coaln.

Brit.

/kəʊl/, U.S.

/koʊl/

Forms:

α. Old English (chiefly in compounds) Middle English coll, Old English–Middle English col, Middle English coil, Middle English coyll, Middle English kole, Middle English–1600s colle, Middle English–1600s coole, Middle English–1800s cole, 1500s coell, 1500s coile, 1500s coulles (plural), 1500s coyles (plural), 1500s–1600s coolles (plural), 1500s–1700s coale, 1500s– coal; Scottish pre-1700 coale, pre-1700 coell, pre-1700 coil, pre-1700 coile, pre-1700 coill, pre-1700 col, pre-1700 cole, pre-1700 colle, pre-1700 coyll, pre-1700 koill, pre-1700 kole, pre-1700 koll, pre-1700 kooll, pre-1700 1700s coall, pre-1700 1700s– coal, pre-1700 (1900s– Shetland) coll, pre-1700 (1900s– Shetland) kol.

β. Scottish (north-eastern) 1800s– quile, 1900s– kwile, 1900s– kwyle, 1900s– quille, 1900s– quyle.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian kole, kōle (West Frisian koal), Middle Dutch cōle (in Old Dutch perhaps in a place name; Dutch kool), Middle Low German kōle, kāle, kol, Old High German kolo, kol (Middle High German kol, German Kohle), Old Icelandic kol, Old Swedish kol, kul (Swedish kol), Old Danish cull (Danish kul), variously denoting mineral coal and charcoal in early use; further etymology uncertain.Further etymology. Attempts to establish an Indo-European etymology have encountered numerous difficulties; perhaps compare Early Irish gúal coal, Sanskrit jval- to blaze, jvāla flame. However, although close semantically, the proposed connection with Early Irish gúal raises formal difficulties. Alternatively, on the assumption that the word referred originally to a combustible substance that had been through a burning and cooling process (i.e. charcoal), it is sometimes suggested that it may ultimately be from the same base as cool adj. and cold adj. Form history. The gender and declensional class shows considerable variation among the Germanic languages; in Old English a strong neuter (a -stem). The β. forms, which are only found denoting a live or glowing coal or ember, show a diphthongization that is found sporadically in north-eastern Scotland: see Sc. National Dict. Introd. §126.2. Specific senses. With sense 4a compare sea-coal n. 1 and discussion at that entry. With sense 5 compare similar use of classical Latin carbō (see carbon n.), carbunculus carbuncle n., Middle French, French charbon (see charbon n.).c1236 in J. T. Fowler Chartularium Abbathiæ de Novo Monasterio (1878) 55 Et ad carbonem maris capiendum, etc. Place-name evidence. Apparently attested early in place names, although often difficult to distinguish from other place-name elements, e.g. forms of cool adj. As the first element in place names such as Colerne , Wiltshire (1086; now Colerne), Colret , Kent (1086; now Coldred; compare also Colredinga ‘of the people of Coldred’ in a 13th-cent. copy of a charter of 944), it probably refers to charcoal-burning (compare sense 2). In the case of other place names, such as Culeford , Somerset (1234; now Coleford), it is disputed whether reference is to charcoal or mineral coal (compare sense 4 and also discussion at coal pit n.).

a. In a fire, furnace, etc.: a glowing ember; a piece of carbonized fuel burning or smouldering without flame. Frequently with distinguishing word or phrase, as coal of fire, hot coal, live coal, etc.In this sense, and sense 1b, frequently with reference to either charcoal or mineral coal used as fuel (in earliest use probably chiefly the former), and hence overlapping with senses 2 and 4, esp. in modern use.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > specifically live or glowing in a fire

coaleOE

gleedc950

fire coala1398

coal branda1425

kindling coal1592

coffin1797

gathering-coal1808

coffin-spark1821

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a live coal

coaleOE

gleedc950

fire coala1398

kindling coal1592

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) vii. 49 He geseah ær hine clænsian ðurh ða colu ðæs alteres [L. per altaris calculum].

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. l. 124 Wiþ deawwyrme stæppe on hat col, cele mid wætre, stæppe on swa hat swa he hatost mæge.

OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 184 Þæt fyr wearð þa acwenced, þæt þær an col ne gleow, and þæt folc tealde þæt to drycræfte.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 205 (MED) A quic col berninde ope ane hyeape of dyade coles.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. vi. 6 Ther fleiȝ to me oon of the serafyn, and in his hond a cole, that with the toenge he toc fro the auter.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 6762 Þair hertes sal bryn with-in als a cole.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 73 They retche not whos hows brenneth, so that they may warme them by the coles.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. AAAiii Compelled to walke vpon the hote coles.

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. H.ij The coles can not be in the embres withoute sparkes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iii. vi. 105 It is like a coale of fire, sometimes plew, and sometimes red.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) i. 58 The Coals of Juniper raked up will keep a glowing Fire for the space of a year.

1711 E. Budgell Spectator No. 162. ¶4 A Piece of Flesh broiling on the Coals.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 145 The Fire-wood was burnt..into Embers, or live Coals.

1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 27 When you cut Bread for a Toast,..lay it on the Coals.

1821 Examiner 732/2 He made nothing of eating burning coals.

1852 N. Hawthorne Mother Rigby's Pipe in Internat. Mag. Feb. 182/1 A coal for my pipe!

1872 J. W. Revere Keel & Saddle 159 Good pasture-fed California beef broiled on the coals of a wood-fire.

1936 M. R. Anand Coolie iii. 98 ‘Oooi,’ he shrieked, and fell back almost immediately, for he had touched a live coal.

1987 K. Lette Girls' Night Out (1989) 213 You'd rather endure walking on hot coals.

2007 G. Potter White Bedouin xx. 140 The fire had been built from small branches, not large pieces of wood, so the coals had a low temperature.

b. A burnt or partially burnt piece of carbonized fuel which is not now glowing or burning; esp. a partially consumed piece of fuel that retains sufficient carbon to be capable of further combustion. Chiefly with distinguishing word, as dead coal, black coal, etc. Cf. as black as coal at Phrases 1.In early use frequently difficult to distinguish from sense 1c; see also note at sense 1a.With quot. OE compare Isidore Origines 19. 6. 7 (the probable source): pruna est quamdiu ardet; quum autem extincta fuerit, carbo nominatur ‘it is pruna for as long as it is burning; but when it has gone out it is called carbo’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [noun] > cinder

coaleOE

cinder1530

ghost1807

ghost-coal1824

eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xvii. 9 Carbones succensi sunt ab eo : colu onęlde sind from him.

OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 66 Pruna, gled. Carbo, coll.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 205 Ane hyeape of dyade coles.

a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xvii. 10 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 148 (MED) Koles þat ware dounfalland Kindled ere ofe him glouand.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 11862 (MED) Heroude..sleeþ his leches deed as cole.

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Niii/2 A Cole cold, carbo.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) v. i. 68 Starres, Starres, And all eyes else, dead coales .

1738 G. Smith Curious Relations II. 26 He took a dead Coal from the Hearth, and with it drew the Face of him who had invited him.

1849 Dublin Univ. Mag. June 715/1 Whenever she leaves the house, she places the tongs across the cradle, and puts a quenched coal in the child's bib.

1863 Irish Temperance League Jrnl. Feb. 11/2 The father took in silence a dead coal from the hearth, and reached it to his daughter.

1915 Outing Mar. 752/2 Little remains of the soft wood logs that flamed so freely the night before but a few butts with charred ends and a scattered litter of black, dead coals.

1974 K. E. Woodiwiss Wolf & Dove xxv. 489 Soon there was a trail to follow, the cold coals of a campfire, the flattened grass where a maid might have rested.

2004 D. Smith Great Meals Dutch Oven Style 14 The coals can be saved until later... Simply relight the coals and they will work just fine.

†c. The result or residue of combustion; cinders; ashes; charred remains. Also as a count noun: a burnt or charred mass. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [noun] > ashes or cinders

easlea1000

ashc1000

coalOE

fire-izelsa1325

cinderc1400

sawdusta1873

OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 403 Ac him com fyr to færlice ehsynes, and forbærnde his lic eall on þam baþe to colum.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 27 (MED) He mahte iseon ane berninde glede þet hine al for-bernað þurut to cole.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 4367 (MED) To cold coles sche schal be brent.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 67 He schall fynde within hem [sc. the apples of Sodom] coles & cyndres [?a1425 Egerton aschez and poudre and coles; Fr. cendres].

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 342 Six finger thicke a floor therof thow paue With lyme & askys mixt with cole & sonde.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 208/2 Coles suche as be gyven in tenebre weke, afferendons.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. vi. 145 If he could burne vs all into one coale, We haue deseru'd it.

1655 E. Terry Voy. E.-India 48 They set her [sc. a ship] on fire to make her a Coal, rather than we should make her a Prize.

1844 M. Faraday Let. 20 Jan. in Corr. (1996) III. 185 The amount of coal on the top of the thick & thin cottons [sc. wicks] was different.

a. Fuel prepared from wood or other organic matter by a process of smothered combustion or dry distillation, whereby the volatile constituents are driven off and the substance reduced to more or less pure carbon; charcoal. In later use chiefly in plural (cf. charcoal n. 2). Chiefly U.S. and Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) in later use.Recorded earliest in coal pit n. 1.In quot. c1405 as a count noun: a piece of charcoal.beech-, lind-, wood-coal, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > charcoal > [noun]

coalOE

charcoalc1400

lind-coal14..

black coal1525

small coal1591

beech-coal1607

sallow charcoal1615

brier-coal1626

wood-coal1653

withy-cole1657

chark1708

vegetable ethiops1752

biochar1995

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > charcoal > [noun] > individual piece

coalc1405

OE Bounds (Sawyer 772) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1893) III. 517 Of þære dic on þone ealdan collpytt þær þa þreo gemæru togædere gaþ.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1184 Makian an eorð-hus..& dude þer-inne muchel col & claðes i-nowe.

a1325 St. Juliana (Corpus Cambr.) 162 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 67 He lette make of wode [and] col a strang fur and god.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) l. 1160 This false Chanoun..Out of his bosom he took a Bechen cole.

c1440 (a1350) Sir Isumbras (Thornton) (1844) l. 427 Appone a horse that coles broghte.

1563 T. Gale Certaine Wks. Chirurg. iii. i. f. 1 The vsuall pouder, made of Sulphur, Saltpeter, & Cole.

1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xiv. i. 354 Fiers,..of cole, composed speciallie of beech.

1610 T. W. de la Warre Let. Sept. in A. Brown Genesis U.S (1890) I. 415 I sett..the landmen some to cleanse the towne, some to make cole for the forges.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. i. vii. f. 53^v Turning of trees to coles for fuwel, when there is sufficient dead wood, is waste.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 209 I contriv'd to burn some Wood..till it became Chark, or dry Coal.

1740 G. Smith tr. Laboratory (rev. ed.) App. p. xxxiv That the coals be of lime-tree.

1867 Official Rec. Intercolonial Exhib. Australasia 1866–7 240 Burning wood for coals.

1907 G. F. S. Elliott Romance Plant Life x. 137 This is the Juniper of the Bible, and it is still used for making coals.

1930 Weekly Guardian (Trinidad) 21 June 1 A fairly large quantity of coal had been drawn from the pit.

1994 I. J. Boodhoo Between Two Seasons 140 ‘Where Pa gone?’ ‘To burn coals,’ she replied. ‘Your father gone in the high-wood to burn coals.’

b. Charcoal used for writing or drawing. Formerly also as a count noun: †a piece of charcoal used in this way; a charcoal pencil (obsolete). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > writing materials > writing instrument > [noun] > charcoal

coal?a1425

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > charcoal

coal1675

painters' scribbet1675

charcoal1688

fusain1870

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) 145^v (MED) Be the circuite of þe testicule ymerked wiþ ynke or wiþ a cole.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 166 Write sum..carect with cole or chalk in the wal.

1573 Treat. Arte of Limming f. ii With a cole made sharpe at the poynte.

1590 J. Davidson Reply to Bancroft in Wodrow Soc. Misc. 508 It hath pleased his Majestie..to note it with a coal..in the margent of Bancroft's book.

1675 N. Grew Compar. Anat. Trunks ii. vii. 75 It maketh an excellent coal for Painters Scribets.

1735 J. Barrow Dict. Polygraphicum II. at Indian Ink The out-lines having been first drawn with a coal or black lead..draw all the outlines of your picture very faintly.

1869 Ladies' Repository June 450/1 I saw my before mentioned pretty neighbor, next whom sat the gentleman with the black moustache, with a similar one in miniature as if drawn with a coal.

2003 F. Egmond & R. Zwijnenberg Bodily Extremities p. vii Leonardo da Vinci, The Angel in the Flesh, c. 1510-15, 26.8 x 19.7 cm, black coal on paper.

a. figurative and in figurative contexts (chiefly in sense 1a; in later use also with reference to sense 4).Recorded earliest in the Old English poetic compound heofoncolu (plural), lit. ‘heaven coals’, i.e. the burning heat of the sun.

ΚΠ

OE Exodus 71 Wiston him be suðan Sigelwara land, forbærned burhhleoðu, brune leode, hatum heofoncolum.

a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2291 Luxuria. I make a fer in mans towte... Þese cursyd colys I bere abowte, Mankynde in tene for to teye.

1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. iii. iii. f. 100/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Onely to kyndle coales of contention.

1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. D Affection is a coale that must be coold.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 83 Your breath first kindled the dead coale of warres.

1633 G. Herbert Employment in Temple ii Man is no starre, but a quick coal of mortall fire.

1742 I. Stiles Prospect of City of Jerusalem 47 Unpeaceable, Party Spirited Reformers, are dangerous Coals fitted to kindle a destroying Fire in a Place.

1852 T. A. Richards Tallulah & Jocassee iv. 211 To keep the lang syne coal of love alive and burning, some plan was demanded.

1867 E. S. Jackson Cabinet Earth Unlocked v. 25 The clear white diamond of truth may be turned into the black coal of falsehood.

1873 Appletons' Jrnl. 12 July 52/2 Live coals of rage were kindled within me.

1932 R. Kipling Limits & Renewals 142 Was my Demon going to lay the hot coal of inspiration on Lettcombe's unshorn lips—not on mine?

1963 Times 23 May 15/2 The clerk..seething with red-hot coals beneath a pallid exterior.

1992 L. L. Miller Caroline & Raider xxiv. 335 A little coal of passion was already burning bright deep inside her.

†b. The dark-coloured, flammable head of a match, esp. when burning or smouldering. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > material for igniting > [noun] > match, spill, or taper for lighting > specifically ignited by friction > part of

coal1590

matchstick1791

head1856

match splint1880

match-head1898

1590 J. Smythe Certain Disc. Weapons 18 If the touch powder bee not drie it taketh no fire, how good soever the cole of the match be.

1676 J. M. Sports & Pastimes 30 You must have a piece of well dried match-cord, light it that it may have a good coal.

1696 R. Howlett School Recreat. (new ed.) 58 Keeping your Match in order, with a good hard and well lighted Coal.

1722 H. Dean Whole Art of Legerdemain 84 Keep the Coal of the match the like distance from the End of the Crack.

1853 J. A. Dahlgren Naval Percussion Locks & Primers 19 With the match, this evil was augmented by the difficulty of communicating fire from its coal to the train of powder.

