| 释义 |
citizenn.adj. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French citizain. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman citesain, citesein, citesin, citezein, citezen, citezin, cithezein, sitesein, citisain, citisein, citizain, cetesein, cetezein inhabitant of a city or town, especially one who possesses civic rights or privileges (end of the 13th cent. or earlier), apparently a variant or alteration (perhaps after deinzein , denizein denizen n.) of Anglo-Norman cithein , citehain , citoiien , Anglo-Norman and Old French citeain , citeein , citeien , Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French citain , Old French, Middle French citaien , citeen , citien , citoien , Middle French citayen , citayn (Middle French, French citoyen ) inhabitant of a city or town who possesses civic rights or privileges (c1160, originally with reference to ancient Rome), any inhabitant of a city or town (a1173), partly < cité city n. + -ain -an suffix, and partly < cité city n. + -ien -ian suffix. Compare Old Occitan ciutadan (c1200 in feminine form ciutadana), Catalan ciutadà (second half of the 13th cent.), Spanish ciudadano (first half of the 13th cent.), Portuguese ciudadão (1269), Italian cittadino (1213).The semantic development has been influenced by classical Latin cīvis (see civic adj.) and Middle French, French citoyen. In sense A. 2c after the specific uses of French citoyen and (denoting a woman) its corresponding feminine form citoyenne (1792 in this sense; now historical), which replaced monsieur monsieur n. and madame (see madam n.) as titles or forms of address during the French Revolution. Although the ȝ of the β. and γ. forms reflects the identity of this symbol with tailed z in some Middle English manuscripts and in the typography of early Scottish printers (compare α. forms and see further note at Z n.). A. n. 1. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > esp. as having civic rights society > law > legal right > right of specific class, person, or place > [noun] > status or rights of being a citizen > one possessing α. a1325 (2011) v. 16 Of citiseins ant of burgeis to wche þe king oþer is fader habbe igraunted wallinge for te enclosen hoere toun. c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) 5080 To Londen..þai come, Þe citisains fair in hem nome. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xxi. 39 I am a man..of Tarse..a citeseyn, or burgeys, of a citee not vnknowun. 1471 in T. Wright (1861) II. 281 He thonckyd the cetisence of thayre fidelite. 1480 (Caxton) ccvi. sig. m7 The cytezeyns of london. 1512 c. 9. §2 Citezens of Cities and Burgeys of boroughes and Townes. c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 51v Sum of the Citizens assemblit with all. 1556 in J. G. Nichols (1852) 16 The kynge [sc. Henry VI] came to London, & there was worchippfully reseved of the cittesens in whytt gownes & redde whoddes. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. ii. 96 Pisa renowned for graue Citizens . View more context for this quotation a1699 A. Halkett (1875) 20 Furnished by an honest Cittisen. 1704 III. xv. 462 You, the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses, of the House of Commons. 1782 W. Cowper Hist. John Gilpin in 14 Nov. John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown. 1836 C. Thirlwall III. xxiv. 360 They put to death all the adult citizens, and enslaved the women and children. 1849 T. B. Macaulay I. 352 The chiefs of the mercantile interest are no longer citizens. They avoid, they almost contemn, municipal honours and duties. 1901 Nov. 283/2 This allowing of tradespeople and common citizens a place in your majesty's audience chamber is..unwise. 1942 2 Oct. 5/3 The Lord Mayor to-day appeals..to the citizens of London to help ‘in keeping the city safe’ from a possible invader. 2003 J. V. Switzer 178 The town's citizens decided to throw out the existing town board. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > as opposed to country ?1518 A. Barclay sig. Aij Fastus accused, and blamed Cytezyns Amyntas blamed, the rurall men agayne. 