of Creation ii. 30 Sponges have recently been identified both as actual fossils, and also as so-called chemical fossils that have been extracted by geochemical techniques from sediments of Ediacaran age.

1885 Western Druggist 7 363/2 A Chemical Garden. C. T. Wood..inquires the chemical composition of a liquid mixture which upon standing forms beautiful crystals, taking the shape of ferns, etc.

1955 K. Hutton & A. Swallow Chem. for Gen. Sci. ix. 123 Water glass has a curious action on glass vessels and if you are going to make a ‘chemical garden’ it would be well to use a vessel which will not be needed again.

2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten vii. 68 I later commandeered the kitchen table to make a ‘chemical garden’, sowing a syrupy solution of sodium silicate, or water-glass, with differently colored salts of iron and copper.

1935 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 118 169 Recurrent fibres may meet and pass others growing in the opposite direction... This last observation is of special importance in excluding electrical or chemical gradients as possible factors in directing the movement.

1970 Sci. News 98 42/2 One of the predominant theories of active transport is that cell membranes contain a protein that somehow acts as a pump, moving ions against a chemical gradient.

2002 T. Pratchett et al. Sci. of Discworld II xvi. 165 No doubt the amoeba is responding, deterministically, to chemical gradients in its environment.

1827 Leeds Mercury 1 Dec. Dyeing utensils, consisting of..Chemical Lead Vessels, Lead Piping, Rings and Frames [etc.].

1879 G. Lunge Theoret. & Pract. Treat. Manuf. Sulphuric Acid & Alkali I. i. 42 In the north of England..mills which roll the sheet-lead for..vitriol-works supply a special kind of ‘chemical lead’ which is made from the melted-up old chamber-lead, pipes, &c.

1924 A. J. Allmand & H. J. T. Ellingham Princ. Appl. Electrochem. (ed. 2) xvi. 317 The anode question appears to have been solved by the adoption of ‘chemical lead’.

2001 M. J. Schofield in R. K. Mobley Plant Engineer's Handbk. liii. 971/2 At strengths below 70°C chemical lead is the preferred material for tanks but at temperatures above 120°C corrosion becomes significant.

1919 U.S. Patent 1,357,594 1 New and useful Improvements in Chemical Markers... This invention relates in general to a marking device in the nature of a pencil or crayon.

1964 Jrnl Cell Biol. 22 318/2 Either cytochrome oxidase or succinic acid dehydrogenase should be a reliable chemical marker for the mitochondrial fraction of liver tissue.

1996 Economist 3 Aug. 42/2 A study of the effectiveness of adding chemical markers, or ‘taggants’, to explosives, to make them easier to trace.

1904 W. M. Bayliss & E. H. Starling in Proc. Royal Soc. 73 318 A very large part in this correlation is played by a chemical substance which acts, so to speak, as a chemical messenger between these various organs.

1989 Omni Aug. 97/3 Most anti-inflammatory drugs..merely suppress the complex interplay among chemical messengers that causes inflammation and associated pain.

2005 Guardian 21 July (Life section) 7/1 A chemical messenger called neuropeptide Y..in tastebud cells is responsible for telling the brain that something sweet is being eaten.

1654 W. Charleton Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana iii. 12 Whether it be not more probable, that those Coruscations, or Flashes of Light..did proceed rather from some such Chymical Mixture..which is of that nature as to be in a moment kindled, and yield a shortlived flame, upon the intromission of Aer into the vessel.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 184/1 Chemical mixture is attended with many phenomena which are never observed in simple mixtures.

1848 Lancet 9 Sept. 285/1 The secretion becomes of a rusty colour, as if from the chemical mixture of blood with the purulent discharge.

1858 W. Greener Gunnery in 1858 21 A chemical mixture may possess the explosive power in a much higher degree than the propellant.

1904 Classical Rev. 18 132/1 An appearance of gray at a distance..[produced] by chemical mixture of the black and white bodies.

2006 Nature 13 Apr. 869/3 The biosphere..is an understandable chemical mixture of air, water, soil and organisms.

1933 Lancet 8 Apr. 758/2 The biochemical oxygen demand of sewage is dependent upon the presence of living agents to enable the ordinary chemical oxygen demand to be satisfied.

1963 M. J. Taras in F. J. Welcher Standard Methods of Chem. Anal. (ed. 6) II. b. xlvii. 2455 The chemical oxygen demand so consumed equals 0.23 mg. per liter for each 1.0 mg. per liter of Cl.

2005 Irish Times (Nexis) 3 Sept. 7 The discharge from the brewery into a sewer has resulted in an increase in both the chemical oxygen demand and suspended solids above the licensed limits permitted.

1829 London Lit. Gaz. 28 Feb. 1/1 The author..has very happily applied his skill in chemical physics to explain the crisis of our climates in those antediluvian eras.

1882 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1880–81 19 21 All the principles..should be applicable also to the discovery of similar relations of molecular mass and density, and to a consequent extension of our knowledge of chemical physics.