1901 J. Y. Bergen Found. Bot. 167 This gas may be shown to be oxygen by collecting some of it in a small inverted test-tube filled with water and thrusting the glowing coal of a match just blown out into the gas.

c. The smouldering tobacco in the bowl of a pipe, or at the tip of a cigar or cigarette. Now chiefly U.S.

ΚΠ

1855 P. Creyton Ironthorpe xxviii. 268 She even became quite jocose on the subject, advising William to let a coal drop from his pipe upon one of Rebecca's dresses some day.

1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. vi. 72 [The rick of straw] glowed on the windward side, rising and falling in intensity, like the coal of a cigar.

1931 W. Faulkner Sanctuary xx. 218 He put the pipe in his mouth and smoked it to a careful coal.

1965 Sci. News Let. 88 8/1 Measurements will be taken of the temperature of the cigarette coal while burning freely.

2004 S. King Song of Susannah 342 The coal of a cigarette made a lazy arc from his side to his mouth and then back down again.

a. A hard, opaque, combustible black or blackish mineral, consisting mainly of carbon, which occurs in seams or strata at or below the earth's surface and is mined for use as fuel and in industrial processes. (Now the most common sense.) Also as a count noun: any of a number of varieties of this material.Coal consists mainly of the mineralized remains of plants which were deposited as peat in former geological periods, esp. the Carboniferous and Permian.The chief varieties of coal (distinguished by their carbon content) are brown coal or lignite (typically about 35% carbon with a high content of moisture, volatile organic compounds, and ash), black or bituminous coal (about 60–80% carbon with considerable tar and volatiles), and anthracite (about 95% carbon); see the relevant words.Often with modifying word, originally to distinguish the material from charcoal, as earth, mineral, pit-, stone-coal, etc.; later also to indicate particular provenances, characteristics, etc., as cannel, coking, gas, Newcastle, Scotch, steam-coal, etc. These and many other compounds with coal as the second element are treated in their alphabetical places.Recorded earliest in sea-coal n. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun]

coal1253

sea-coal1253

pit-coal1483

cannel1541

earth coala1552

horse coal1552

Newcastle coal1552

stone-coal1585

cannel coal1587

parrot1594

burn-coal1597

lithanthrax1612

stony coal1617

Welsh coala1618

land-coala1661

foot coal1665

peacock coal1686

rough coal1686

white coal1686

heathen-coalc1697

coal-stone1708

round1708

stone-coal1708

bench-coal1712

slipper coal1712

black coal1713

culm1742

rock coal1750

board coal1761

Bovey coal1761

house coal1784

mineral coal1785

splint1789

splint coal1789

jet coal1794

anthracite1797

wood-coal1799

blind-coal1802

black diamond1803

silk-coal1803

glance-coal1805

lignite1808

Welsh stone-coal1808

soft1811

spout coals1821

spouter1821

Wallsend1821

brown coal1833

paper coal1833

steam-coal1850

peat-coal1851

cherry-coal1853

household1854

sinter coal1854

oil coal1856

raker1857

Kilkenny coal1861

Pottery coal1867

silkstone1867

block coal1871

admiralty1877

rattlejack1877

bunker1883

fusain1883

smitham1883

bunker coal1885

triping1886

trolley coal1890

kibble1891

sea-borne1892

jet1893

steam1897

sack coal1898

Welsh1898

navigation coal1900

Coalite1906

clarain1919

durain1919

vitrain1919

single1921

kolm1930

hards1956

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > coal

coal1253

main coal1708

black diamond1803

1253 Charter Hen. III in Archæol. Æliana (1880) 8 172 (note) Secole lan' extra Neugat' in suburbio London.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 399 Col [MS Gold, 1482 Caxton Cool] groweþ vnder lond.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. x. iv. 560 In erþy substaunce and troubly and boystous matiere fire is iclepid cole.

a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 2317 Charcole & cole, and al that necessary Is forto make armure and arowys fyne.

1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Fv^v (margin) Digged Cole.

1675 in F. W. Steer Farm & Cottage Inventories Mid-Essex (1950) 134 30^ty bushells of Coole.

1680 S. G. tr. Royal Charter of Confirmation City of London 139 The weighing of all Coals, called Stone-coals, Pit-coals, Earth-coals, and all other Coals weighable.

1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 71 The Men who carry Coal out of Warwickshire, and Leicestershire, to Northampton, do frequently load back with the Clay.

1781 J. Ballendine Let. 28 Feb. in T. Jefferson Papers (1952) V. 19 The Furnace..has a fine Stock of Coal and Ore, wanting only a Hearth to put her in Blast.

1785 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 797/1 Extracting tar and pitch from their coal.

1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. vii. 297 The liquor produced by the distillation of coal.

1841 W. Whewell Mech. Engin. 185 The engine consumed 80 lbs. of coal per hour, working 18 strokes per minute.

1857 E. C. Gaskell Life C. Brontë I. ii. 21 Leaving the old plodding life of a landowner.., he turns manufacturer, or digs for coal, or quarries for stone.

1860 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 636/1 At full speed she [sc. a steam-powered battleship] still carries five days' coal.

1876 D. Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 6) xiv. 250 Valuable beds of coal.

1915 Nature 9 Dec. 407/1 With electricity generated in modern power-houses, and ordinary metal filament lamps, 750,000 candle-power-hours are generated per ton of coal.

1943 T. Harrisson et al. Pub & People v. 161 This chap told his son to go out to the coalhouse and get some more coal for the fire.

1989 New Scientist 29 Apr. 51/1 Coals vary widely in chemical composition.

2008 Independent 10 Mar. 2/6 When burnt, coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuel but a range of methods..is being developed to reduce environmental impact or coal-fired power stations.

b. In plural. Originally: = sense 4a. In later use more commonly: pieces or lumps of coal, esp. for burning. Hence also in singular: a piece or lump of coal (cf. senses 1a, 1b).

ΚΠ

c1390 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Vernon) (1892) i. 219 Mynours, þei makeþ in hulles holes, As men don þat secheþ coles.

1441 in J. B. Paul Registrum Magni Sigilli Scotorum (1882) II. 69/2 Wyth al..petis and colis als wele under yerde as abone.

1547 in J. T. Fowler Chartularium Abbathiæ de Novo Monasterio (1878) 311 A Myne of Colles.

1563 Sc. Acts Q. Mary (1597) c. 84 That na coales be had furth of the Realme.

1605 W. Camden Remaines i. 1 Rich in minerall of coles, tinne, lead.

?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 26 There doth yet remain great quantities of Coles in the Earth.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 99 Coals..were heretofore seldom used in Chambers, as now they are.

1723 T. Lister Let. 14 Jan. in Early Hist. Don Navigation (1965) 133 The ship-masters..find that above 21,000 chalder of coals have been enter'd there [sc. Hull] in the last two years.

1785 B. Franklin Let. 28 Aug. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1786) 2 20 The inhabitants of London have had no general pestilential disorder since the general use of coals.

1792 Deb. on Motion for Abolition Slave-trade 108 Every child that carried a coal from the pit, was the bound slave of that borough... Without this principle of slavery the collieries could not be worked.

1833 Edinb. Rev. 57 79 The increased revenue from the transport of coals is very remarkable.

1887 L. Beard & A. B. Beard How to amuse yourself & Others vii. 85 There is a tradition that a coal, found attached to the roots of the mugwort or plantain on midsummer eve, will keep away misfortune.

a1930 N. Munro Jinnet's Tea-party in B. D. Osborne & R. Armstrong Erchie & Jimmy Swan (1993) i. xvi. 77 Duffy put up the price of coals another ha'penny.

1933 Harper's Mag. July 140/1 Put another coal on the fire, will you, my dear.

1997 A. Taylor Lover of Grave (2003) vii. iv. 205 The fire had burned low and Jill knelt on the hearthrug to add more coals.

†5. A black crust or core in an ulcer, boil, or bubo, esp. in plague or anthrax. Cf. carbuncle n. 3a. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil

boila1000

kyle1340

botcha1387

anthraxa1398

bealc1400

carbuncle?a1425

froncle1543

knub1563

anthracosis?1587

nail1600

big1601

ouche1612

bubuklea1616

bolwaie1628

coal1665

furuncle1676

Natal sore1851

gurry sore1897

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil > core of

core1532

coal1665

1665 G. Harvey Disc. Plague 4 Boyls or inflammations about the groin..which if they break, contain a black crust or coal within them.

1696 G. Harvey Treat. Small-pox & Measles (new ed.) 47 The Plague is ordinarily attended..with pimples equally various in colour, among which those that are of a shining purpre red, are named Carbuncles, and soon after turning into a black Crust, is call'd a Coal.

†6. A charred residue left in a retort after distillation. Cf. sense 1c. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > distillation > distillation products

coal1686

foreshot1893

1686 W. Harris tr. N. Lémery Course Chym. (ed. 2) ii. iv. 389 There can be hardly any fixed salt at all drawn from the coal which remains in the Retort, wherefore the coal is thrown away as useless.

1788 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Elements Nat. Hist. & Chem. IV. 182 A very abundant coal remains in the retort, which, lixiviated without incineration, affords a large quantity of fixed alkali.

1810 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 397 When tannin is distilled..there comes over also some empyreumatic oil, and a voluminous coal remains behind.

Phrases

P1. as black (in early use also †swart) as coal and variants: very black.In early use apparently with reference to sense 2, but now usually associated with sense 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [adjective] > typically black > as coal

coal-blackc1275

as black (in early use also swart) as coala1400

coaly1565

eOE Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) iii. xxxix. 332 Wyl eft oþ þæt hit sie swa þicce swa molcen & swa sweart swa col.

lOE Homily (Faust. A.ix) in R. Willard Two Apocrypha in Old Eng. Homilies (1935) 38 And oþer þara weroda bið swa sweart swa col, and oðer bið beorhtre þonne sunne.

c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 590 (MED) Þar he tok his gode fole, Also blak so eny cole.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 22489 Þe sternes..sal haf tint þair liht, And worde al blak sum ani col.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. i. 7 Now ar we waxen blak as any coyll.

1633 S. Rutherford Lett. (1863) I. 103 The visage of our Nazarites, sometime whiter than snow, is now become blacker than a coal.

1770 G. Washington Diary 15 Oct. (1976) II. 290 The soil..as black as a Coal.

1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy xx. 152 Poor Jolliffe, whose face was burnt as black as a coal by the explosion.

1862 L. Duff-Gordon Lett. from Cape (1925) 94 Vrouw Reits was as black as coal, but so pretty!

1955 ‘P. Dennis’ Auntie Mame v. 101 He had white, white skin and hair as black as coal, short and very curly.

1999 Y. Taylor I was born Slave iv John was as black as a coal.

2007 Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 106 289 A huge wolf, black as coal and evil-looking as the devil.

P2. to heap coals of fire on a person's head and variants: to cause a person to feel remorse or regret, esp. by responding to evil or unkind behaviour with kindness or benevolence.With allusion to Proverbs 25:21–22: ‘If thine enemie be hungry, giue him bread to eate: and if hee be thirstie, giue him water to drinke. For thou shalt heape coales of fire vpon his head, and the Lord shall reward thee’ (King James Bible; cf. quot. a1382). See also Romans 12:20.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > regret > [verb (intransitive)] > feel remorse > produce remorse by requiting evil with good

to heap coals of fire on a person's headc1400

society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > repentance or contrition > be repentant or contrite [verb (intransitive)] > awaken remorse > by requiting evil with good

to heap coals of fire on a person's headc1400

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. xxv. 23 If he thristith, ȝif hym watir to drinke; forsothe colis [L. prunas] thou shalt gadere togidere vp on the hed of hym; and the Lord shal ȝelde to thee.]

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiii. l. 144 Lere þe to louye..Þine enemye in al wyse euene forth with þi-selue. Cast coles on his hed.

1590 R. Harvey Plaine Percevall sig. B4 Doe good against euill: and heape hoat burning coales vpon his head.

1676 J. Duport Three Serm. 20 In lieu of their heaping stones on his head, he had heapt coals of fire on theirs, by his ardent zeal and affection for 'um.

1759 Universal Mag. Dec. 297/1 The Duke of York was much against the bill, which was imputed to the Chancellor, and served to heap coals of fire upon his head.

1800 T. Green Diary 23 Apr. (1810) 217 We might have..heaped coals of hotter fire on the heads of our frantic aggressors.

1848 E. C. Gaskell Mary Barton I. xii. 230 My dear! I shall never forgive mysel, if my wicked words to-night are any stumbling-block in your path. See how the Lord has put coals of fire on my head!

1902 R. H. McCready & H. M. Tyndall Cruise of Celtic around Mediterranean 360 The cost is so little that it always seems as if our ‘English cousins’ were heaping coals of fire on our heads for throwing over the tea in Boston Harbor.

2007 Times (Nexis) 22 Dec. 71 I should invite the neighbours round to Christmas drinks and mince pies, in order to heap coals of fire upon their prickly and un-neighbourly heads.

P3.

a. to blow the coals and variants: to stir up or increase the intensity of a feeling, conflict, etc.; esp. to excite ill feeling; to cause trouble. Frequently with of. Cf. to blow the fire at blow v.¹ 17b, to fan the flame at flame n. 6a. Now rare.Frequently as part of an extended metaphor.In quot. ?a1500: to fan the flames of passion.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > become ardent or fervent [verb (intransitive)] > heighten intensity of passion

to blow the coals?a1500

to stir the coals1539

to fan the flame1800

?a1500 in Philol. Q. (1956) 35 93 (MED) Burgeys, thou haste so blowen atte the Cole That alle thy rode is from thine face agoon.

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 39^v To admonish all young Impes and nouises in loue, not to blow the coales of fancie wyth desire, but to quench them with disdayne.

1638 R. Sanderson Serm. II. 109 Blow the coal of contention to make it blaze afresh.

1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iv. i To thole An ethercap like him to blaw the coal.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. xxiii. 136 Blowing the Coals between polemical Divines.

1753 T. Smollett Ferdinand Count Fathom II. xlv. 72 By these means he blew the coals of her jealousy.

1829 W. Scott Anne of Geierstein I. ix. 145 They have resolved to send you with others as messengers of peace; but you are secretly blowing the coals of war.

1850 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. June 484 If he has not fed the fire, or blown the coals of dissension, he has stood looking on as an idle spectator.

1908 J. Gairdner Lollardy & Reformation in Eng. II. iv. iii. 456 Needless to say, the Bishop was ready enough to blow the coals.