1665 J. Wilson ii. i. 20 Life is frail, man mortal,—but good Security may do much;—What is the Security?—Citizens or Country Gentlemen? 1680 R. L'Estrange 8 What Simpletons we Country-folks are to you Citizens! 1790 A. Alison i. i. 25 The charms of the country are altogether lost upon a citizen, who has passed his life in town. 1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke (ed. 2) II. 209 Both citizens and peasants are tired of it. 1860 J. Ruskin V. 4 The words ‘countryman..villager’, still signify a rude and untaught person, as opposed to the words ‘townsman’, and ‘citizen’. 1904 Apr. 93 These traits were exhibited..by countrymen and villagers and citizens and statesmen. society > armed hostility > peace > civilian life > [noun] > a civilian a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. iii. 54 When he speakes not like a Citizen, You finde him like a Soldier. View more context for this quotation 1723 D. Defoe (ed. 2) 315 I had Married two Gentle-women, and one Citizen, and they prov'd all three Whores. 1755 S. Johnson Citizen, a man of trade; not a gentleman. a1777 S. Foote (1778) 104 Min. I reckon she must a' cost you a power of money. Sir H. Cost? that's always uppermost in a citizen's mouth. 1818 Dec. 224 No peasant or citizen can obtain justice against a noble but through another noble, or the magistracy of a free town. 2. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > [noun] > opposed to foreigner or visitor c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xxii. 29 For he [sc. Paul] was a citeseyn of Rome. a1425 J. Wyclif (1871) II. 69 He..clevede to oon of þe citizeins of þat contre [L. uni civium regionis illius]. a1538 T. Starkey (1989) 31 The nombur of cytyzyns in every commynalty cyty or cuntrey. 1593 Queen Elizabeth I tr. Boethius De Consolatione Philosophiæ in (1899) iv. pr. v. 89 Geayle, lawe, and other tormentes for due punishment..pertayne to wicked Citizens. a1640 P. Massinger Guardian v. iv. 265 in (1655) To save one Citizen is a greater prize, Then to have kill'd in War ten Enemies. 1698 tr. A.-N. Amelot de La Houssaie in tr. Tacitus II. iv. xl. 72 Relegation was not properly an Exile; because the Relegate did not lose the Rights of Citizens, which the Persons Exiled did. 1752 D. Hume i. 18 A too great disproportion among the citizens weakens any state. 1783 14 The navigation of the river Mississippi..shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States. 1850 A. Sherwood 32 A. B., a citizen of England, enjoys all the rights and immunities guaranteed by the laws of the land. 1884 W. E. Gladstone in 29 Feb. 2/4 A nation where every capable citizen was enfranchised. 1905 W. E. Norris xii. 133 I am quite content to be an Australian citizen. 1984 11 Oct. 6/1 The Soviet Union is advising its citizens on how to build nuclear shelters quickly in time of war. 2004 S. Benhabib 10 Humanitarian interventions deal with the treatment by nation-states of their citizens or residents. ?1534 R. Whittington tr. Cicero sig. C.v Wolde Minutius exteme Matellio to be an excellent citesyn? 1576 tr. Seneca in E. Aggas tr. P. de Mornay sig. f.iiijv An other who dyed in his florishing youth, hath neuerthelesse fulfilled the office of a good Citizen, a good freend, and a good childe. 1621 E. Grimeston tr. J. Guillemard 133 Whosoeuer shall contradict it, shall shew himselfe a bad Cittizen of this great Cittie of the world. 1671 C. Cotton tr. P. Corneille i. iii. 9 Adoring you, I love my Honour yet: Throughout this fatal War I still have been, As a true Lover, a good Citizen. 1742 D. Hume 13 June (1932) I. 41 But not a word of them is Cicero, whose oration only labours to prove two points, that Milo did not way-lay Clodius, and that Clodius was a bad citizen, and it was meritorious to kill him. 1785 June 298/1 This plan of a man of genius and an excellent citizen. 1832 1 492 A thoroughly bad citizen, as well as an ineffable fool. 1897 6 162 In this country the man who does not take an interest in public affairs is not a good citizen. 