The study of the relationship between climate and living organisms.

The branch of science that deals with climates of the past.

With singular agreement. = bioclimatology, n.

The scientific study of microclimates. Also: the microclimatic character of an area.

The study of past climates by the examination of the annual growth rings in (ancient) timber.

The investigation of the temperature of climates and oceans in the geological past.