1986 H. S. Stout New Eng. Soul iv. x. 198 Tennent's ‘searching’ style succeeded in blowing the coals of popular piety to a white-hot intensity.

b. to stir the coals and variants: to make trouble; to incite conflict or ill feeling. Now also with of: to encourage or increase the intensity of (a feeling, etc.). Cf. to blow the coals at Phrases 3a.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > be in dissension or at variance [verb (intransitive)] > cause dissension

to make strife1303

to make the feathers flyc1430

to stir the coals1539

to make mischiefc1572

to blow the bellows1590

to blow the fire1670

to stir the pot1826

to stir (also rouse) the possum1900

to mix it1950

the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > become ardent or fervent [verb (intransitive)] > heighten intensity of passion

to blow the coals?a1500

to stir the coals1539

to fan the flame1800

1539 R. Morison Exhort. to styrre all Eng. Men (new ed.) sig. Avii^v The bysshoppe seeth..that wryngeth hym, at this he fretteth, for this he sturreth all these coles.

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 344^v After soche sorte did he vpbraid to the people their rashe and vnaduised stieryng of coles, and arisynges to warre.

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. lxv. 411 Notwithstanding that they [sc. the Bee kings] mooue no warre, nor stirre vp any coales amongst the yoong swarmed broode.

1667 T. Vincent God's Terrible Voice 238 Labour to pacifie their anger, do not stir up the coals by your bitter retorts.

1709 J. Strype Ann. Reformation liii. 531 Horrible Murders, Robberies, and other execrable Facts..stirred the Coals to a third Civil War.

1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret ii. 43 It is you that have stir'd up these coals then; he is set on by you to abuse me.

1828 New Monthly Mag. 24 513/1 Stirring the coals of political strife is at all times unadvisable, unless a paramount necessity prevails.

1886 Sunday Mag. 528/2 The Duchess of Burgundy is said to have stirred the coals of wrath.

1969 E. H. Levi Point of View (1970) iv. 43 I hope I may be forgiven for not attempting to stir the coals of nostalgia at this time.

1992 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 17 June b1 This isn't like any other, run-of-the-mill boxing insult, designed to stir the coals.

†c. to blow hot coals: to rage fiercely. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > anger > manifestation of anger > show anger [verb (intransitive)] > speak angrily

spitc1386

ragea1400

blowc1475

blustera1494

storm?1553

pelt1594

tear1602

fare1603

to speak or look daggers1603

to blow hot coalsc1626

rant1647

scream1775

to pop off1914

to carry on1947

c1626 Dick of Devonshire (1955) 145 Spaines anger never blew hott coales indeed till in Queene Elizabeths Raigne.

d. chiefly Scottish. a cold coal to blow at: a hopeless or unprofitable task. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1675 Rutherford's Lett. (new ed.) ii. sig. Gg If your exercise be the way to Hell, God help me; I have a cold Coal to blow at, and a blank Paper for Heaven.

1704 Acct. Proc. Privy Council Scotl. against D. Baillie 2 His Enemies, I think, would have a Cold Coal to blow at.

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality vii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 159 ‘Aweel,’ said Cuddie..‘I see but ae gate for't, and that's a cauld coal to blaw at, mither.’

1836 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 30/1 Notwithstanding all that he had told me, I could not but feel I had only a cold coal to blow at.

1984 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 26 June In this case,..Russell had a rather cold coal to blow at. Santorsola's quasi-serial writing lacked thematic substance.

e. to rake over the coals: see rake v.² Phrases 3. Cf. also rake v.² Phrases 4.

†P4. to carry (also bear) coals: to do degrading or menial work; (hence figurative) to submit to humiliating or insulting treatment. Obsolete (archaic in later use). Cf. coal carrier n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > humiliation > be humiliated [verb (intransitive)]

to light lowc1225

to lie lowa1275

to carry (also bear) coalsa1529

to eat the (or one's) leek1600

to lose caste1828

to eat dirt1857

a1529 J. Skelton Why come ye nat to Courte (?1545) sig. A.vii Wyll ye bere no coles.

1577 R. Stanyhurst Hist. Irelande iii. 113/2 in R. Holinshed Chron. I This Gentleman was..one that in an vpright quarel would beare no coles.

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. i. 1 Of my word Ile carrie no coales.

1603 H. Crosse Vertues Common-wealth sig. C2 For now if one..will carrie coales, and meekely suffer rebuke, he is noted of cowardize.

a1683 B. Whichcote Sel. Serm. (1698) ii. ii. 328 Those who are sensible that they carry Coals, and are full of Ill-will.

1821 W. Scott Kenilworth II. xi. 171 I am no dog in the manger—but I will not carry coals neither—mind that, my Master Tressilian.

P5. to haul (a person) over the coals and variants: to call (a person) to account; to rebuke or reprimand severely. Cf. to rake a person over the coals at rake v.² Phrases 4.Originally with reference to the treatment of heretics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > rebuke or reprove [verb (transitive)]

threac897

threapc897

begripea1000

threata1000

castea1200

chaste?c1225

takec1275

blame1297

chastya1300

sniba1300

withnima1315

undernima1325

rebukec1330

snuba1340

withtakea1340

reprovec1350

chastisea1375

arate1377

challenge1377

undertake1377

reprehenda1382

repreync1390

runta1398

snapea1400

underfoc1400

to call to account1434

to put downc1440

snebc1440

uptakec1440

correptc1449

reformc1450

reprise?c1450

to tell (a person) his (also her, etc.) own1450

control1451

redarguec1475

berisp1481

to hit (cross) one over (of, on) the thumbs1522

checkc1530

admonish1541

nip1548

twig?1550

impreve1552

lesson1555

to take down1562

to haul (a person) over the coals1565

increpate1570

touch1570

school1573

to gather up1577

task1580

redarguate?1590

expostulate1592

tutor1599

sauce1601

snip1601

sneap1611

to take in tax1635

to sharp up1647

round1653

threapen1671

reprimand1681

to take to task1682

document1690

chapter1693

repulse1746

twink1747

to speak to ——1753

haul1795

to pull up1799

carpet1840

rig1841

to talk to1860

to take (a person) to the woodshed1882

rawhide1895

to tell off1897

to tell (someone) where he or she gets off1900

to get on ——1904

to put (a person) in (also into) his, her place1908

strafe1915

tick1915

woodshed1935

to slap (a person) down1938

sort1941

bind1942

bottle1946

mat1948

ream1950

zap1961

elder1967

1565 W. Allen Def. & Declar. Doctr. Purgatory ii. xii. f. 233^v S. Augustine that knewe best howe to fetche an haeretike ouer the coles.

1580 G. Gilpin (title) The Bee hiue of the Romische Churche..Wherein, both the Catholic Religion is substantially confirmed, and the Heretikes finely fetcht ouer the coales.

1675 V. Alsop Anti-Sozzo iii. 109 Had God a Partial Fondness and respect for Israel?.. If we say, Yes: Then he [sc. our Author] fetches us over the Coles.

1761 London Chron. 3 Sept. 23/2 A certain great man in office in the Queen's time, was going to be hauled over the coals.

1778 Morning Chron. 24 Apr. One Captain was brought over the coals, and cast in nine hundred and odd pounds for the damage a ship and cargo received by pressing the men belonging to her.

1797 True Briton 26 Jan. A certain votress of Pharo, whom the Magistrates lately threatened to ‘draw over the coals’.

1832 F. Marryat Newton Forster I. xiii. 189 Lest he should be ‘hauled over the coals’ by the Admiralty.

1884 H. D. Traill New Lucian 213 Your magistrates..vastly needed a call over the coals.

1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 18 Oct. (1993) III. 31 Please always tell me at once of the faults of my reviews. Haul me over the very hottest coals. It is only kind.

1963 Financial Times 22 Jan. 20/2 Maazel has been dragged over the coals by some of the New York reviewers.

1999 Independent 15 Nov. i. 14/7 The presenter was hauled over the coals for..offending such an important listener.

P6. precious coals: see precious adj., adv., and n. Compounds 1.

P7. to carry coals to Newcastle and variants: to supply something to a place where it is already plentiful; (hence) figurative to do something wholly superfluous or unnecessary.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > disadvantage > uselessness > uselessness, vanity, or futility > be of no avail [verb (intransitive)] > expend effort on something futile

to shoe the goose14..

to send (also carry, etc.) owls to Athens1548

to break, crush, a fly upon the wheel1606

to carry coals to Newcastlea1614

to bang (also run, bash, etc.) one's head against a brick wall1689

to preach to the converted1857

to be on a hiding to nothing1905

to chase one's tail1963

1606 T. Heywood 2nd Pt. If you know not Me in Wks. (1874) I. 259 As common as coales from Newcastle.]

a1614 tr. A. Melville Let. in J. Melville Diary (1829) 114 Sic a mater nather does the Kirk ciuilie, nor the Counsall or Parliament ecclesiasticallie, intreat ἀλἰα γλαυκας εις Ἀθηνας—Salt to Dysert, or colles to Newcastell.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Northumb. 302 To carry Coals to Newcastle. That is to do, what was done before, or to busy ones self in a needless imployment.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. viii. iv. 191 You are too wise a Man to carry a broken Head thither; for that would be carrying Coals to Newcastle .

1772 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 509/1 Mr. W. R. objects against carrying boards with the settlers, and says that would be carrying coals to Newcastle.

1822 W. Scott Let. 10 Feb. (1934) VII. 62 It would be sending coals to Newcastle with a vengeance not to mention salt to Dysart.

1891 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 8 Aug. 313/2 It would almost seem like bringing coals to Newcastle for anyone to come down here to this eminently hygienic town and address its inhabitants of matters of public health.

1948 Times 21 July 5/4 Subscribers to the London Library are having parcels [of books] sent to them in Oxford. Coals to Newcastle can seldom..have had so cultural an application.

1993 Independent on Sunday 4 Apr. (Business section) 36/2 Among the clients we supply is Sony Music in Japan—a classic example of carrying coals to Newcastle.

P8. to pour (the) coal to (also into): see pour v. Phrases 4.

Compounds

C1.

a. General attributive.Some of the more established compounds of this type are treated separately.

ΚΠ

1354 in J. Raine Charters Priory Finchale (1837) p. xxxvi (MED) Camera:..Item ij colpikkes.

1574 R. Scot Perfite Platf. of Hoppe Garden (1578) 51 A Rake fashioned like a Coale rake, hauing in stede of teeth a boorde.

1640 Inventory 28 Sept. in J. H. Trumbull Public Rec. Colony Connecticut (1850) I. 448 1 fier pan, 1 cole dishe and a perre of bellowes.

1679 J. Harrison Lamentable Cry Oppress. 17 They [sc. the Officers] took his Coal-grate, his Kettle..and two Pewter Dishes, all worth 10 s. 4 d.

a1714 E. Freke Remembrances (2001) 181 In the parler chamber..i cole grat, new, with its fender.

1792 J. Anderson (title) Observations on the Effects of Coal Duty upon the remote and thinly peopled coasts of Britain.

1816 J. Scott Paris Revisited vii. 217 Delineated on the wall..in coal outline.

1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 Jan. 9/2 Works for the compressing of coal briquettes.

1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 Oct. 12/1 The coal famine with which London was threatened when we last wrote on the coal crisis.

1901 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 26 Oct. 6/6 Colonel Linsley with a party of men has been in the coal region for the past couple of weeks.

1910 J. C. Van Dyke What is Art? iii. 59 A coal sketch by Daumier or Millet.

1986 O. Rackham Hist. Countryside xvi. 370 Many of the sides of the Welsh coal valleys are pockmarked with the rows of drifts of early miners attacking small seams.

2008 Times (Nexis) 27 Aug. 43 Cancelled trains led to a decline in coal exports last year, despite the sky-high coal prices.

coal agent n.

ΚΠ

1778 Daily Advertiser 6 Mar. Mr. William Maston..Coal Agent.

1860 H. Keddie Wearing Willow v. 74 Did not Bessy Surtees elope with the coal agent's son..?

1997 Platts Coal Outlook (Nexis) 12 May Clark Wisman, a coal agent at Central Coal, is also currently handling some sales.

coal ash n.

ΚΠ

1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden xiii. 48 Sift the earth with coale ashes an ynch or two thicknes, and that is a plague to them [sc. worms], so is sharpe grauell.

1805 Morning Chron. 8 Mar. The Foot Pavements in all cases to be laid in good coal-ash mortar.

1832 D. Brewster Lett. Nat. Magic x. 254 Having rubbed his fingers with coal ashes to keep them from slipping.

1931 A. D. Hall Soil (ed. 4) ix. 334 The incorporation of any large-grained material will improve the texture of clay soils..; road scrapings, town refuse, and even coal ashes help to lighten the soil.

2010 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 1 Oct. d4/1 Coal ash does not classify as a toxic material.

coal coke n.

ΚΠ

1815 W. Davies Gen. View Agric. & Domest. Econ. S. Wales II. xv. 452 He was capable of making seven tons per week of pig-iron, with pit-coal coke.]

1821 W. Forster Treat. Section of Strata iii. 385 A covering of coal coke is thrown over the ignited peats.

1839 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 2 146/1 The hard pressed turf is denser than the densest wood, and the turf coke double the density of charcoal and equal to coal coke.

2012 Internat. Jrnl. Hydrogen Energy 37 12136/2 The reactor prototype was tested..for CO₂ gasification of coal coke using concentrated Xe light from a sun-simulator.

coal country n.

ΚΠ

1660 J. Howell Θηρολογια Etymol. Deriv. Words Carboncia, the Coale-Countrey, represents Scotland.

1776 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. II. 203 On this coast, and..in most of the coal countries of North-Britain.

1847 E. Brontë Wuthering Heights I. viii. 154 A bleak, hilly, coal country.

1993 Equinox June 57/2 My dad and his three brothers..fled coal country for the broader promise of Ontario.

† coal delf n. [delf n.] Obsolete

ΚΠ

1591 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. iv. 444 Whereas James Clifford, esquire, has made a ‘coal-delf’, or coal-pit, in his lordship of Broseley..and cast all the rubbish, stones, and earth into the deepest part of the river Severn, he shall remove the same at his own cost.

1733 Derby Mercury 21 Feb. (advt.) To be lett, A Very good Coal-Delph.

1907 S. Lloyd Lloyds of Birmingham (ed. 2) v. 47 It was not until 1767 that the Act was obtained to construct a canal between Birmingham and the coal ‘delphs’ about Wednesbury.

coal district n.

ΚΠ

1792 J. Anderson Observ. Effects Coal Duty upon Remote Brit. 7 If the committee had extended their researches..beyond the coal district, the same result would have appeared.

1878 P. H. Lawrence tr. B. von Cotta Rocks Classified (new ed.) 43 Alunogen is sometimes the product of volcanic action, sometimes a result of the decomposition of pyrites in coal districts.

1982 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 26 Jan. All but two of Britain's 22 coal districts refused to give the necessary 55 per cent support for strike action.

2011 Sunday Times (Nexis) 30 Oct. 44 He trudged off as a lay preacher to the benighted coal district of the Borinage in Belgium.

coal-heap n.

ΚΠ

a1475 ( S. Scrope tr. Dicts & Sayings Philosophers (Bodl. 943) (1999) 108 (MED) Be-ware of this worlde and thinke that it is a cole hepe, vppon the whiche whenne ye shulde [steppe], it failethe yow.

1875 Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 340 The town grows so, and is all railroad and coal-heaps.

1994 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 4 June 14 When the sheep are in for lambing, they..give birth, with much huffing and heaving, on my coal-heap.

coal industry n.