1935 G. Santayana i. i. 20 A good citizen must follow the movement of public affairs, so as to cast his vote intelligently. 1994 29 Sept. 10/4 The concerned citizen in the leafy suburbs who alerts the police to criminal activity is the ‘copper's nark’ in some other areas. 2010 (Nexis) 28 Apr. 39 As a law-abiding citizen, I support the police. the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > courteous forms of address or title > [noun] > title > for a man > in revolutionary or communist society 1793 2 Feb. At a quarter past ten..arrived Citizens Jacques Claude Bercard, and Jacques Roux, both Municipal Officers. 1799 1 155 He was called to the female citizen Dangiviller, whom he found in a miserable situation. 1837 T. Carlyle III. vi. ii. 359 Citizen Laflotte, himself Suspect but desiring enfranchisement, has reported said Plot. 1859 C. Dickens iii. i. 166 Citizen, I desire nothing more than to get to Paris. 1913 Baroness Orczy iii. xlvi. 413 The gates of the chateau..are just opposite here on the right, citizen. 1976 A. A. Cohen v. 101 Citizen So-and-So was arrested in January 1966 for circulating samizdat copies of disreputable and anti-Soviet literature. 1989 (Nexis) 31 Aug. My aging but loyal Ford Cortina..and I found ourselves stuck in a traffic jam alongside Citizen Hatton's Daimler Sovereign the other day. 2003 G. MacIntyre ix. 87 Lord Daer..wished to be known as Citizen Douglas. society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > nationalism > [noun] > cosmopolitanism > person 1849 July 157 Milton..used the lyre simply as the handmaid of the theologian and the politician, characters which with him were indissolubly connected, binding into one the whole life of man, as a responsible being and an earthly citizen. 1852 T. J. Vaiden 624 A rational, honest, truthful and honorable high-minded world citizen. 1910 G. R. Kirkpatrick ix. 263 The Social Man, the World Patriot, the International Citizen. 1965 Aug. 53/3 Man of the world. A truly international citizen is Julius Mueller. 1988 15 Oct. 21/1 This is one way for us to be environmentally responsible global citizens. the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] > inhabitant(s) of ?c1422 T. Hoccleve Ars Sciendi Mori l. 627 in (1970) i. 202 Angels shuln keepe him, & he shal be gyed And led by Citeins of the hy Contree..to the Court of heuene. a1425 (a1400) (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 8925 Þe bryght cete of heven es large and brade..ilka citesayne þat wonned þare Had als mykelle bewte or mare Als Absolon. 1526 W. Bonde iii. sig. NNNiiii Make vs citezins in heuen. 1574 St. Avstens Manuell in sig. Ov There the daysunne of righteousnesse..in lighteneth all the Citizens of the heauenly soyle. 1633 W. Prynne i. 60 O my beloued, how can you euer say, that..you are the Saints of God, and Citizens of Heauen; not Satans Minions, or Burgers of this present wicked world? 1665 R. Boyle v. x. sig. Mm5v A Citizen of the Heavenly Jerusalem, and but a Stranger and a Sojourner here. a1778 A. Steele (1780) 41 Nor can thy tints..Describe the vigorous life, the active joy Which animates a citizen of heaven. 1801 J. Overton iv. 144 Instead of the citizen of heaven, he was become the bondslave of hell. 1850 Oct. 496 He..whose holy life, godly conversation, and heavenly deportment..caused him to appear more like a citizen of Heaven's metropolis, than a denizen of earth. 1908 M. H. Sparks in A. Bagby xv. 284 People who want or expect to be citizens of heaven should strive to be good citizens on earth. 1948 E. Jones i. 14 The heavenly citizen looked surprised. 2011 S. E. Hill i. 41 Those who wallow in the fleshly body will not become heavenly citizens. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > [noun] c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 930 In this Region certeyn Duelleth many a Citezeyn Of which that seketh Daun Plato These ben eyryssh bestes. 1508 J. Fisher sig. xx.viii Who ben ye cytezeyns of this regyon, truely none other but deuyls. 1594 W. Shakespeare sig. D4 His hand..(Rude Ram to batter such an Iuorie wall:) May feele her heart (poore Cittizen) distrest, Wounding it selfe to death. 