| 释义 |
cholern.adj. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French colere; Latin cholera. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman colore, Anglo-Norman and Middle French colere, collere, colre, Middle French cholere (French colère ) one of the four cardinal humours, identified as bile, and supposed when predominant to cause irritability or irascibility of temper (13th cent. or earlier in Old French), anger, rage (1416), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin cholera (in post-classical Latin also colera) cholera n. The Latin noun was also borrowed into other Germanic languages at an early date. Compare Middle Dutch kōlre anger, rage (Dutch kolder , now denoting various diseases in horses), Middle Low German cōler , cōlre , cōlere anger, rage, Middle High German kolre anger, rage (German Koller , now colloquial in senses ‘anger, rage’ and ‘tantrum’, in the standard language usually denoting various diseases in horses). Compare cholera n. and discussion at that entry, and also earlier choleric n.Specific senses. In sense A. 1 directly < post-classical Latin cholera (Vulgate) and (in the King James Bible) its etymon Hellenistic Greek χολέρα (Septuagint: see cholera n.), both rendering Hebrew zārā' nausea (in Ecclesiasticus 37:30, the passage translated in quot. a1382). Most modern English versions of the Bible translate as nausea . With the use as adjective compare French colère prone to anger, choleric (1611), and earlier choleric adj. Specific compounds. In choler adust n. at sense A. 2c after post-classical Latin cholera adusta (13th cent. in a British source); compare Anglo-Norman colre adusté (13th cent. or earlier). Specific forms. Some Middle English and early modern English forms reflect folk-etymological association with colour n.1, probably due to the frequent collocation with colour adjectives (compare e.g. black choler n., red choler n. at red adj. and n. Compounds 1f(c)(i)). The β. forms, which are not paralleled in either Latin or French, appear to show remodelling of the ending after formations in -y suffix3. The γ. forms show respelling after classical Latin cholera, as does Middle French, French †cholere. A. n.the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [noun] > cholera a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Ecclus. xxxvii. 33 Gredynesse shal neȝhen vnto colre [a1425 L.V. colrye; L. cholera]. 1611 Ecclus. xxxi. 20 The paine of..choller [Gk. χολέρας], and pangs of the bellie are with an vnsatiable man. View more context for this quotation 2. the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > [noun] > humour as cause of irascibility the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > [noun] > fluid secretion > humours > specific humours a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vii. l. 459 The dreie Colre with his hete Be weie of kinde his propre sete Hath in the galle, wher he duelleth. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 108 Certes this dreem..Comth of the grete superfluitee Of youre rede Colera [c1415 Corpus Oxf. colre, c1415 Lansd. coloure, c1425 Petworth Colere] pardee. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 1461 Of hasty Ire he gan to wexe pale. Þe fyry colre hath hym made so wode, Þat from his face avalid was þe blood. c1454 R. Pecock 111 Þou maist not lyue..but if coler be in þi galle. 1541 T. Elyot (new ed.) 9 a Naturall coler is the fome of bloud, the color wherof is redde and clere, or more lyke to an orenge colour. 1610 ii. 16 Swarthy India..Disgorging golden choller to the waves. 1657 Sir T. Browne xiv. 261 There is a diverse constitution of these [sc. fourfooted beasts], as also of the temperament of man: for in Dogs, choler doth abound; in Hogs, phlegme; and in others, other humours. 1675 R. Gower tr. F. de Le Boë xliv. 401 The Choler receivd out of the Passage of Choler alone is more pale, fluid and less bitter, then that which is gatherd in its Bag. 1703 T. Hicks iii. 28 Nature has design'd the Vesicula Fellis and its passages which are radicated in the Liver, for discharging the Choler from the Mass of Blood. 1755 S. Johnson Choler, 1. The Bile. 1782 A. S. 89 As fire, air, water, and earth produce and give life and nourishment to all living creatures, so the humours, viz. choler, blood, flegm, and melancholy, are the principal agitators in the bodies of all creatures. 1826 17 June 354/1 The symptoms of this disease [sc. Cholera Morbus] are, violent pain in the stomach and bowels, quickly followed by enormous vomiting and purging of bilious matters, whence the name cholera, bile or choler being supposed to be the actual cause of the disease. a1834 S. T. Coleridge (1875) 117 The four humours, choler, melancholy, phlegm, and the sanguine portion. 1974 I. 499/3 Pneumatists felt that an imbalance of the four humours—blood, phlegm, choler (yellow bile), and melancholy (black bile)—disturbed the pneuma. 2004 69 73 Petruchio crudely employs these practices in his taming regime to lessen the choler in Kate's humoral economy. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disordered secretion > [noun] > bilious disorders a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. x. 158 If rede colera is imedled with wattry fleume, þan is ibred citrina colera, þat is lesse hoot and more noyeful þan oþir coleres. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 126 I conseile yow..That bothe of Coler [c1415 Corpus Oxf. colre, c1415 Lansd. coloure, c1425 Petworth colour] and of Malencolye Ye purge yow. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Paris) (1971) 557 The most vsual symple medecynes voyding colre ben scamonye.., reubarbe.., [etc.]