ΚΠ

1846 I. D. Rupp Hist. & Topogr. Dauphin & Perry Counties 626/2 Coal industry.

1887 Chicago Tribune 2 Feb. 4/4 The London Times is plaintive..over the coal industry of England, and not without good reason.

1960 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 17 Jan. 36 a/3 The oil and coal industries are glaring at each other in preparation for a major fight in Congress over a so-called national fuels policy.

2008 X. Shi in L. Song & W. T. Woo China's Dilemma xvii. 387 With a fall in emission intensity, the coal industry can be developed while improvements are made to the environment.

coal merchant n.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in coal

wood-coaler1600

collier1625

coal merchant1645

coal fitter1655

coal monger1665

coal factor1715

coal vend1906

1645 W. Lithgow True Relation Siege Newcastle 14 The Inhabitants resyding within, the richest or better sort of them as seven or eight Common Knights, Aldermen, Coale Merchants, Pudlers.

1812 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1959) III. 371 The Coal-merchants in Liverpool receive the Coals from the Wiggan Pits by the Canal.

1996 P. Gregory Perfectly Correct (1997) 57 Louise had telephoned him when her septic tank overflowed,..and when the coal merchant had failed to deliver her coal.

coal monger n.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in coal

wood-coaler1600

collier1625

coal merchant1645

coal fitter1655

coal monger1665

coal factor1715

coal vend1906

society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of coal

collier1479

coal monger1665

coalman1706

1665 B. Gerbier Subsidium Peregrinantibus 114 So to their Ladies, and no such abuse among them as in other parts, where every thing (crept out of Broome-staffs and Cole-mongers Bushels) will be called Madam.

1791 T. Pennant Some Acct. London 54 He [sc. Thomas Guy] was the son of an Anabaptist lighterman and coalmonger, in Southwark.

2008 J. Klassen Apothecary's Daughter (2009) xix. 164 She placed an order with the coal monger, then visited the chandler.

coal production n.

ΚΠ

1836 J. Mcqueen Gen. Statistics Brit. Empire 74 The capital invested in the coal trade, or rather the coal production trade, of the Newcastle district.

1844 Circular to Bankers 20 Dec. 203/2 The iron and coal production of Pennsylvania..promises to be one of the most important of the productive interests of the country.

1919 Times 1 Feb. 8/3 Coal production is constantly decreasing in all the coal districts owing to the decreased output of the workers, whose wages no longer are proportionate to the coal obtained.

1970 R. Kothari Politics in India 348 During the same period coal production went up by 100 per cent.

2012 D. Vogel Politics of Precaution iv. 141 Not only were virtually all Republicans in the U.S. Senate strongly opposed to legislation restricting carbon emissions from utilities, but so were some Democrats from states dependent on coal production.

coal salesman n.

ΚΠ

1838 W. A. Chatto in Views of Ports & Harbours 39 In 1600 the fitters, or coal-salesmen, under the name of Hoastmen, were incorporated, by a charter of Queen Elizabeth.

1914 Proc. Amer. Medico-Psychol. Assoc. 21 543 Father..was a fairly efficient coal salesman and was never considered insane.

2011 U.S. Coal Rev. (Nexis) 31 Jan. Maybe get your coal salesman a little box of candy.

coal stove n.

ΚΠ

1806 Med. Repository 2nd Hexade 4 111 Improvement in a coal stove.

1931 Amer. Mercury Feb. 143/2 The men would take large armsful and put the stuff into the coal stove in the middle of the ward.

1996 F. Chappell Farewell I'm bound to leave You (1997) 48 A dozen pairs of muddy boots out on the porch amidst the other truck: plow points and washtubs and dinner pails and a broken-down little coal stove.

coal trade n.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > specific types of trade > [noun] > trade in coal

coal trade1643

colliery1673

colliery trade1786

1643 E. Gilbert Let. 13 June in Earl of Essex Let. to Gentlemen 8 The Lord Major of London be desired to cause the Ordinance of both Houses of Parliament for Regulating the Coale Trade at Newcastle.

1852 J. R. McCulloch Dict. Commerce 298 The total number of persons directly engaged in the coal trade may be set down at from 190,000 to 220,000.

2007 Acadiensis 32 3 Another Memorial..draws attention to the early origins of the coal trade in the Grand Lake area.

c. With reference to the transportation, storage, or handling of coal. See also coal bunker n., coal scuttle n., coal train n. at Compounds 5, etc.

coal axe n.

ΚΠ

1780 Gen. Evening Post 14 Nov. The unhappy frantic wretch got possession of the coal-axe.

1833 New Monthly Mag. 37 527 It [sc. a stone axe] is about nine inches long, and is shaped like a common coal-axe.

1990 M. J. Wiener Reconstructing Criminal (1994) ii. 80 Bannister killed his wife with a coal axe that he had taken to bed with him.

coal barge n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal

coal ship1541

coalman1612

collier-ship1639

colliera1661

coal barge1720

colliery1722

coal-smack1747

spout vessel1821

Geordie1849

collier-brig1853

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > flat-bottomed boat > [noun] > barge > other types of barge

coal barge1720

budgerow1727

water1727

brick barge1738

tent-barge1796

water barge1798

passage-barge1804

steam barge1812

schooner barge1819

tongkang1834

bumbarge1839

Tom Pudding1880

grain-barge1902

butty1923

support barge1967

reel barge1972

1720 Answer for making River Douglas Navigable (single sheet) Flat-bottom Boats and Coal-Barges.

1826 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1827) II. 1040 The coal-barge on the opposite shore.

2003 New Yorker 16 June 125/2 At the top of the Arch, I was finally unblinded and saw: haze, glare, coal barges, Busch Stadium.

coal basket n.

ΚΠ

1550 in D. W. Crossley Sidney Ironworks Accts. 1541–73 (1975) 96 Paid more unto hym for the new makyn of the phurnis walles xx s...margo for ii cole baskettes xvi d.

1710 C. Verney Let. (1930) I. xi. 191 The things we want is [sic] a Stove to burn Coals in the Little Parlor and a Coal Basket.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Corver, a man who makes and repairs corves or coal baskets.

2005 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 29 May 11 You can raise or lower the coal basket to vary the height of the large grill area.

coal bin n.

ΚΠ

1423 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 155 (MED) For makynge of an Colbynne yn þe Chamber.

1870 L. M. Alcott Old-fashioned Girl xii. 194 Only my best cuffs and collar; you'll probably find them in the coal-bin.

2010 Dayton (Ohio) Daily News (Nexis) 19 Aug. a9 He then hid her in a coal bin until February, when he was able to dig a hole in the back porch, put her in it, then cover her grave with concrete.

coal boat n.

ΚΠ

c1650 in A. J. Warden Dundee Burgh Laws (1872) i. ii. 42 That the deacon of the coalmen..make ane Buik and conteen yrin the number of all coal-boates arryving to this Brugh.

1655 R. Gardiner Englands Grievance Discovered xl. 88 Often the Coal-boat hath much water which weighs heavy.

1835 Niles' Weekly Reg. 17 Jan. 342/2 It is presumed it will not cost more, under similar circumstances, to deliver it in a coal boat on the Potomac.

2011 Newcastle (Austral.) Herald (Nexis) 9 Sept. 44 It takes a coal boat about 1.5 kilometres to pull up, and by that time you'll be spat out the back if you get in the way.

coal bushel n. now historical and rare

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > the scientific measurement of volume > measure(s) of capacity > [noun] > dry measure > specific dry measure units > bushel

bushelc1300

London bushela1475

town bushel1618

full1657

coal bushel1670

strake1706

1670 J. Brown Coll. of Centers 11 (table) Coal Bushel.

1776 Newcastle Jrnl. 10 Feb. Every small sack or poke of coals must contain nine Winchester gallons..every cart load seven coal bushels, and every wain or gehoe fourteen such bushels at least.

1827 O. Gregory Hutton's Course Math. (ed. 9) I. 28 The Coal bushel was to be 19½ inches in diameter.

1910 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 444/1 A coal bushel ranges through six States all the way from 2,419½ cubic inches to 2,748.

2012 A. Velkar Markets & Measurem. 19th-century Brit. iv. 110 The coal bushel was equivalent to one Winchester bushel and one quart of water.

coal carriage n.

ΚΠ

1734 J. T. Desaguliers Course Exper. Philos. I. iii. 181 Waggons..come down the Declivity on the artificial Way by their own Gravity, as the Coal-carriages do near Newcastle.

1838 H. Parnell Treat. Roads (ed. 2) 402 There is as much traffic in parts of the road where the coal carriages go, as in some parts of the streets of London?—I should think so, very nearly.

2000 S. Herrick Simple Gift 8 Fifty coal carriages, empty, heading to the Waggawang Coalfields.

coal cart n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > types of > wagon or cart for specific articles > for coal

coal cart1691

coal wagon1717

hutch1742

coal car1768

tipple1886

tip1889

1691 in A. W. C. Hallen Acct. Bk. Sir J. Foulis (1894) 136 For a new axeltree to y^e coall cart, y^e oy^r broke at niddrie.

1700 Flying Post 11 July Two days ago a Coal Cart run over a Woman in Old-Street, and crushed her to death.

1839 Boston (Lincs.) Herald 17 Dec. 1/6 His horse shied at a coal-cart.

1997 A. Perry Whited Sepulchres vii. 241 He..strode across the busy street between hansoms, drays, a wagon piled with carpets, and a coal cart.

coal cellar n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal

coal cellar1281

coalhouse1332

coal garth1593

coal-hole?1641

coal yard1646

coal fold1704

ree1707

coal shed1718

coal pen1763

coal bunker1837

1281 in R. R. Sharpe Cal. Wills Court of Husting (1889) I. 53 (MED) Le Colceler.

1715 Post Man & Hist. Acct. 26 Feb.-1 Mar. 2/1 An old Accustom'd Coal-Cellar that will contain near 300 Chaldron of Coals.

1838 C. Dickens Oliver Twist I. ii. 12 He was keeping it [sc. his birthday] in the coal-cellar.

1995 J. Collins Booing Bishop 94 Here—come on!..It'll be dark as a coal cellar if you don't shift.

coal depot n.

ΚΠ

1803 Ipswich Jrnl. 22 Oct. 1/4 Small craft may be laden alongside the coal depot at Harwich.

1924 Pop. Mech. Nov. 805/2 At two coal depots, railroad cars dump their contents into hoppers to feed down to the tunnel cars.

2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Aug. a6/5 An enraged man drove a shovel loader through shops and over cars at a coal depot in northeast China on Sunday.

coal fleet n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal > collectively

coal fleet1649

colliery1722

1649 Kingdomes Faithfull Scout No. 37. 272 The Ostend Pyrates continue very bold upon the Northerd Coastes, they waited for some of the Coale Fleet as they passed for London.

1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi iii. 41 The river from end to end was flaked with coal-fleets and timber rafts.

2009 B. Solomon & P. Yough Coal Trains v. 130/2 BN augmented its coal fleet with ElectroMotive SD60s..painted in an attractive blue-and-white scheme.

coal glove n.

ΚΠ

1863 Accts. & Papers of House of Commons LXVII. 44/1 (table) Irvine, Brothers, for coal gloves .

1938 D. Smith Dear Octopus i. 13 Take the coal-glove, dear, then you won't spoil your hands.

2001 Bath Chron. (Nexis) 24 Apr. 23 My mother had made some 1950s coal gloves from an old pattern.

coal hammer n.

ΚΠ

1555 in J. M. Bestall & D. V. Fowkes Chesterfield Wills & Inventories 1521–1603 (1977) 59 In the halle... A peyre of Wolle sheres and A cole hammer.

1839 Metropolitan 24 270 The two men provided themselves with coal-hammers and shovels, and stole along the area up to the side of the passage by the stamp-office.

2009 Daily Mail (Nexis) 7 Dec. In a fit of jealousy I once smashed my younger brother's toy motor boat with a coal hammer.

coal-hold n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > room, locker, or quarters > [noun] > storage room or compartment > coal-bunker

coal-hole1801

coal-holdc1826

coal bunker1837

coal bunk1838

bunker1839

pocket1883

c1826 M. Burnside in P. Tardif Notorious Strumpets (1990) 919/2 Repeatedly I have been obliged to put her in irons and confined her in the Coal-Hold.

1839 Parl. Rep. Steam Vessel Accid. 74 Neither the bunkers nor the coal-hold were cleared out so often as they should be.

1988 Toronto Star (Nexis) 26 Jan. w11 Photos of the dead stacked in the coal-hold..are among the ‘postcards’ inspired by the Empress' sinking.

coal place n.

ΚΠ

1611 J. Ashburnham Conveyance W. Relfe in E. Straker Wealden Iron (1931) 367 The workmen's houses near the same and all coleplaces, sinderplaces and waste grounds belonging.

1742 J. Yarrow Love at First Sight 46 Lock him up in the Coal-Place 'till he is sober.

1913 D. H. Lawrence Sons & Lovers i. ii. 28 Mrs. Kirk, spying her, would contrive to have to go to her own coal-place at that minute.

2008 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 5 Jan. 16 Quite a lot of houses did have a coal place outside, but not at number 48.

coal rake n.

ΚΠ

1574 R. Scot Perfite Platforme of Hoppe Garden 44 A Rake fashioned like a Coale Rake, hauing in steade of teeth a boorde of one foote broade.

1674 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation i. 56 The Coal-rake, to cleanse the Hole, and to keep it from stopping up.

1725 G. Smith Compl. Body Distilling i. 62 The upper part of the square bars must be even with the higher part of the flat iron bars.., that the fire-shovel or coal-rake may run smoothly along them.

1870 W. Crookes & E. Röhrig Pract. Treat. Metall. III. 683 The side circular doors are opened, and the dust raked out with coal-rakes.

1913 D. H. Lawrence Sons & Lovers i. i. 11 I do like that coal-rake of your mother's—it is small and natty.

2014 J. Bryden Fighting to Lose ii. 61 Visions of..phalanxes of grimy workers spilling out of the industrial ghettos of England armed with shovels and coal rakes haunted the Establishment.

coal shed n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal

coal cellar1281

coalhouse1332

coal garth1593

coal-hole?1641

coal yard1646

coal fold1704

ree1707

coal shed1718

coal pen1763

coal bunker1837

society > trade and finance > trading place > place where retail transactions made > [noun] > shop > shops selling other specific goods

jeweller's shop1632

ironmongery1648

ironmonger1673

jeweller1675

news shop1688

print shop1689

Indian house1692

coal shed1718

pamphlet shop1721

lormery1725

drugstore1771

hardware store1777

junk store1777

chandler-shop1782

junk shop1790

music store1794

pot shop1794

finding store1822

marine store1837

picture house1838

paint shop1847

news agency1852

chemist1856

Army and Navy1878

cyclery1886

jumble-shop1893

pig shop1896

Manchester department1905

lot1909

craft shop1911

garden centre1912

pet shop1927

sex shop1949

video store1949

quincaillerie1951

home centre1955

Army-Navy1965

cookshop1967

sound shop1972

bucket-shop1973

1718 Daily Courant 12 Apr. The remainder of a lease of..a Work-house..situate in West-street... Enquire at the Coal shed next adjoining to it.