1603 T. Dekker et al. sig. A3 Lets ring a hunters peale, and in the eares Of our swift forrest, Cittizens proclaime, Defiance to their lightnes. ?1614 W. Drummond Sextain: The Heauen doth not in A..Citizen of Thetis christall Floodes. 1754 H. Jones 17 Behold the Ant, That Citizen severe, with all her Tribes Incorporate. 1840 Sept. 599/2 Like a quiet citizen of the woods, he [sc. the squirrel] lacks some of the showy accomplishments of his neighbours. 1894 Apr. 337 Beautiful moonlight nights..are the bane of a certain class of observers, for the silvery beams..blot out from view a host of the most important and interesting of the ‘citizens of the sky’. 1938 R. Graves 154 Becoming a good citizen of the house like its [sc. the china plate's] fellow-crockery. 1979 Oct. 33/1 A jellyfish..carries poison cells that can sting other citizens of the sea. 2001 J. Williamson ii. 11 The first citizens of space. They'll be at home on the Moon! 1533 (new ed.) I. vii. ccxliii. f. cixx/1 Iohn erle of Huntyngeton..spedde hym into Normandye, and so ayded the cytezens and the soldyours of Roan. 1583 T. Stocker tr. iii. 87 b Citizens, Souldiers, Souldiers Wiues, and Pages, laye at it daye and night: insomuch that it was quickly dispatcht. 1634 N. C. vi. 29 A Clergie man, or citizen, or souldier. a1683 A. Sidney (1698) iii. xiii. 309 This Sanction, to which every man, whether Magistrate or private Citizen, was subject. 1712 28 At Two a Clock in the Morning the Drums beat to assemble as well the Citizens as Soldiers. 1777 July 381/1 General Washington did..propose, a general exchange of all prisoners of war..viz. ‘officers for officers of equal rank, soldier for soldier, and citizen for citizen’. 1833 9 78 While private individuals are to consider only their duties as private citizens the soldier is bound by military as well as civil law. 1862 W. C. Harris ii. 46 The guard..will have no conversation with citizens or prisoners. 1921 C. Gill xii. 156 The whole system favours the official against the ordinary citizen. 1977 11 Apr. 45/3 Many of the desaparecidos were innocent citizens abducted and murdered by soldiers and police in mufti. 2010 C. S. Smith & L.-C. Hung iii. 82 Terrorists..primarily kill citizens, not soldiers. †B. adj.society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [adjective] a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. ii. 8 I am not well: But not so Citizen a wanton, as To seeme to dye, ere sicke. View more context for this quotation Phrases P1. society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > nationalism > [noun] > cosmopolitanism > person 1583 A. Marten tr. P. M. Vermigli iv. xv. 274/1 When it was objected against a Philosopher that he should be banished, he answered that he was a Citizen of the world. 1625 F. Bacon (new ed.) 70 If a Man be Gracious, and Curteous to Strangers, it shewes, he is a Citizen of the World. 1658 tr. S. de Cyrano de Bergerac 135 He is a Cosmopolite a Citizen, of the world, and his Country is every where. 1762 O. Goldsmith (title) The citizen of the world; or, Letters from a Chinese philosopher, residing in London, to his friends in the East. 1799 W. Godwin III. xi. 283 Yesterday I was a prisoner, crippled in every limb; to-day I was a citizen of the world, capable of all its delights. 1821 Ld. Byron 12 Dec. (1979) IX. 78 I am a Citizen of the World—content where I am now—but able to find a country elsewhere. 1893 Feb. 520 A good citizen—and by citizen I mean, of course, a citizen of the world—must be a man of large sympathies. 2011 E. Morozov ix. 247 The cyber-utopian belief that the Internet would turn us into uber-tolerant citizens of the world..had proved to be unfounded. P2. society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > nationalism > [noun] > cosmopolitanism > person 1745 D. Fordyce I. xi. 391 We may come to consider ourselves as..Spectators and Citizens of Nature rather than Retainers to this or the other Party. 1763 H. Walpole III. ii. 82 An original genius, a citizen of nature. 