. 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano sig. b.ivv And these .ij. last colers be yll and venomous, and yet rusty is the worse. ?1544 J. Heywood sig. C.iij It pourget you..from the color. 1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner iii. f. 186 Halfe a pynt of greene choller. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens i. lvii. 84 Good against the dissease called choler or melancholy. 1587 L. Mascall 285 When a Hogge is not well, giue him Polypody or Oake ferne rootes boyled in beere or ale, for that wil purge him of flegme, and some choler, which commonly swine are most troubled withal. 1597 W. Shakespeare i. i. 153 Lets purge this choler without letting bloud. View more context for this quotation 1617 tr. H. Rantzau De Valetudine Conservanda 43 in J. Harington tr. (new ed.) To those that are subiect to choler, it is lawfull to feede often. 1633 J. Hart Introd. 24 A young man, a trades-man, living in this towne, falling sicke of that dangerous disease, called cholera morbus, wherein was abundance of sharpe choler cast up. 1683 T. Tryon 83 Butter..ought not to be eaten in too great quantity, for then it generates Choler. 1720 E. R. (ed. 4) 198 The red Dock cleanseth the Liver; but the yellow is best to take when the Blood is afflicted with Choler. 1993 P. Ackroyd (1994) iv. 147 That melancholy may be cured with sovereign hellebore, or choler with the rhubarb... Well, I will tell him this in turn, that the stone incurius takes away illusion from the eyes. the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > [noun] > black bile as cause of melancholy the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disordered secretion > [noun] > bilious disorders a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 203 (MED) iij maner of colre adust..is whanne his blood is adust, id est brent. a1500 (?a1449) J. Lydgate (1934) 704 Colre adust doth the stomak greve, Malencolik a froward gest, parde! 1584 T. Cogan iv. 27 Harde crustes, and pasticrustes doe engender adust choler. 1621 R. Burton i. iii. i. iii. 244 Diverse adustion of the foure humours, which..by corruption of blood, adust choler, or melancholy natural, by excessiue distemper of heat, turned..into a sharpe lye by force of adustion, cause..diverse and strange Symptomes. 1646 Sir T. Browne vi. xii. 335 Fevers and hot distempers from choler adust . View more context for this quotation 1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Cock & Fox in 229 Choler adust congeals our Blood with Fear; Then black Bulls toss us, and black Devils tear. 1935 Oct. 81 Moreover, all of these states were regarded as forms of melancholy and frequently called by the general term ‘choler adust’, as a short equivalent of the phrase ‘melancholy formed by adustion’. 2004 R. Porter ii. 56 For it [sc. melancholy] could also be choler's child, or, more precisely, the product of choler adust, burnt choler, producing the brittle, edgy, acrimonious temper of the malcontent or tetchy (‘humourous’) genius. the mind > emotion > anger > [noun] the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > [noun] the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > gall or bile > [noun] 1530 J. Palsgrave 207/1 Collar angre, chavlde cole. 1560 N. Throckmorton in P. F. Tytler (1864) III. 134 The queen uttered some choler and stomach against them. 1603 R. Knolles 48 He must in great choller breake out against the poore empresse. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. vii. 177 I doe know Fluellen valiant, And toucht with Choler, hot as Gunpowder. View more context for this quotation 1659 E. Gayton xxiii. 45 To these invite your flegmaticks, a scholar, Men sedentary, but not a man of choler. 1718 i. ii. 15 His temper was a Mixture of Sanguine and Choler. 1753 S. Richardson III. xiii. 94 I found my choler rising. 1801 M. Edgeworth Good French Governess in V. 46 The embarrassed manner and stifled choler of Mrs. Grace. 1858 T. Carlyle I. iii. xiv. 316 A strong flame of choler burnt in all these Hohenzollerns. 1915 W. S. Maugham xvii. 68 He had the choler of the obese, easily roused and as easily calmed. 2005 J. M. Coetzee ii. 14 He is not irascible by nature, but in this place he allows himself spells of peevishness, tetchiness, choler. the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of pigs > [noun] 1729 R. Bradley ii. 115 The Distemper called the Choler, in Swine, shews itself by the Hog's Losing its Flesh, Forsaking its Meat, and being more inclined to Sleep than ordinary. †B. adj.the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > [adjective] > irascible (of person) > having choler as dominant humour c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in f. 52 (MED) He þat is coler is of a litil fourme and redisch of colour, lene and sclendir. 1662 R. Mathews (new ed.) xxiv. 16 The several Complexions, as Sanguine, Choller, Melancholly, Flegmatick. Compounds the world > life > the body > secretory organs > ducts > [noun] > bile-duct 1662 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Introd. The Gall-bladder, Choler-passage [L. porus bilarius] and Piss-bladder, serve the Liver. 1684 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Pharmaceutice Rationalis in (rev. ed.) 41 They excite the adust dregs thereof to motion, and force them more plentifully into the choler passages. 1694 W. Salmon tr. Y. van Diemerbroeck (new ed.) i. 89/1 Whether there be two sorts of Choler generated in the Liver, of which the one sort, being the sharper, flows into the Gall-bladder; and the other milder flows through the Choler Passage? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.adj.a1382 |