1816 Gentleman's Mag. 86 i. 229 In a coal-shed attached to a Grocer's shop.

1958 F. L. Lucas Search for Good Sense 72 He married a pocket-picking prostitute whom he had been used to meet in a coalshed.

2000 N. Griffiths Grits (2001) 79 Diddy little whitewashed cottages like, two-up two-down with a coal shed out-a back.

coal ship n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal

coal ship1541

coalman1612

collier-ship1639

colliera1661

coal barge1720

colliery1722

coal-smack1747

spout vessel1821

Geordie1849

collier-brig1853

1541–2 in J. S. Purvis Select. Monastic Rentals & Dissolution Papers (Yorks. Archæol. Soc.) (1931) 3 i. 43 Item resaivyd of three coll shyppes for grundage 1[s] 6[d].

c1620 Contented Couckould (single sheet) She went toward the sea O thither ward did she bend And with a very braue Coale shipe to London she is wende.

1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 52 The Masters of Coal Ships..they call Collyer Masters.

1892 R. L. Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker xii. 246 A townie of mine was lost down this way, in a coal ship.

2004 Hist. Teacher 38 41 Roswell and Elizabeth escaped up the Danube River to Czechoslovakia on a Polish coal ship.

coal shovel n.

ΚΠ

1406 in Archaeologia (1915) 67 182 (MED) j colshovell de ferro.

1734 Daily Courant 21 Jan. A Robbery said to be committed by them, in taking..a Wooden Coal Shovel, two Glass Bottles, and about 12s. in Money.

1991 J. Connor Distortions 116 Michael was..dazed and Mallis..could have finished him off with a few more belts from the coal shovel.

coal sieve n.

ΚΠ

1676 in F. B. Bickley Catal. MSS & Munim. Dulwich (1903) 2nd Ser. 29 A coale sive.

1825 D. M. Moir Mansie Wauch in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. June 671/2 As full of holes as a coal-sieve.

1912 Garden Mag. Feb. 23/2 Passing it [sc. planting soil mix] through a coal sieve a few times will do the trick.

2006 D. Owen Sheetrock & Shellac vi. 184 He..turned it [sc. wire fabric] into meal sieves, coal sieves, popcorn poppers, and window screens.

coal-smack n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal

coal ship1541

coalman1612

collier-ship1639

colliera1661

coal barge1720

colliery1722

coal-smack1747

spout vessel1821

Geordie1849

collier-brig1853

1747 Gen. Evening Post 26 Sept. A Ship from Virginia, laden with Corn, and a Coal-Smack.

1883 W. Black Shandon Bells xxvii He pointed out where the coal-smack had come to grief.

1989 Scots Mag. Mar. 688 I would be most grateful if readers could provide me with information concerning..sailing coal-smacks trading into Corrie.

coal tongs n.

ΚΠ

1838 J. F. Cooper Home as Found I. iii. 37 Captain Truck asked permission to initiate the new coal-tongs by lighting a cigar.

1909 Washington Post 14 Dec. 6/4 Some one may have carried off his coaltongs or the nickel-plated alarm clock on the kitchen mantel.

2003 N. Slater Toast 151 The brass fire-stand with its shovel, coal tongs and hearth brush that we were forbidden to use.

coal wagon n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > types of > wagon or cart for specific articles > for coal

coal cart1691

coal wagon1717

hutch1742

coal car1768

tipple1886

tip1889

society > travel > rail travel > rolling stock > [noun] > railway wagon or carriage > for coal

battle-wagon1926

coal wagon1995

1717 R. Bradley New Improvem. Planting & Gardening: Pt. 1 iv. 44 Wood is much used to make Cart Ways, where for many Miles the Wheels of the Coal-Waggons run upon it.

1826 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1827) II. 858 Every..description of vehicle, from a coal-waggon to a wheel-barrow.

1995 N. Whittaker Platform Souls (1996) v. 58 A diesel shunter phut-phutted past us with a load of empty coal wagons.

coal wharf n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > harbour or port > [noun] > wharf or quay > types of

wood-wharf1279

jutty-head1559

coal wharf1655

coal staithe1708

jetty head1731

sufferance wharf1774

trunk-staithe1789

wharf-boat1849

sufferance quay1882

1655 R. Gardiner Englands Grievance Discovered xiv. 43 Repair and mantain the Ballast shoars and Coal-Wharf.

1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 342/1 There are several coal-wharfs on its line.

1993 S. Stewart Ramlin Rose iii. 20 We carried grain from the docks to the mills and coal from the coaleries to the coal wharfs and factries.

d. With reference to the natural occurrence of coal as a mineral. See also coalfield n., coal mine n., etc.

coal basin n.

ΚΠ

1811 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 101 248 The many small coal-basins, or swilleys, as they are called, which occur in the space between Keighley, Hawes, and Richmond.

1854 F. C. Bakewell Geol. 367 The occurrence of this arrangement of strata has caused the term ‘coal basin’ to be applied to a confined district of coal.

1906 Times 24 Mar. 7/5 Nearly 3,500 miners have returned to work in the Pas de Calais coal basin.

2005 Courier Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 19 Apr. 10 The improving viability of massive resource reserves throughout the Surat coal basin.

coal deposit n.

ΚΠ

1815 Philos. Mag. 46 188 Between [certain strata]..there intervenes, as to the æra of their formations, the whole of the coal deposit.

1985 E. H. Colbert Wandering Lands & Animals (new ed.) 5 (caption) In 1885 Antonio Snider postulated an ancient contiguity of the continents..to explain the presence of identical fossil plants in certain coal deposits of Europe and North America.

2003 High Country News 27 Oct. 6/1 Gas companies..crack subterranean coal deposits with pressurized water laden with chemical cocktails and sand.

coal formation n.

ΚΠ

1804 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 2) IV. 141 Coal is found in two different formations. The first of these is distinguished particularly by the name of coal formation, or mountains of coal.

1935 M. C. Stopes in Fuel in Sci. & Pract. 14 11/1 A forest tree which crashed into a watery swamp and there partly decomposed and was macerated in the process of coal formation.

2008 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 16 Sept. 3 L&M's first well drilled into the coal formation had resulted in the desired showing of gas.

coal land n.

ΚΠ

1758 Act dividing & inclosing Common Fields Wilnecote (Enacted Private Acts, 31 Geo. III. c. 34) 5 Each Proprietor shall..have the same Quantity or Value of Coal-Land set out for him.

1870 N.Y. Times 5 June 5/3 Mr. Thayer introduced a bill authorizing the Pacific Railroad Company to take up coal lands.

1930 Indiana (Pa.) Progress 15 Jan. 5/1 Much of the bank's resources are tied up in coal lands.

2007 R. E. Bonner W. F. Cody's Wyoming Empire vi. 120 The significance of the coal land had begun to decline in Beck's mind as he saw the B&M engineers working on a line for the new railroad that by-passed the seam.

coal stratum n.

ΚΠ

1757 E. M. da Costa Nat. Hist. Fossils 168 This slate is found in the coal counties of this kingdom, and always forms a stratum just above the coal stratum in the places where found.

1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 45 Separated from the coal-strata by a series of interposed beds.

1991 S. F. Mason Chem. Evol. x. 116 The coal strata formerly termed the Coal Measures were gentrified as the Carboniferous system.

2001 Daily Mail (Nexis) 30 June 44 Going down its shafts, he got his first good look at the layers of rock on his way to the coal strata, laid down..between 290 and 310 million years ago.

coal vein n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > stratum or bed > of coal

coal bed1591

roach1653

coal measure1665

coal vein1665

main coal1708

coal seam1756

1665 D. Dudley Mettallum Martis sig. E4 The manner of the cole-veins, or measures in these parts.

1719 Philos. Trans. 1717–19 (Royal Soc.) 30 970 Next under the three Coal Veins is the Peaw Vein.

1833 Niles' Reg. 44 345/1 The singular spectacle of a coal vein on fire is to be seen in the neighborhood of Port Carbon.

1918 Economist 26 Oct. 586/1 Portrush is of import also, because of the exceedingly valuable coal veins cropping out almost on the surface.

2001 H. Johnson Trevelyan Trap i. 4 At the time of the explosion the gritty black coal veins of the Trevelyan Mine were being worked by the long-wall method.

C2. Objective.

coal-bearer n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who carry coal

coal carrier1596

coal-bearer1606

coal-heaver1654

coal porter1711

coaly1820

coal backer1834

1606 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1605/6/39 That na persone..sall fie, hyre or conduce ony saltaris, coilyearis or coilberaris without ane sufficient testimoniall of thair maister.

1868 Hours at Home June 116/1 A lady, eager to be served,..showed a pair of arms brawny as those of a coal-bearer.

2009 Daily Tel. (Austral.) (Nexis) 2 Nov. 69 The work, mostly undertaken by women and girls, often injured the coal-bearers.

coal boring n.

ΚΠ

1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 73 (heading) Of coal-borings, communicated by Dr. Martin Lister.

1853 J. R. Leifchild Our Coal & our Coal-pits (1855) 94 Hear only what a thoroughly devoted miner has put into print on the delights of coal-boring.

2008 P. Lucier Scientists & Swindlers i. iii. 84 The legislators..were debating a bill on coal boring.

coal breaker n.

ΚΠ

1832 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 13 Mar. The above coal is believed to be of superior quality..; and as the subscriber is provided with coal breakers his customers can be supplied with it ready broke for the grate.

1905 Amer. Gas Light Jrnl. 83 928/2 The belt striking gear for starting and stopping the coal breaker and elevator is operated from the inside of the retort house.

2008 B. Bonner Black Diamonds i. 3 Dominating it all was the monster coal breaker, looking like some immense medieval cathedral.

coal-breaking n. and adj.

ΚΠ

1830 Imperial Mag. Nov. 1071 Coal-breaking.—The cause of the coals supplied to consumers being so small..may be gathered from the following calculation.

1895 J. Fulton Coke iii. 49 These or similar coal breaking machines are now coming into more general use.

1905 Inst. Gas Engineers Trans. 1904 178 There was no coal-breaking, no elevating, no engine, no rheostat, no electric arrangement, or anything else.

1991 Mining Ann. Rev. (Nexis) June 245 Modern coal breaking and crushing equipment represents a mature technology.

2008 Herald (Glasgow) 4 Dec. 25/1 Life on the locomotive footplate... All that relentless coal-breaking, coal-shovelling and rampant tea-drinking.

coal-burning adj. and n.

ΚΠ

1789 Gentlemen's Mag. Feb. 109/1 In this coal-burning age, I can never hope that the Ironmongers Company will be grateful enough to honour me with my freedom.

1828 R. Roberts House Servant's Directory (ed. 2) 164 A judicious use of the poker..is the most delicate part of the science of coal burning.

1858 Harper's Mag. Mar. 442/2 Railroad companies are being driven into the adoption of coal-burning engines to save the consumption of wood.

1954 M. Sharp Gipsy in Parlour v. 62 The coal-burning London of my childhood was undoubtedly foggier than the London of to-day.

2002 Christian Sci. Monitor 24 Oct. 8/2 Credits would go to a government or a company that funded wind-energy ‘farms’ in places that had relied on coal-burning for electricity.

2012 Herald (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 3 Jan. South Africa was constructing two 500-megawatt coal-burning power stations to generate electricity.

coal-carrying adj. and n.

ΚΠ

c1643 N. Boteler Dialogues (1929) (modernized text) 49 This coal-carrying course is to be well protected from enemies in time of war.

1892 Daily News 8 June 2/3 A most important coal-carrying line.

1905 Daily Chron. 6 Jan. 5/5 The Berrington has been engaged in coal-carrying between the Tyne and the Continent for nearly forty years.

2010 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 17 Aug. 10 Residents..have complained for nearly two years about coal-carrying freight trains operating at night.

coal cutter n.

ΚΠ

1706 in G. Williams Hudson's Bay Misc. (1975) (modernized text) 72/2 State of stores..1 coal cutter.

1898 Daily News 14 Apr. 6/5 How are we to estimate what the average coal-cutter earns?

1985 P. Cooke in D. Gregory & J. Urry Social Relations & Spatial Structures x. 227 In South Wales,..15 per cent of coal-cutters were boys under 16 years of age.

2012 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 30 Jan. 3 Coal cutters manufactured by the Jeffrey Diamond Company of Colombus, Ohio.

coal-cutting n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > other specific mining processes > in coal-mining

outstroke1747

holing1841

coal-cutting1842

patio1845

sumping1849

bottoming1856

salting1856

patio process1862

spragging1865

yardage1877

booming1880

brushing1883

filling1883

sounding1883

yard-work1883

blanketing1884

goafing1888

freezing process1889

power loading1901

bashing1905

rock dusting1915

mucking1918

solid stowing1929

stone-dusting1930

roof bolting1949

rock bolting1955

1842 J. Wilson Water Cure 126 Coal-cutting is hard work while it lasts; the workman is on his knees, or sitting, while he is hacking away in his hole.

1854 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 2 70 (title) Waring's coal cutting machine.

1897 Star 17 Sept. 2/6 In some of the thin seams of that district [sc. the Yorkshire coalfield], the coal-cutting has for some time been done by machine—by the ‘iron man’.

1921 Geogr. Jrnl. 57 148 The coal lies nearly horizontally over large areas and is of very uniform thickness, making possible the use of coal-cutting machinery on a large scale.

1958 I. C. F. Statham Coal Mining Pract. I. vii. 298 Mechanised methods are now generally adopted for the coal-cutting in these narrow opening-up places.

2008 Mining Mag. (Nexis) Sept. 60 Cameras..have been susceptible to damage from the rough and tumble of the coal-cutting process.

coal-getter n.

ΚΠ

1709 Yorkshire-racers 15 Mr. J. a Coalgetter.

1883–4 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 33 37 (heading) The Harwell mechanical coal-getter.

1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 Oct. 12/1 Many non-producers..share in the rise in wages besides the coal-getter.

1922 E. Snowden What we want & Why 151 If the coal-getters in the poor places cannot earn the minimum wage on this price list the manager of the mine..gives these men a certain allowance.

2006 A. Haworth & D. Hayter Men who made Labour vii. 68 Young in becoming a coal-getter and in assuming union responsibilities, Glover was also young to marry.

coal-getting n. and adj.

ΚΠ

1834 E. Mammatt Coll. Facts Ashby Coal-field vii. 58 Faults in Coal-Fields, which so perplex the miner in coal-getting.

1857 Reynolds's Newspaper 22 Feb. 16/4 It is..nearly two years since coal-getting operations were commenced.

1860 Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. 2 102 The coal-getting machine was at work.

1935 H. Heslop Last Cage Down i. xvi. 141 You stick to the old methods all the time... In coal-getting you are afraid to install machinery.

1988 A. Burns et al. in D. Cooper & T. Hopper Debating Coal Closures xi. 268 The technical choice of the shearer loader as the main piece of coal-getting machinery.

2012 Mirror (Nexis) 8 June 31 426 men and boys died at Cadeby and Denaby Main collieries during 100 years of coal-getting.

coal-hewer n.