1823 H. Horne (title) The citizen of nature: in a series of letters from an American Indian, in London, to his friend at home. 1872 W. W. Reade (1874) ii. 186 We are governed..by moral laws which it is our duty as citizens of nature to obey. 1946 8 79/1 I pledge myself to be a citizen of Nature. I promise to protect the birds, respect the trees and refrain from picking the wild flowers. 1991 L. E. Goodman iii. 91 As a citizen of nature, Stoic man bears not merely Cynic immunities but positive obligations. Compounds C1. Appositive. 1576 R. Robinson tr. F. Patrizi iii. f. 22v Citizen Magistrates are far better, and gouerne muche more honourablye then straungers. a1634 R. Chapman (1635) 80 The sinne-sunke citizen woman. 1791 E. Sayer 175 The true value of a philosopher King, and of a citizen philosopher. 1817 1 127 Those citizen-warriors..passed, without ambition, from the plough to the command of armies. 1828 J. K. Paulding 174 The citizen geese will call us all to nought, and choose other wise geese in our stead. 1886 No. 13. 117 This plan accustoms the prisoners while in confinement to ordinary conditions of citizen workers in factories outside. 1916 6 130 The officers of the senior cadets are citizen officers. 1942 May 443/2 He can accept further responsibilities in the activities of the state as a citizen advocate for certain public policies. 1988 P. Borrelli p. xi The glacial progress of environmental reform..has led to burnout, disappointment, and embitterment among citizen activists. 2005 R. W. Stewart I. 17 It was usually..the citizen-volunteer who swelled the Army's ranks in earlier wars. b. 1576 [see Compounds 1a]. 1799 J. Stock 30 Here comes a letter..very politely inviting the citizen magistrate Devitt to intreat the inhabitants [etc.]. 1850 W. H. Dixon xxvi. 384 On these points the citizen magistrates appear to have much sounder notions than their neighbours on the opposite side of the street. 1996 M. Rocke (1997) i. ii. 50 The citizen magistrates had no authority to execute the convicted man. 1790 31 Aug. The splendour that suited a citizen Prince. 1837 H. Hallam I. iii. 244 A republican government that was rapidly giving way before the citizen-prince. 2000 C. Preston iii. 104 The new citizen-princes mimicked the powerful families of the Florentine quattrocento in their displays of purchasing power and patronage. 1795 W. Cobbett 53 This is all very well for these Citizen-sovereigns, and Sovereign-citizens. 1897 31 Aug. 3/6 In a republic the state has no more important duty than the education of its citizen sovereigns. 2007 5 574/2 People as citizens..make the laws for the people as subjects; this model renders authority accountable to the citizen-sovereigns. 1648 No. 19. sig. T2 The State's trotting Ambassadors sitting like Benchers in state, in came the Citizen Committee. 1794 J. Monroe Let. 3 Mar. in (1969) 283 There is no citizen law, and inhabitance makes citizenship, by the constitution of that State. 1838 21 Mar. The system of Valdez seems to be to complete this citizen army, and render it sufficient for the guard of the southern and middle provinces. 1898 19 Mar. 282/3 We can do something by way of citizen initiative, and to this end there exist in various cities organizations like the Municipal Art Society of New York and the Fairmount Park Association of Philadelphia. 1923 105 4/1 It violates the whole principle of civic cooperation and citizen participation in government, which is the essential basis of democracy. 1980 Oct. 38/1 In Fitchburg, Massachusetts, people were so scared of freezing last winter that they dreamed up a program of door-to-door citizen action which was supposed to weatherize half their houses in five weeks. 2002 8 Dec. 46/2 Sometimes it is not until citizen complaints reach a critical mass that public agencies take action. C3. a. With the first element in singular form. society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > [noun] > radio wave > length of > specific > short waveband for private communication 1957 21 Oct. (advt.) Used radio transceivers on citizen band. 1976 199 It is estimated that approximately 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 Citizen Band transmitters are presently in use in the United States. 