1926 Science 11 June 595/1 Dr. Wheeler P. Davey..will have charge of instruction in physical chemistry and chemical physics.

1982 Isis 73 228 Colloid chemists..feared..that if the Journal of Physical Chemistry were to be displaced by a journal of chemical physics, they would have no American outlet for their papers.

2002 J. S. Fruton Methods Devel. Chem. Foreword p. xviii During the twentieth century, with the application of quantum theory and wave mechanics to problems of chemical structure, some physicists preferred the term ‘chemical physics’.

1878 J. W. Gibbs in Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts & Sci. 3 119 If we call a quantity μ_x, as defined by such an equation as (12), the potential for the substance S_z in the homogeneous mass considered, these conditions may be expressed as follows:—The potential for each component substance must be constant throughout the whole mass.]

1884 M. M. Pattison Muir Treat. Princ. Chem. ii. iii. 406 The existence of what might perhaps be called chemical potential between two atoms means the possibility of chemical work being done.

1894 W. D. Bancroft in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 1895–6 (1896) 31 96 (title) The chemical potential of the metals.

1899 Proc. Royal Soc. 66 109 The equilibrium is determined by the chemical potential of the components in the various phases.

1917 G. E. Gibson tr. O. Sackur Textbk. Thermo-chem. & Thermodynamics vi. 178 The component I can go spontaneously from B to A if its chemical potential in A is less than its chemical potential in B.

1972 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 1971 241/2 Another area of investigation involves measurement of the change in shape in the Fermi surface (the surface in energy space which represents the chemical potential of the electrons) with compression.

1991 J. M. G. Cowie Polymers (BNC) (ed. 2) 189 An equilibrium is established when the chemical potential of the solvent in the solution is equal to that of the pure solvent.

1982 Fertility & Sterility 38 156 When chemical pregnancies were excluded, it was found that [embryo] transfers using open-end catheters were more successful.

2008 Observer (Nexis) 30 Mar. 4 They call it a chemical pregnancy, as if it existed only in a science laboratory and not in the hearts of the parents.

2014 G. Sher et al. In Vitro Fertilization 243 About 20% of early elevations in blood beta hCG levels following embryo transfer turn out to be chemical pregnancies that subsequently are lost.

1885 Fitchburg (Mass.) Daily Sentinel 11 July The capacity of the mill is 20 tons of news and book papers, 12 tons of dry wood pulp and four tons of chemical pulp a day.

1955 Amer. Jrnl. Econ. & Sociol. 14 286 It [sc. the pulp mill] will have a capacity of 50,000 tons of unbleached, semi-bleached and bleached chemical pulp.

2006 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 12 Apr. 20 The availability, suitability and consistency of Scottish-grown timber..as a key raw material for Forscot's intended main products: chemical pulp and paper for publishing.

1804 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. July 216 By means of several prisms we may even separate all the coloured rays from the chemical rays.

1840 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 130 21 The photographic impression will exhibit in its highest intensity the effect of that particular chemical ray which is thus violently concentrated.

1924 Sci. Monthly Sept. 335 The dark heat rays pass equally well through dark and light cloth, and the ultra-violet chemical rays pass better through light than dark.

2005 Stud. Hist. & Philos. Sci. 36 690 Niels Finsen..won the 1903 Nobel prize for physiology or medicine for his work on the use of chemical rays for the treatment of lupus vulgaris and other diseases.

1800 R. Heron Elem. of Chem. vii. xvi. 348 Sulphur is as little capable of chemical reaction upon gold.

1868 H. Watts Dict. Chem. V. 919 The root of Canna speciosa,..in West Africa, is said to be exactly similar to East Indian turmeric-root, in taste, smell, and chemical reactions.

1947 J. H. Collins in P. I. Smith Pract. Plastics vi. 82/2 The functions of both fillers and colouring matter are physical since they enter into no chemical reaction with the resin or polymer.

2004 C. P. Shaw Whisky (new ed.) 25 The chemical reaction which takes place with the addition of the yeast converts the sugars in the wort to alcohol.

1787 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 77 451 On all of these I made experiments with the chemical re-agents which appeared to me best adapted to the purpose.

1850 R. Bridges Fownes's Elem. Chem. (U.S. ed. 3) iii. 414 Ferrocyanide of potassium is a chemical reagent of great value;..it gives rise to precipitates which very frequently present highly characteristic colors.

1991 Nucl. Energy June 183/1 The dissolving ability of chemical reagents and the inducement of localized corrosion were also studied.

1856 Jrnl. Psychol. Med. & Mental Pathol. 9 238 Taste is a chemical sense.

1940 G. S. Carter Gen. Zool. Invertebr. iv. 76 Some ciliates have immotile hairs and bristles which are very sensitive to mechanical stimulation and may also serve some chemical sense.

2006 Independent (Nexis) 5 July 9 [He]..is entertaining about the surprises that our chemical senses throw at us.

1799 G. Pearson Transl. Table Chem. Nomencl. (ed. 2) (title page) To which are subjoined, tables of single elective attraction, tables of chemical symbols, [etc.].