ΚΠ

1588 Edinb. Test. XVIII. f. 252, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Col(e)-, Coil-, Coal-hewar James Edmond, coilhewar.

a1649 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1870) V. 419/2 Gaitesmen, who workes þe wayes and passages in þe saidis hewghes ar als necessar to þe owneres..as þe coall-hewers.

1859 P. Chalmers Hist. & Statist. Acct. Dunfermline II. 80 Of the males 300 are coal-hewers, redsmen, &c., who work underground.

2003 G. Burn North of Eng. Home Service (2004) ii. 47 Jackie..felt a strong affinity with the former coal-hewers and tub-menders he was obliged to rub along with.

coal measurer n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > measure of coal > one who measures

coal meter1336

coal measurer1720

1720 London Gaz. No. 5880/6 John Hall, Coal-measurer.

1875 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 2 463/2 A coal-measurer, aged 52, had..an ulcer on his left leg.

2007 J. P. Rodriguez Encycl. Slave Resistance & Rebellion 288 Latimer was released into the possession of a Virginia Bank watchman and coal measurer, John Dunson.

coal-producing adj.

ΚΠ

1830 Times 9 Dec. 4/4 A tax from which..the coal-producing districts are free.

1936 Fortune Oct. 148/2 Every coal-producing state in the Union.

1990 N.Y. Times 28 Dec. d1/3 A bonanza of easily mined, clean-burning, low-sulfur coal has transformed Wyoming..into the largest coal-producing state in the nation.

C3. Instrumental. See also coal-fired adj. at Compounds 5.

coal-based adj.

ΚΠ

1924 Times 1 Apr. 10/2 The nation, depending upon coal-based exports and shipping for the livelihood of the majority of its people, is in a precarious position.

1972 K. R. Cox Man, Location, & Behavior xvi. 329 The development..of a coal-based pig-iron technology in locations with infrastructural advantages made these more dispersed locations obsolete.

2012 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 1 Mar. 13 The NSW economy was built over the past 50 years on relatively cheap, coal-based electricity.

coal-fed adj.

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1841 L. H. Sigourney Pocahontas 189 Coal-fed chimneys, fusing to the skies With blacken'd breath.

1987 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 6 Apr. 2 The Soviet Union has offered to build a $350-million coal-fed power plant in the Philippines.

2005 Wisconsin Mag. Hist. 88 39/2 The train, of course, was powered by a big black coal-fed steam engine.

coal-laden adj.

ΚΠ

1708 Daily Courant 5 June A Cole-laden Flyboat.

1878 F. S. Williams Midland Railway (ed. 4) 603 Coal-laden trucks block up the siding. Coal-laden trains are groaning and grunting hither and thither.

2006 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 8 Jan. Now the coal-laden hills of two newer mines owned by the Black Beauty Coal Co. appear on the horizon.

coal-powered adj.

ΚΠ

1920 F. W. Coburn Hist. Lowell xi. 353 Water power, with the example of Fall River and its coal-powered mills before them, was undoubtedly not so highly esteemed among mill men.

1966 Wall St. Jrnl. 30 Mar. 32/4 The Tennessee Valley Authority opened bids on competing proposals to build nuclear or coal-powered generating facilities.

2012 Pretoria News (Nexis) 24 Oct. 3 According to the activists, coal-powered stations cause irreparable health and environmental damage.

C4. Similative and parasynthetic, in the sense ‘very dark, black’. Cf. coal-black adj.

coal blue adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [adjective] > dark blue

blewebis1330

sloe-blue1795

Oxford blue1856

navy blue1859

coal blue1861

marine blue1873

lead-blue1882

navy1896

1861 G. W. Dasent tr. Story Burnt Njal I. 87 In rushed the coal-blue sea.

1986 Toronto Star (Nexis) 15 July c9 Gowan, with a coal-blue streak of hair jutting down over his eyes,..overplayed his part last night.

2011 Indian Express (Nexis) 7 Apr. The collection featured..coal blue fringed tunics with quilted obi belts.

coal-eyed adj.

ΚΠ

1789 European Mag. Jan. 46/1 ‘Brief as the lightning in the colly'd night,’ says Lysander, in ‘The Midsummer's Night Dream,’ Act 1st, Scene 3d.—Dr. Johnson would have it read cole-eyed, i.e. black-ey'd.

1825 A. Vieusseux Anselmo I. i. 20 A compliment,..which she treasured up as a thing unusual among..the Neapolitans, who as she said, ‘can only admire their own sallow coal-eyed beauties’.

2002 Warsaw Voice (Nexis) 14 Apr. A dark-haired, coal-eyed Bulgarian girl who sells cherries in the street.

coal-dark adj.

ΚΠ

1843 E. B. Barrett in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 261 All day, we drag our burden tiring, Through the coal-dark underground.

1998 Las Vegas (Nevada) Rev.-Jrnl. (Nexis) 3 Sept. e1 ‘Smile,’ a father says,..pointing his camera at a little girl with white skin and coal-dark eyes.

coal-faced adj.

ΚΠ

1598 S. Rowlands Betraying of Christ sig. Dij Wrap me from eies cole-fac'd eternall night.

1888 J. Rhys Lect. Origin & Growth Relig. illustr. by Celtic Heathendom v. 457 Cúchulainn carrying away his bride from her father, the coal-faced king Forgall.

1995 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 11 Nov. The landscape can almost be lunar, liberally sprinkled with coal-faced Herdwick sheep.

C5.

coal backer n. now historical and rare a person employed to unload coal from a ship and carry it on his or her back to a wharf or wagon.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who carry coal

coal carrier1596

coal-bearer1606

coal-heaver1654

coal porter1711

coaly1820

coal backer1834

1834 Standard 16 Aug. 3/1 The coal backers..turned out for an advance of wages not exceeding, it is understood, for each man, more than sixpence per day.

1851 H. Mayhew London Labour II. 156/1 On questioning one, he said his father was a coal-backer.

2000 A. Perry Slaves of Obsession (2011) iii. 70 Lanyon..resumed his questioning of the coal backer.

coalbacking n. now historical and rare the work of a coal backer.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance by carrying > [noun] > by a person

porterage1611

portering1736

porterage1764

coalbacking1849

totinga1862

1849 Morning Chron. 28 Dec. 5/6 Coal-backing is about the hardest labour a man can perform.

1861 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) III. 252/1 Coalbacking is as heavy a class of labour as any performed.

1971 J. F. C. Harrison Early Victorians ii, 43 If the ship was able to tie up alongside the wharf..the coal was unloaded directly on to the land... This process was known as coalbacking.

coal ball n. (a) a ball made of coal dust, for use as fuel (now rare); (b) Geology a rounded mass of calcite or pyrite containing fossilized plant remains, typically found in or near coal seams.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > coal-derived fuel

coal ball1603

pipe-coal1612

hotshot1673

hotshoot1704

fireball1735

brickette1806

briquette1884

coal slurry1912

slurry1913

semi-coke1918

Phurnacite1937

syncrude1971

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > features of stratum or vein > [noun] > material within

kevel1747

comb1863

coal ball1870

1603 H. Platt (title) A new, cheape and delicate fire of cole-balles, wherein seacole is by the mixture of other combustible bodies, both sweetened and multiplied.

1803 A. Hunter Georgical Ess. (new ed.) III. 149 About Bristol..they make coal-balls of their culm.

1870 Nature 20 Oct. 505/1 These organs were found in what were called coal-balls, from the beds of coal at Bradford and Halifax.

1947 C. A. Arnold Introd. Paleobot. ix. 219 Petrified stems, petioles, and roots of Medullosa are frequently encountered in coal-balls.

1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) xxxiii. 249 Father was scavenger—peddler of coal balls (made of coal scrap) in Tientsin.

2007 New Scientist 22 Dec. 74/3 The mines around Manchester were a good place to hunt for coal balls.

coal band n. †(a) Scottish a stratum of stone overlying a stratum of coal (obsolete rare); (b) Geology a stratum of coal.

ΚΠ

1795 W. MacRitchie in Sc. Antiquary (1896) 10 110 The pits here [sc. Keltybridge] of no considerable depth, and the coal very accessible. It is covered with a stratum of freestone (here called a coal-band) of a considerable thickness.

1829 T. C. Haliburton Hist. & Statist. Acct. Nova-Scotia II. ix. 425 A number of pit shafts have been sunk from the surface, through the great coal band.

1903 Proc. Yorks. Geol. & Polytechnic Soc. 15 88 There is at the outset one good horizon that is clearly definable: that is the coal band at the top of..the Third Grit series.

2003 T. Palmer Perilous Planet Earth xxi. 218 The Alvarez group, investigating rocks collected in the region of Hell Creek, Montana..found elevated iridium levels in a thin coal band.

coal bank n. †(a) a stretch of waterside where coal is loaded into boats (obsolete); (b) U.S. a raised area where a seam of coal is exposed for opencast mining.

ΚΠ

1705 Affidavits, Certificates, & Presentments 24/1 The Ship or Bark..; after lying several Tides at the said Sir Humphry Mackworth's Coal Bank, was forced to go away empty.

1800 H. Steuart Suppl. Plan supplying Edinb. with Coal 43 By means of bearers..they [sc. coals] might, upon occasion, be brought from the water-level to the coal-bank, even with no more than 10 fathom pits.

1805 in L. Collins & R. H. Collins Hist. Sketches Kentucky (1874) I. 408 A coal bank is within three hundred yards.

1886 Harper's Mag. June 62/2 A gentleman who wanted a coal bank opened engaged for the work a man passing along the road.

1922 Outlook 12 July 460/1 Horizontally through all the ridges run coal veins—any man can climb varying distances into his corn-field and open him up a ‘coal bank’.

1980 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 7 Dec. vii. 40 Jimmy manfully shoulders his rusty pick..and struggles up the hill to an abandoned coal bank.

2005 P. L. Bryan & T. Wolf Midnight Assassin i. 3 He wanted Ivan to come with him to the coal bank, an exposed vein of soft coal located a few miles to the east of their family farm.

coal baron n. originally U.S. a wealthy and influential mine owner or business magnate in the coal industry; cf. baron n. 2b.

ΚΠ

1876 N.-Y. Daily Tribune 2 Aug. 4/4 The coal barons have prepared the public to view even their bankruptcy without a tear.

1902 Westm. Gaz. 17 May 5/2 Nearly 150,000 coalminers are on strike in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania... The coal barons have built barricades and barbed wire fences around the shafts.

2011 Independent 17 Mar. (Viewspaper section) 2/2 A Red Tibetan Mastiff called ‘Big Splash’ has just been sold to a Chinese coal baron for a reported £1m.

coal-bearing adj. Geology containing or yielding coal; carboniferous.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral sources > [adjective] > yielding a mineral or metal > coal

coaly1594

coaled1724

coal-bearing1813

anthracitous1823

anthraciferous1833

lignitiferous1859

carboniferous1865

1813 W. Wilson Post Chaise Compan. Ireland (ed. 4) p. iv/1 The coal-bearing Doonane in Kilkenny County.

1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 327 The coal-bearing strata are characterized by several hundred species of plants.

1915 C. Schuchert Text-bk. Geol. II. xl. 729 The Coal Measures formation is again divided into two series, the earlier half, or Middle Carboniferous, being widely known as the Westphalian..when coal bearing.

2005 Washington Post (Nexis) 15 Aug. b1 Small businesses that supply coal companies with equipment have started to sprout up throughout Virginia's seven coal-bearing counties.

coal bed n. a stratum or layer of coal.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > stratum or bed > of coal

coal bed1591

roach1653

coal measure1665

coal vein1665

main coal1708

coal seam1756

1591 in Trans. Halifax Antiq. Soc. (1930–2) 31 74 One myne of coales within the greaveship of Hipperholme, with all rights, and the several colebeddes to the same mine apertaining, lying and being in a place called Godley Lane.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. iii. 172 Walls or Pillars of the whole Cole-Bed remaining (which with us is not above two foot thick) to hinder the roof of the pit for falling.

1777 R. E. Raspe tr. I. von Born Trav. Bannat of Temeswar x. 83 The exterior appearance of the ground countenances the conclusion, that coal beds are below the gold impregnated stratum.

1861 H. Macmillan Footnotes from Nature 5 A coal-bed is, in fact, a hortus-siccus of extinct cryptogamic vegetation.

1920 M. D. Post Sleuth of St. James's Square v. 100 In the great range of mountains..beautifully named the Alleghanies, there is a vast measure of coal beds.

2002 R. Pruitt Rivers of Stone viii. 98 This area has been thoroughly prospected for uranium, even for coal beds.

coal blacking n. a form of blacking (blacking n.¹ 2) made from ground or powdered coal.

ΚΠ

1861 Leeds Mercury 9 July 3/4 A fire occurred on the premises of Messrs. James Balmford and Son, coal blacking works, Water-lane,..on Saturday morning.

1876 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 25 122 The production of coal blacking was a trade in this district.

1994 G. Minault in N. Kumar Women as Subj. iv. 120 Practicing [sic] their alif bey jims using coal blacking from the stove.

† coal-blende n. Geology Obsolete non-bituminous coal, anthracite.

ΚΠ

1792 J. Hailstone Plan Lect. Min. 71 Petroleum with an earthy basis. 1. Stone Coal. 2. Coal blend. 3. Vegetable Coal.

1807 H. Davy in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 97 55 Where pyritous strata and strata of coal-blende occur.

1858 Geol. N. Amer. 107 Beds of coal-blende, accompanied by alum slate and black chalk, have been discovered in this formation on Rhode Island.

coal brass n. Mining (frequently in plural) iron pyrites found in some coal-bearing strata; cf. brass n. 1e.

ΚΠ

1809 Tradesman 1 Feb. 144 The exposure of surface in the pyrites or coal brasses.

1865 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 343 Some kinds of the ore known as ‘coal brass’ also contain a considerable amount of ferrous carbonate.

1917 Proc. Engineers' Soc. Western Pennsylvania 33 664 Coal brasses which are jigged out are sold to pyrite manufacturers.

2003 J. A. Kent Riegel's Handbk. Industr. Chem. (ed. 10) xiv. 493/1 Sulphuric acid..is made by the action of bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) on coal brasses or iron disulfide discarded on refuse dumps at coal and copper mines.

coal bunk n. now rare = coal bunker n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > room, locker, or quarters > [noun] > storage room or compartment > coal-bunker

coal-hole1801

coal-holdc1826

coal bunker1837

coal bunk1838

bunker1839

pocket1883

1838 Alton (Illinois) Tel. 16 May The Williams, a coal brig with 470 tons of coal..will discharge her cargo into the coal bunks..tomorrow.

1867 Morning Star 22 Nov. She stayed at St. Thomas, resolving rather to delay a day or so than come away with her coal-bunks half filled.