1995 D. Grey & P. Grey 62 The only communications available all the way up the Waterway is Citizen Band, which we recommend. 2011 J. E. Bynum x. 127 I confidently turned on my citizen-band radio and listened..to the colorful chatter of truckers discussing weather and road conditions. 1995 9 Apr. b2/5 A handful of daily newspapers have moved toward civic or citizen journalism. 2005 23 Nov. 31/5 I do think professional and citizen journalism will blur together,..because we will find that some amateurs are as talented as a professional journalist. 2010 A. Goodman in D. M. Jones et al. v. 110 The emergence of the Iranian blogosphere is an indication of the success of ‘citizen journalism’. 1990 T. Terrar in C. Peden & Y. Hudson 240 Ownership of the press..requires..half of newspaper space available for citizen journalists, rather than for advertisers. 1995 May 17/1 We already have ‘citizen journalists’, which are what talk radio has essentially created by incessantly attacking the mainstream press. 1999 D. J. Krajicek 203 Matt Drudge, the loopy-looking Internet tittle-tattler who calls himself a ‘citizen journalist’. 2009 S. R. Lincoln ii. 20 User-generated content. Citizen journalists. Through blogs, podcasts and videos, people are now writers, radio broadcasters and film makers. 1790 27 Mar. 298/2 That liberty, which our august representatives and a citizen King have obtained for us. 1792 J. White tr. G.-H. de R. de Mirabeau II. 168 A despotic monarch might be arrested in his progress; and shall not a citizen-king, a king placed in the midst of an armed people, be subject to the like controul? a1808 F. Ames (1809) 268 All the citizen kings were fairly crammed together, forty deep, into a Philadelphia state-house-yard. 1830 J. C. Hobhouse Let. 17 Dec. in T. Juste (1871) 268 He [sc. Prince Leopold] may do very well for a citizen-king. 1850 H. Martineau II. iv. xiii. 167 All eyes were fixed on the Citizen King [sc. Louis Philippe]. 1915 9 Jan. 454/2 Now you are peasant soldiers. You have the opportunity to become citizen kings. We are all kings here. 1979 P. Mody 46 The lessons so painfully worked out by Plato for his philosopher-kings..would be too specialised for the Citizen Kings of modern times. 2011 D. McCullough i. ii. 44 Even the plump ‘Citizen King’, Louis-Philippe himself, could occasionally be seen out for a stroll. 1819 T. Campbell III. 241 Its drafts of citizen life and manners have an air of reality and honest truth. 1874 J. P. Mahaffy viii. 254 Citizen life was too precious to be poured out in wrath. 1920 W. G. Sleight xi. 214 We grasp the idea of school life as preparatory for citizen life. 2012 S. L. James in S. L. James & S. Dillon ii. 82 Pregnancy..would destroy the girl's prospects altogether and render her useless in the social economy of citizen life. 2005 17 July a8/4 The Institute for Interactive Journalism..has been tracking citizen media projects. 2008 15 Mar. 46/4 It is here that critics of citizen media make their best case, pointing out that so much of what's out there cannot be trusted. 2012 (Nexis) 21 Mar. 1 A 22–year old rapper from North London explains why he's joining Syria's citizen media. 1989 Jan. 12/4 Audubon involves 225 society members from all 50 states in a ‘citizen science’ program... Volunteers collect rain samples, test their acidity levels, and report the results to Audubon headquarters. 2002 M. B. Mulder & P. Coppolillo xi. 295/1 Citizen science has the potential to strengthen conservation practice in the developing world. 2012 M. Nielsen vii. 151 Citizen science can be a powerful way both to collect and also to analyze enormous data sets. 1912 11 Sept. 4/2 Trafford, thus serenely established, should..have returned to his researches with a new confidence and content and become a noble citizen-scientist. 1936 65 Could not Science..turn out a race of citizen scientists who do not make an absolute religion of the acquisition of new scientific knowledge however useless or harmful it may be? 1949 16 July 74/3 By 1930 most citizen-scientists had perfected a technique which brought gin to its peak of flavor and high-octane potency five minutes after the ingredients had been well mixed. 