1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts (ed. 4) I. 1 Acetal, is the subacetate of ether, having for its chemical symbol 3 Ac O + Ac O₃.

1952 J. A. Steers et al. Lake's Physical Geogr. (ed. 3) iii. iii. 261 His first shell is the granitic, which he called Sial,..being made up of Si (silicon) and Al (aluminium), the chemical symbols of the two commonest elements in this layer.

2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten iv. 40 Tungsten was sometimes called wolfram, and still retained the chemical symbol W.

1913 J. M. Gillette Constructive Rural Sociol. xii. 175 A sanitary chemical toilet is now put upon the market and is installed in many small rural hotels.

1977 Washington Post (Nexis) 15 Sept. d2 [He] is suing..for the remainder of the $25,000 he was promised in return for providing 200 chemical toilets.

2005 High Country News 22 Aug. 21/2 Monster homes on wheels containing chemical toilets, propane stoves and floppy kitchen tables that convert into beds.

1933 Lancet 18 Nov. 1186/1 The subjects of other communications will include: the chemical transmitter of effects of the vagus nerve (Sir H. Dale).

1973 Sci. Amer. Sept. 121/1 Monamines, such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, are believed to act as chemical transmitters between nerve cells in the brain.

2002 J. Mercurio Bodies (2003) 206 You've heard of Substance P, the chemical transmitter involved in pain stimulation?

1962 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Product Res. & Devel. 1 102/1 The demonstration that most chemical vapor-deposition reactions can be carried out in beds of suspended particles with high yields of uniformly coated material at economically attractive rates.

1992 RS Components: Electronic & Electr. Products July 946/1 These general purpose high performance pressure transducers have been manufactured utilizing the latest chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique.

2006 Guardian (Nexis) 13 Apr. 5 The company makes carbon nanotubes by passing methane gas over an iron-and-magnesium-based catalyst in a furnace. Carbon nanotubes grow on the catalyst by chemical vapour deposition.

1912 Washington Post 4 Feb. 40/8 Chemical warfare is at once the newest and the oldest form of fighting.

1917 W. S. Churchill in World Crisis (1927) III. ii. 560 Chemical warfare must be one of the..leading features of our campaign of 1918.

1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 266 This kind of chemical warfare between plants is called allelopathy.

2003 Independent 1 Feb. 19/3 The Iraqi army is being issued with chemical warfare suits and nerve gas antidotes.

1912 Washington Post 4 Feb. 40/8 Whereas modern weapons depend entirely on impact, chemical weapons do not.

1920 E. S. Farrow Gas Warfare viii. 100 The following types of chemical weapons have been approved for use by infantry: Incendiary grenades, gas grenades, smoke grenades, [etc.].

1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xx. 1159 Some compounds..probably act as deterrents to herbivores, although there are always some predators that can tolerate or detoxify such chemical weapons.

2002 Topic Summer 30/2 A chemical weapon, in many instances, is much more than metal casing and mustard or nerve agent. It may contain explosives..to detonate the weapon and spread its deadly cargo over great distances.

1886 Science 3 Sept. 205/1 Frost was found to be more active in removing particles that had been loosened by chemical weathering than in direct mechanical weathering of unweathered rock.

1954 J. F. Kirkaldy Gen. Princ. Geol. iii. 39 As the surface of a limestone area is lowered by chemical weathering, this insoluble material accumulates to form the ‘clay-with-flints’ of our chalk lands or the ‘Terra Rosa’ of the true karst.

1998 New Scientist 20 June 36/1 An intensification of the Asian monsoon in the late Miocene around 8 million years ago triggered an upsurge in chemical weathering on the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau.

1876 Swedish Catal. II. 45 Chemical wood-pulp.

1937 E. J. Labarre Dict. Paper 26/1 It [sc. blotting paper] is now also largely made from chemical wood pulp, esparto, etc.

2007 Savannhah (Georgia) Morning News (Nexis) 16 Feb. The state's..leading exports are jet parts, cars and chemical wood pulp.

1786 Act 26 Geo. III c. 64 §23 And which said Chemical Works, if specified in any such Licence to be secret Works, shall not be subject to Visitation by any Officer or Officers of Excise, excepting only under the Conditions and Limitations, according to which the Chemical Works..can be lawfully visited and examined.

1844 G. Dodd in Penny Mag. 25 May 201/1 Chemical Works—those large establishments wherein are manufactured the chief acids, alkalis, and salts employed in science and the arts.

a1930 N. Munro Among Pictures in B. D. Osborne & R. Armstrong Erchie & Jimmy Swan (1993) i. xxv. 116 There used to be hardly ony picture-penters in Gleska; it was a' shipbuildin' and calanderin', whitever that is, and chemical works that needed big lums.

2000 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 8 Mar. 17 Families living near an ICI chemical works were today advised to keep doors and windows closed and stay indoors after 18 tons of hydrogen chloride gas was released into the atmosphere.