1940 Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner 7 Aug. 7/4 Jack has made a place [for a bomb shelter] in one corner of the wash house: the coal bunk is on one side.

coalburner n. now historical and rare = charcoal-burner n. at charcoal n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > makers of other manufactured materials > [noun] > of charcoal

coaler1276

colliera1375

coalmana1450

wood-coaler1600

charcoal-collier1636

coalburner1636

charcoal-burner1825

1636 in Index Probate Rec. Court of Archdeaconry of Sudbury (1984) (modernized text) i. 155 John Cutmear, coal burner, Burgate.

1779 T. Jefferson Memorandum Bks. 9 Apr. (1997) I. 476 P[ai]d. a coal burner 26 days work £15–12.

1885 Med. News 8 Aug. 152/2 Dr. Bournonville reports a case of coryza caseosa, in an old man, 72 years of age, a coal-burner by trade.

1990 A. Kuhn & S. Radstone Women's Compan. to Internat. Film (1994) 11/1 A coalburner is put out of work by the arrival of the gas industry.

coal car n. chiefly North American a wagon used for transporting coal, esp. on a railway or in a mine.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > types of > wagon or cart for specific articles > for coal

coal cart1691

coal wagon1717

hutch1742

coal car1768

tipple1886

tip1889

1768 Reasons Removal of Market-house 11 Preserve the city from being distressed by pressing coal cars.

1858 Pennsylvania Rail Road Ann. Rep. 14 The rolling stock..consisted..of..92 Four-wheeled Coal Cars.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 8 Jan. 10/1 At least 1,000 coal-cars were added to the rolling-stock.

2008 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 18 May (Travel section) 1 A rope rider goes up and down the mines all day long, riding coal cars controlled by steel cables (called ropes) by a surface hoist.

coal chute n. [compare coal shoot n., also shute n.³ 3a] a slide or chute for coal; esp. one for depositing coal into a coal cellar; cf. coal drop n. 2.

ΚΠ

1848 E. Bowen et al. Coal Regions of Pennsylvania 53/1 Attached to this station are also two separate tracks, with coal chutes beneath, 300 and 450 feet long each, for the use of the town.

1993 P. Oliva Drowning in Darkness ii. 37 The coal that Pep wedged free bashed its way down the coal chutes into mine cars.

2010 Hereford Times (Nexis) 15 Feb. The cellar houses the gas meter and fuse board, there is also an original coal chute.

† coal clive n. [apparently < coal n. + clive, variant of cliff n.] English regional (Somerset) Obsolete a rock stratum overlying a coal seam; cf. cliff n. 1a.

ΚΠ

1719 J. Strachey in Philos. Trans. 1717–19 (Royal Soc.) 30 969 A Dark or Blackish Rock, which they call the Coal Clives.

1769 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 546/1 Coal clives in Somerset; the top of these is reddish, or grey, and becomes of a deep black as it approaches the coal.

coal creel n. Scottish (now historical) a basket for carrying coal; cf. creel n.¹ 1.

ΚΠ

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. l. 5693 A payr of coil crelis.

1770 Declar. Jean Johnston 4 Her mistress..desire him to send up coal-creels to James Ferrier's house.

1825 R. Mudie Attic Fragm. 104 The windward side of the boat, the whole energy and mass of that part of her corporation, which had been increased in energy and size, by twenty years bearing the ‘coal creel’ in the dark caverns of the earth.

1902 R. W. Dron Coal-Fields Scotl. iii. 39 It appears that, ever since the year 1423, the standard Gilmillscroft coal creel was 14 inches wide, 16 inches deep, and 30 inches long within.

1937 Hansard Commons 29 Nov. 1773 When Queen Victoria went to Midlothian in 1837 or 1838, she saw women climbing up and down shallow pits with coal creels on their backs.

1972 R. Crichton Camerons iii. v. They were surprised to see a file of men going down the road toward the dock with shovels and coal creels over their shoulders.

coal-crimp n. now historical and rare = crimp n.² 2.

ΚΠ

1747 Gen. Descr. All Trades 66 (heading) Coal-crimps.

1809 Tradesman 3 391 It is a well known fact that most of the principal coal buyers in London, and the coal crimps, or factors, are ship-owners, or connected by relationship with ship-owners.

1952 E. Hughes North Country Life in 18th Cent. I. vi. 301 ‘There never was a time yt ye Coale trade required more friends,’ wrote William Gilroy, a London coal-crimp.

coal drift n. a horizontal passage or gallery in a coal mine; cf. drift n. 15.

ΚΠ

1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 368 A Current of Water that runs through a Coal-Drift.

1850 D. Drake Systematic Treat. Princ. Dis. Interior Valley N. Amer. iii. iv. 695 Dr. Putney saw a negro, who suffered from asthmatic breathing in the coal drifts, cured by being made a kettle tender.

2009 M. Norman & E. M. Norman Tears in Darkness xii. 319 Picking and shoveling and hauling and loading in a labyrinth of damp laterals, long diagonals, and cramped coal drifts.

coal engine n. (a) an engine for lifting coal (now rare); (b) an engine which burns coal as fuel.

ΚΠ

1742 Decisions Court of Session Jan. 1724 35 The Earl being in possession of a Dam upon the Water of Leven.., and from thence he carried a Stream for the Use of his Corn Mills and Coal Engines.

1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 49 Upon this water [sc. the Orr] there are six corn-mills, two fulling-mills..and one coal-engine.

1859 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 20 May 462/1 I was very desirous of testing the capabilities of the coal engine ‘Canute’ for drawing a heavy load up the incline from Southampton to Andover.

1903 Colliery Engineer Apr. 393 The water-hoisting engines are usually set at right angles to the coal engines, to avoid placing one sheave over the other with the resulting extra liability to wrecks.

1991 P. C. Newman Merchant Princes viii. 221 Coal engines took eight hours to flash up and some ships took days to coal; oil propulsion was faster, more efficient.

Coal Exchange n. (a name for) a building in which coal is or was traded.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trading place > a centre of commerce > [noun] > place where merchants meet > for specific goods

Coal Exchange1755

piece hall1776

Corn-Exchange1794

cloth-hall1836

1755 Compl. Guide City of London (ed. 6) 18/1 Coal exchange, Billingsgate.

1809 T. E. Tomlins Jacob's Law-dict. at Coals Stat. 28 Geo. 3 c. 53 was past..for the purpose of putting an end to the Society at the Coal Exchange formed to regulate (i.e. to monopolize) the trade.

2011 Guardian 22 Jan. (Guide Suppl.) 32 The Coal Exchange in Butetown in Cardiff was where the first £1m deal was struck.

coal-fired adj. heated or powered by the burning of coal; cf. oil-fired adj. at oil n.¹ Compounds 5, gas-fired adj. at gas n.¹ and adj. Compounds 3.Now esp. of a power station.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > [adjective] > heated or warmed > heated by specific means

steam-heated1835

coal-fired1855

gas-fired1862

solar-heated1952

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical power, electricity > place of power generation > [adjective] > from coal

coal-fired2006

1855 W. Truran Iron Manuf. 91/1 The consumption of coal under the coal fired boilers is about 14 tons a day, or 5 cwts. per ton of pig iron made by the furnaces.

1909 Daily Chron. 17 Apr. 4/7 Baked fifty-five minutes in coal-fired oven.

1919 Times 20 Mar. 7 The present average practice in coal-fired power stations.

1987 W. Hagelund Whalers no More x. 153 The severe thermal stresses experienced by coal-fired boilers.

2006 Guardian 1 June i. 27/5 The ‘supercritical’ boiler..burns coal more efficiently than a conventional coal-fired station, saving around 500,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.

coal fitter n. now historical a colliery agent or broker who sells coal to shippers; cf. fitter n.²

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in coal

wood-coaler1600

collier1625

coal merchant1645

coal fitter1655

coal monger1665

coal factor1715

coal vend1906

1655 R. Gardiner Englands Grievance Discovered xliii. 93 Richard Leaver..went to Newcastle to the Coal-Fitter to be laden, but could get none.

1767 London Mag. Aug. 387/2 Every coal fitter is obliged to keep a regular and true list of ships entered at his office for loading of such coals as he usually vends.

1860 S. Smiles Self-help (new ed.) vi. 157 Lord Eldon was the son of a Newcastle coal-fitter.

2000 Herald & Post (Newcastle) (Nexis) 19 Jan. 6 [The building] passed to William Johnson, a coal fitter, who died in 1752.

coal-flap n. a flap or shutter on a pavement covering the opening to a coal cellar.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > types of door > [noun] > cellar door

cellar flap1795

coal-flap1854

1854 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 2 Dec. 6/3 Matters of an ordinary character, as restricting the putting in of windows beyond a certain line, coal-flaps, &c. were discussed.

1956 Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press 21 Apr. 26/6 They discovered signs that the coal-flap had been lifted and coal dust was trodden into the bedroom carpet.

2006 A. Motion In Blood xvii. 231 I opened the coal-flap outside the kitchen window.

coal flat n. now historical a flat-bottomed boat used for transporting coal; cf. flat n.³ 9a.

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1792 in K. Laybourn Brit. Trade Unionism (1991) 18 The masters of the coal flats in your employ do hereby give notice that they will not proceed.

1860 Portsmouth (Ohio) Times 26 May I hear that a couple of coal flats were sunk.

1921 A. O. Friel King of Kearsarge vi. 66 Stowed away in box-cars, crouching on coal flats, or walking long, weary miles over the ties, he had crawled up across two states.

2011 M. T. Wardle-Eggers & J. W. Barna McKeesport i. 10 (caption) Coal flats and coal barges were built to support the mining industry.

coal flora n. the plants whose remains occur as fossils in coal measures (coal measure n. 2); a group of plants from which a (type of) coal deposit was formed; cf. coal forest n.

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1831–3 J. Lindley & W. Hutton Fossil Flora Great Brit. I. 185 If it is a Fungus, it is perhaps the first that has been discovered in the Coal Flora.

1900 Elements Mining Engin. (Colliery Engineer Company) II. 47 The coal flora is one of the most abundant and perfect of the extinct floras.

2009 L. Margulis & M. J. Chapman Kingdoms & Domains (ed. 4) v. 436 Tropical swamp ‘coal floras’ of the Carboniferous Period, 354–290 m[illion] y[ears] a[go].

coal fold n. now historical an enclosure for storing coal.

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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal

coal cellar1281

coalhouse1332

coal garth1593

coal-hole?1641

coal yard1646

coal fold1704

ree1707

coal shed1718

coal pen1763

coal bunker1837

1704 Minutes Torryburn Session in Ess. Witchcraft (1820) 137 The west end of the Coalfold.

1858 J. M. Wilson Land of Scott (1859) 128 After 1784 it [sc. a church] was abandoned to neglect, and in 1809 converted into a public coal-fold.

2003 T. Lloyd et al. Pembrokeshire (2004) 175 The huge mid-C18 coal fold, over an acre in extent.

coal forest n. an ancient forest from which a coal deposit was formed, typically a dense, species-rich swamp forest of the Carboniferous or Permian periods.

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?1848 E. Lankester Nat. Hist. Creation 15 The general vegetation of the coal forests, then resembled more this tree fern, than that of any other plant which we have existing..at the present day.

1934 Geogr. Rev. 24 229 The display begins with a mural of a coal forest.

2008 A. Farjon Nat. Hist. Conifers xi. 77 I saw in a museum the plant fossils from the coal mines and a diorama of a coal forest in the Carboniferous.

coal-gabbart n. chiefly Scottish (now rare) a barge or lighter for carrying coal; cf. gabbart n.

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1736 N. Robbins Exact Abridgm. Irish Statutes Gen. Table sig. Lllll2/2 Regulation of Coal Gabbards or Lighters in Dublin.

1870 J. Matheson Eng. to Delhi ix. 62 A huge hulking craft, in shape and size similar to one of our Scotch coal gabbarts.

1906 ‘H. Foulis’ Vital Spark xiii. 95 ‘Is that the way you do your courtin' on the coal-gabberts?’ said the cook, greatly amused.

1934 Sc. Mountaineering Club Jrnl. Apr. 175 Four young Jacobite prisoners..shut the massive iron gates on those outside, and pointing the guns of the Fort at them, forced them to board the coal gabbart and clear out.

† coal garth n. Obsolete (historical in later use) = coal yard n.

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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal

coal cellar1281

coalhouse1332

coal garth1593

coal-hole?1641

coal yard1646

coal fold1704

ree1707

coal shed1718

coal pen1763

coal bunker1837

1593 in Rites Durham (1842) 83 A litle stone house, joyninge of the Cole garth.

1866 Jrnl. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. 22 233 A modern building..occupies the site. Between it and the Kitchen was the coal garth.

coal gasification n. the process of producing coal gas from coal; cf. coal gas n.

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1893 Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 12 408/2 I prefaced my remarks on coal gasification by the statement that..I have acted on the assumption that coal was a substance comprising fixed carbons saturated with hydrocarbons.

1963 New Scientist 24 Jan. 184/1 Last year, the first British coal gasification plant using the Lurgi pressure process began operations at Westfield near Fife.

2010 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 76/1 The group has sponsored research on..the ‘cleanest’ of the emerging pre-combustion coal technologies—‘underground coal gasification’.

coal goose n. chiefly British regional a cormorant.The distinction made between the cole-goose and the great black cormorant in quot. 1854 appears to be erroneous.

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1704 J. Chamberlayne Chamberlayne's Angliæ Notitia (ed. 21) i. iv. 39 For wholsom substantial Food..What abundance are here of Hens,..Wild-Geese, Coal-Geese, Swans,..Lapwings.

1854 R. Blakey Shooting xiii. 128 There are three varieties of this bird known to shooters; the great black, the cole-goose, and the crested.

2002 A. Braverman tr. Bassui Mud & Water (rev. ed.) 208 When you thoroughly penetrate this, the clarity stands out as lacquer black as a coal goose standing in the snow.

2011 Western Morning News (Plymouth) (Nexis) 19 Mar. 26 Here in the Westcountry the cormorant is a common bird despite some persecution... Old names include Sea Crow, Coal Goose, and Isle of Wight Parsons.

coal grieve n. originally and chiefly Scottish (now historical) the manager of a coal pit; cf. grieve n. 2.

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1644 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1819) VI. 122/2 Upon the complaint of any party grieved, to conveene the saids coal-masters, coal-grieves, and coalyars.

a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) v. 40 William Paton..told me..that they had a design on me for Clackmannan; but..that Mr. Inglis, tacksman of the estate of Clackmannan, whose coal-grieve he was, and Kennet, would set their foot against it.

1864 Glasgow Herald 7 June 3/2 These persons were under the pay of Mr. Lawrence Drysdale, a farmer in the neighbourhood, and the coal grieve.

1985 R. A. Houston Sc. Literacy v. 184 The sort of differences between levels of literacy is seen when we contrast the crude handwriting, bad spelling and poor grammar..with the comparative elegance and consistency of the coalgrieve or supervisor's correspondence.

2000 K. M. Brown Noble Society Scotl. 59 The second earl of Lothian's coal grieve at Cockpen reported on the problems of a collapsing mine in 1620.

coal handler n. U.S. a person employed to load or unload coal.

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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who load or unload > coal

staithman?1677

off-putter1788

caster1793

coal-whipper1795

coal lumper1834

whipper1836

coaler1858

coal handler1871

1871 Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig & Courier 27 May 2/2 40,000 railroad employes, drivers, coal-handlers and others..were thrown out of employment.