1979 11 Oct. 105/2 The ‘citizen-scientist’, the amateur investigator who in the past contributed substantially to the development of science through part-time dabbling. 2013 G. R. Hubbell xiii. 233 A citizen scientist in the astronomical field has a unique opportunity because astronomy is a wholly observational science. society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > type of soldier generally > [noun] > unskilled or untrained 1590 L. Lloyd 358 The gouernment of tyrants, who hauing a gard of thirtie thousand of citizen souldiers to defend them in all tyrannie, made hauocke and spoile. 1769 T. Smollett et al. tr. Voltaire XVI. 196 The citizen soldier marries, and fights for his wife and children. 1843 W. H. Prescott I. ii. viii. 367 The citizen-soldiers of Villa Rica. 1904 7 May 7/2 It is a bad day for any people, when they become flag-crazy, when they forget that the only soldier worthy of admiration is the citizen soldier, who fights in defence of the liberties, or the independence of his country, or the rights of manhood. 2006 5 May 9/2 We now have a fully professional army, and there is little room for what was once known as the ‘citizen soldier’. b. With the first element in the plural or genitive. 2003 6 Dec. (Travel section) 4/8 Citizens Advice has urged the Government to crack down on holiday club salesmen who make promises but fail to deliver them. 2011 S. Coogan et al. 187 I was in TV centre with my lawyer (who's more au fait with citizens advice..than TV contracts..). 2012 12 Sept. 10 Members of Citizens' Advice will be in Haughton Children's Centre..to give out free help. the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > advice > [noun] > adviser or counsellor > services or organizations providing 1939 31 Aug. 5/1 Plans have been prepared by the National Council of Social Service during the past few months for setting up citizens' advice bureaux in London and the larger cities and towns throughout the country in time of war. 1969 29 July 5/5 There is already a citizens' advice bureau just down the road. 1998 I. Bradford in R. Bull (2000) iii. 96 Citizens Advice Bureaux (CAB), libraries or councils for voluntary service are useful places to seek advice on charitable sources. 2008 C. Digman & S. Soan v. 67 The Citizen's Advice Bureau..can offer free debt counselling and management. society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > arrest > [noun] > other types of arrest 1941 2nd Ser. 16 655 Several days after the trial of said action, defendant purported to make a so-called citizen's arrest of Mr. Prouty under section 837 of the Penal Code. 1972 2 Mar. 48/1 Four members of the Oklahoma Ku Klux Klan attempted a citizens' arrest of the cast of the musical, Hair, during a nude scene. 1986 20 Aug. 1/5 Joseph Hanson..was detained after a private detective made a citizen's arrest on a double-decker bus. 2010 P. Barclay (2011) p. xv While visiting London in 1999, Mugabe was the object of an attempted citizen's arrest by Peter Tatchell. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > types of deliberative or legislative assembly > [noun] 1836 tr. A. H. L. Heeren 159 The citizens' assembly [Ger. Die Bürgerversammlung] (Conseil general), which included every householder who enjoyed the rights of citizenship, deliberated upon all important matters. 1980 10 Dec. 14/4 Citizens' assemblies in several [Swiss] suburbs have voted money for youth centres in the aftermath of the troubles. 2020 (Nexis) 21 Apr. For the past few years, local authorities have broadened the range of voices in local decision-making through citizens' assemblies. society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > [adjective] > type of wave > short waveband for private communication society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > [noun] > radio wave > length of > specific > short waveband for private communication 1947 6 Oct. 63/3 The Federal Communications Commission has already set aside the area from 460 to 470 megacycles as a special citizens' band in the air waves. 