| 单词 | closed system |
| 释义 | > as lemmasclosed system closed system n. a complete and essentially unalterable system (of ideas, doctrines, things, etc.); a material system in which the total mass or energy remains constant; a self-contained realm, unaffected by external forces. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > thermodynamics > [noun] > system where energy and mass constant closed system1896 the world > relative properties > order > [noun] > quality of being systematic > systematic arrangement > a system or scheme > specific types of system hierarchy1644 algebra1663 network1839 closed system1896 open system1939 1896 W. James Will to Believe (1897) 13 A system, to be a system at all, must come as a closed system, reversible in this or that detail, perchance, but in its essential features never! 1912 J. S. Huxley Individual in Animal Kingdom v. 143 The tendency towards the formation of closed systems has manifested itself. 1922 A. N. Whitehead Princ. Relativity ii. 21 We are treating nature as a closed system. 1925 O. W. Holmes in Holmes–Laski Lett. (1953) I. 706 I take it that he thinks no one a philosopher who hasn't a closed system—a cosmos that accounts for and sustains itself and is seen as necessary. 1947 Mind 56 64 It is asserted in the science of physics that in a closed system where there are exchanges of energy, energy is conserved. 1948 E. F. Obert Thermodynamics ii. 27 A closed system contains a constant mass, and only energy is allowed to cross the boundary. 1951 T. J. Benac tr. F. Waismann Introd. Math. Thinking 60 Each of the three systems—the natural numbers, the integers, the rational numbers—forms a closed system by itself, and it is quite impossible to go from one of these domains to another by adjoining new elements. 1958 Oxf. Dict. Christian Church 100/2 For practical purposes it is necessary to treat the material world as a closed system. < as lemmas |
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