1948 Dec. 44/3 It has been possible to obtain greater output at higher efficiencies with less heating power in cathode types than in filamentary types at the Citizens Band frequency. 1960 16 May 80/2 The citizens band radio consists of a one-piece transmitter-receiver. 1976 9 Sept. 541/1 His fundamental work on narrow-channel transmission of mobile radio (citizen's band, or CB, in American parlance) is well advanced. 2001 3 Mar. a5 Other truckers began shouting at him through their citizens-band radios that a two-foot-long, 30-pound steel mudflap bracket had just fallen off his rig into the northbound lanes. society > law > legal right > [noun] > document conferring right or privilege > concerning rights of citizens the mind > language > speech > agreement > promise > [noun] > document containing 1851 (74th Session) 1 417 Mr. Macomber presented the petition of citizens of Williamsburgh, for the passage of the citizens' charter incorporating said city, which was read and referred to a select committee. 1903 87 146 The citizens' charter of St. Paul, adopted May 1, 1900, lawfully conferred upon the common council of that city the right to take private property for public use upon just compensation. 1913 C. E. Innes (title) The Citizens' Charter. A scheme of national organisation. 1991 J. Major Speech 23 Mar. in (House of Commons Libr. Ref. Sheet 92/8) (1992) (cover) What we now aim to do is to put in place a comprehensive Citizen's Charter. It will work for quality across the whole range of public services. 2012 (Nexis) 22 Mar. Volunteers have been out canvassing on the East End's biggest housing estate for a Citizens' Charter aimed at the London Mayor elections on May 3. 1998 10 Aug. (Media section) 10/5 My specific proposal is to get people creating their own home pages... I call it a citizens' media. 2005 31 July (Business section) 8/5 There is a new player in the media business... It's called citizens' media, or consumer-generated media. 2009 19 449 The next group of articles explores the role and potential of citizens' media within social movements. Derivatives 1840 tr. H. de Balzac in tr. J. Janin et al. 2 Those least impure lands of citizendom [Fr. bourgeoisie], between the numbers 30 and 150 of the Rue du Faubourg St. Honoré. 1888 J. Bryce xxxix. 450 The collective citizendom of the State. 1931 J. H. Monahan tr. C. S. Hurgronje i. 10 The social life of Mekka citizendom. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch 689 Men that rise by armes..can not facion them selues to be companions with the common people, (who citizen like vse a common familiaritie together). 1647 R. Gentilis tr. B. Malvezzi 88 Prince's take Citizen-like advise, when they adventure their estates upon a point of reputation. 1691 J. Dunton III. 67 I applied my self (Citizen like) to the outside of my Beast. 1775 tr. Aristotle iii. ii. 27 The Antients made their Characters speak Citizen-like. 1850 R. W. Emerson Plato in ii. 73 Socrates..affected a good many citizen-like tastes. 1995 16 Feb. 33/3 Rorty's liberalism rests on the assumption that we can sharply separate our private selves and their demands from our public, citizen-like selves. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). citizenv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: citizen n. 1686 F. Philipps xxviii. 618 No Gentleman or Lover of Honour, Gentry or Families, would ever have had an hand in such a destruction, Levelling, Clowning, Citizening, and Ungentlemanning all, or too many of the Ancient Families of England. 1805 R. Bisset IV. lvii. 242 This insignificant society adopted the French phraseology of citizening each other. 1871 19 Apr. 5 Now the sentinel ‘citizens’ me, and I ‘citizen’ him. 1903 H. Shackelford vi. 78 At first Holcomb took these fighting, yelling, singing, gesticulating Parisians, strutting about, theeing and thouing, citizening and citizenessing each other, as a joke. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.adj.a1325 v.1686 |