1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 12 May 7/2 The New Jersey coal-handlers.

2001 Buffalo (N.Y.) News (Nexis) 26 July Sullivan, a 27-year-old coal handler, said he doesn't have a clue what he'll do once the coke ovens close.

coal hod n. now chiefly North American a coal scuttle; cf. hod n. 2.

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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal

coal pot1681

coal box1701

coal scuttle1730

coal scoop1743

coal hod1781

hoda1825

coal skip1831

purdonium1847

scuttle1849

scoop1850

1781 in P. C. Moore Inventory Hartlebury Castle (1960) 86 Housekeeper's Room—1 coal hod a bread fork 3 brushes a Copper Tea kettle.

1844 Times 21 Mar. 7/6 The fire was nearly out, and the coal-hod was thrown down upon the step of the door leading to the yard.

1870 L. M. Alcott Old-fashioned Girl ii. 26 Tom, resenting the insult, had forcibly seated her in the coal-hod.

2010 Buffalo (N.Y.) News 27 Mar. b18 An Art Nouveau coal hod with inlay sold..for $310.

coal horse n. a horse used to pull a coal wagon; cf. pit-horse n. at pit n.¹ Compounds 1b.

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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [noun] > draught-horse > that pulls wagon > used in specific professions

coal horse1384

beer-horse1560

malt-horse1561

malt mare1594

higgler1707

stead-horse1708

pit pony1876

tip-horse1912

1384–5 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1901) III. 594 In 4 panell' empt. pro le Coilhors, 3s.

1644 Edinb. Test. LXI. f. 2, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Cole Tua coilhors, quhairof one blind, givine to the coilman.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 132 Waggons, and coal-horses.

1893 W. J. Gordon Horse-World of London x. 129 The coal horse..moves about thirty tons a week.

1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxix. 253 The skeletal Clydesdale had once been Benny Rooney's coalhorse.

coal hulk n. now chiefly historical a vessel moored at a harbour or port for the purpose of supplying steamships with coal; cf. hulk n.² 3a.

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1827 New Times 20 Jan. In the gale, the ship Earl Belmore..drove foul of the moorings of the coal hulk.

1917 Mediterranean Pilot II. viii. 559 Coaling is now (1912) carried out by means of a 7,000-ton coal hulk, fitted with electric light, transporters, traveling cranes, and all modern appliances.

2004 Newcastle (Austral.) Herald (Nexis) 29 July 59 The once majestic sailing ship was stripped down to become a coal hulk after a career spanning almost 60 years.

coal kiln n. (a) a furnace for making wood into charcoal (now chiefly Jamaican); (b) a kiln fuelled with coal, as opposed to wood, gas, etc.

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society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > [noun] > charcoal furnace or kiln

coal kiln1534

charcoal-furnace1801

meiler1839

charcoal-oven1878

1534 W. Marshall tr. Erasmus Playne & Godly Expos. Commune Crede f. 69^v Nestorius whiles he dothe dylygently eschewe this lyme kylle, he felle into the colekylne.

1776 P. V. Fithian Jrnl. 17 Jan. in Jrnl. 1775–6 (1934) 162 A Fog of Smoke rises from off it as from a Coal Kiln.

1794 Ann. Agric. 22 274 There is great facility and expedition in drawing out the lime from the coal-kilns.

1894 Daily Picayune (New Orleans) 5 Dec. 7/2 Holly and others..passed a coal kiln where the witness was at work.

1906 Jrnl. Gas Lighting 30 Oct. 312/2 Whereas the firing of a single coal-kiln..would cost £9 1s. 4d., the firing of each square gas-kiln..would only cost £1 6s. 4d.

1961 F. G. Cassidy Jamaica Talk v. 78 In Jamaica there are not only lime-kilns but coal-kilns (or coal-skill) for the burning of charcoal, which is called fire-coal.

2010 R. A. Baker Caterpillars don't become Butterflies 17 A butcher, a coal kiln, a community water tank.

† coal-kindler n. Obsolete a troublemaker, an agitator; cf. coal-blower n.

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a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) ii. 104 It may be a coal-kindler would think such Counsel as this not worth the hearing.

1831 National Mag. 2 229 All who have ever observed him, must perceive that this coal-kindler of all Ireland, is the mere creature of circumstance.

coal level n. (originally Scottish) a horizontal passage or gallery in a coal mine; (Welsh English) a coal mine.

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1740 J. Clerk Let. 16 Feb. in Publ. Surtees Soc. (1883) 76 101 Of coal-levels, pitts, or sinks.

1834 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. May 799/1 The starving agriculturists of Glamorgan and Monmouth would displace, at half price, the full paid miner in the iron and coal levels of Merthyr Tydvil.

1837 Prize-ess. & Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotl. 11 198 The water which issues from this coal level (on the beach near Spittal), is..impregnated with magnesia.

1913 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 13 Dec. 1533/2 I got chilled after scrambling about in a most uncomfortable coal level where one could not stand upright.

1952 G. H. Dury Map Interpr. xiii. 148 It is evident from the numerous old coal levels and old ironstone levels that..gently dipping seams of coal and beds of iron ore were worked in adits not by shafts.

2002 R. Jeffreys-Jones Cloak & Dollar p. vii The thirties snooker emporia shared the dim lighting of the coal levels, but not the comradely trust and support.

coal-light n. now historical a beacon or lighthouse signal light fuelled with coal.

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society > communication > indication > signalling > visual signalling > luminous signals > [noun] > fire signal > beacon

beacon1377

lightc1425

firebome1440

bale1455

cresset-light1525

flambeau1688

coal-light1775

bale-fire1805

needfire1805

ward-fire1859

beaconage1862

fanal-

1775 Middlesex Jrnl. 2 May Coal lights, like those of Milford, Scilly, and Eddystone, were no lights at all.

1833 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 361/1 The frigates Nymphen and Pallas, were wrecked..in consequence of the light of a lime-kiln..being mistaken for the coal light on the Isle of May.

1995 J. Newman Glamorgan (2001) 486 The two fire-baskets housed on these double platforms were designed to distinguish it from the coal-light on the slender Flat Holm Lighthouse.

coal lumper n. a person employed to load coal onto ships.

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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who load or unload > coal

staithman?1677

off-putter1788

caster1793

coal-whipper1795

coal lumper1834

whipper1836

coaler1858

coal handler1871

1834 Examiner 9 Feb. 91/2 Thomas Miller, an extensive master coal-lumper, had determined to employ none but Englishmen, which excited the indignation of the unionists.

1908 Daily Chron. 29 Aug. 1/6 (heading) Coal lumpers refuse to work on American hospital ship.

2007 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 25 Sept. 18 Frank Hyde was the youngest of seven boys born to James Hyde, a coal lumper from County Cork.

coalmaster n. now chiefly historical the proprietor or lessee of a colliery; an owner of a coal mine.

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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > owner or manager of coal-mine

coal owner1595

coalmaster1639

butty1828

keeler1860

1639 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) C1639/8/31 The supplicatioune presented by the coalemaisters against the conservatour.

1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 9 An accurate knowledge of the strata in a coal field is indispensably necessary to a coal-master.

1878 F. S. Williams Midland Railway (ed. 4) 8 The resolution at which the coal-masters had arrived.

1986 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Oct. 1200/1 Vast fortunes were being made by ironmasters, coalmasters and shipbuilders.

coal naphtha n. naphtha obtained by the distillation of coal tar; cf. naphtha n. 2.

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1818 Ann. Philos. 12 Index 479/1 Syme. J., Esq., on coal naphtha as a solvent of caoutchouc.

1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 720 The analogy between coal naphtha and the petrolene of Boussingault.

1914 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 6 157/2 Another [solvent for pyroxyline] contains 60 per cent of alcohol, 3 of castor oil, 1 of essential oil of lavender, 3 of resin and 34 of coal naphtha or benzole.

2003 T. S. S. Dikshith & P. V. Diwan Industr. Guide Chem. & Drug Safety ix. 226 Coal naphtha consists of benzene in appreciable amounts.

† coal note n. Obsolete a promissory note used in the coal trade, esp. one of a kind formerly used in the port of London.

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1797 J. Bayley Summary Laws Bills of Exchange iv. 76 The non-payment of Coal Notes.

1829 H. Roscoe Digest Law relating Bills of Exchange 10 Coal notes. By stat. 3 G. 2. c. 26. s. 7. all lightermen or other buyers of or contractors for coals, on board of any ship or vessel in the port of London, shall, at the time of the delivery of such coals, either pay for the same in ready money, or..shall give their respective promissory notes..expressing therein the words value received in coals.

1904 Railway Age 603/2 The present issue will be used to retire $7,900,000 of collateral trust 5 per cent bonds and $2,000,000 coal notes.

1917 47th Ann. Rep. Central State Hospital, Virginia (Petersburg) 56 Jackson Coal and Coke Company, interest on coal note 12 00..Friend & Co., interest on coal note 30 00.

coal oil n. (originally) oil or naphtha obtained from coal; (in later use) (North American) oil refined from petroleum, shale, etc.; kerosene; petroleum; frequently attributive.

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society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral oil > [noun]

petroleum1526

oil of petre1528

petrol1540

oil of saltpetre1685

earth-oil1732

white oil1763

mineral oil1771

coal oil1784

petroleum oil1799

crude oil1865

petroleum spirit1868

petroleum coke1881

crude1904

black gold1910

marker crude1974

benchmark crude1975

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > chemical fuel > [noun] > liquid

naphthec1384

naphtha1543

paraffin1851

kerosene1854

octylene1857

shale-oil1857

coal oil1859

gasoline1863

octane1867

octene1868

octyne1877

gas1878

liquid fuel1889

petrol1895

mazut1897

white fuel1901

diesel oil1905

autogas1908

juice1909

sauce1918

power kerosene1919

petroil1921

ethyl1923

lox1923

kero1930

isooctane1932

high-octane1933

hi-octane1933

Calor1936

pool petrol1939

super1939

pool1940

derv1948

platformate1949

mixture1952

diesel1953

Mapp gas1962

gasohol1971

super unleaded1975

synoil1976

synjet1979

biodiesel1986

Orimulsion1987

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > oil > petroleum

petroleum1526

oil of petre1528

petrol1540

green oil1607

oil of saltpetre1685

mineral oil1771

coal oil1883

1784 London Mag. Mar. 181/1 Coal oil, when rectified, may be used to advantage in painting, to dilute or thin down lintseed oil.

1859 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1858: Arts & Manuf. I. 726 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (35th Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 105, Pt. 1) X This lamp..is more especially designed for burning coal oil and similar substances that are rich in carbon.

1883 Cent. Mag. July 326/1 The ‘coal oil’ as it [sc. petroleum] was then called.

1887 S. S. Cox Isles of Princes xvii. 284 If you have enough elephants in your retinue to carry some coal-oil tar, it would be a matter of safety to agglutinate the tiger's eyes and ears.

1926 J. Black You can't Win xv. 197 He sat in state on a coal-oil can by the fire.

1963 H. Carter First Person Rural iv. 30 For croup a spoonful of sugar and coal oil.

1975 H. Duncan Treehouse i. 17 Bangs of hair frizzed by curling tongs heated over an old fashioned coal oil lamp.

1994 C. McCarthy Crossing 286 Three cratewood coffins imperfectly blacked with coaloil and chimneysoot.

2008 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 18 June a23 It was much cheaper to refine coal oil from liquid crude oil than from solid coal.

coal-oil v. U.S. (now rare) transitive to smear or coat with coal oil, esp. before setting on fire, as an act of torture or violence.

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the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > soiled condition > soil [verb (transitive)] > smear > smear with specific substances

becolmea1300

tara1616

lard1740

coal-oil1872

becoom1882

tallow-candle1894

1872 Sterling (Illinois) Standard 17 Oct. 6/1 Another self-sacrificing female martyr coal-oiled at Easton, Pa., the other day.

1894 Congress. Rec. 5 Feb. 1862/1 The colored people are tortured; they are mutilated; they are coal-oiled and burned.

1937 Evening Herald (Provo, Utah) 21 May 5/3 At Gainsville,..where he lived, he was accused of ‘coal-oiling’ a dog.

coal pan n. (a) a brazier; (b) a coal scuttle.

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the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > portable receptacle for burning fuel

fire paneOE

heartheOE

fire vessela1382

chafer1395

chimneyc1420

chafing-dish1483

coal pan1530

fire chauffer1558

brazeraine1623

brasero1652

brazier1690

firecage1770

fire-holder1789

fire basket1798

mangal1814

komfoor1841

rodney1848

Jack1849

chip pan1854

reredos1859

hibachi1863

scaldino1866

chafing-pan1867

salamander1873

1530 Bible (Tyndale) Exod. xxxviii. f. lxx^v The cauldrons, shovels, basyns, fleshokes and colepannes all of brasse.

1771 tr. J. J. Winckelmann Crit. Acct. Situation & Destr. Herculaneum iv. i. 62 In the sacred tripods, the chafingdish on which they placed the coal-pan, was made of baked earth.

1885 T. Mozley Reminisc. Towns (ed. 2) I. 377 Childers at once pronounced me a north-country-man when I called the coal-scuttle a ‘coal-pan’.

1958 Hesperia 27 229 The eschara was a portable coal-pan or brazier.

2005 M. B. Skinner Perfect Gem 198 Cooks with spoons still in hand..scullery maids with coal pans in tow.

coal passer n. chiefly North American (now chiefly historical) a person employed to supply coal to the furnace of a boiler, esp. in a steamship.

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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific tools or equipment > [noun] > with ovens or furnaces

fire beater1332

fireman1377

oven-stirrer1611

stoker1660

teaser1797

oven-man1832

coal passer1851

furnacer1853

furnaceman1883

fire beater1895

1851 N.-Y. Daily Tribune 10 Mar. 6/1 On Friday, Feb. 21, lost overboard L. Viel, from Havre, a coal passer on board.

1884 Cent. Mag. Jan. 364/2 In that blanching pit nine coal-passers and twelve stokers were speeding their lives.

2010 Buffalo (N.Y.) News (Nexis) 2 Dec. c5 The Buffalo native dropped out of Seneca Vocational High School to work as a coal passer on Great Lakes freighters.

coal pen n. an enclosure for the storage of coal.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal

coal cellar1281

coalhouse1332

coal garth1593

coal-hole?1641

coal yard1646

coal fold1704

ree1707

coal shed1718

coal pen1763

coal bunker1837

1763 London Evening-Post 2 June A Coal Pen, to Mr. Coats.

1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 189 A coal pen which was on the opposite side of the road near the house.

2002 A. Martin Necropolis Railway (2007) vii. 45 He settled down with his snap on the top of the coal pen.

coal picker n. †(a) a person who uses a pick to dig out coal (obsolete); (b) a person who takes or picks up discarded pieces of coal, either to use or to sell.

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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > who clears debris

reddsman1672

waler1825

coal picker1905

gummer1921

1842 Weekly Chron. 21 May 1/3 (caption) Coal picker working at the heading.

1847 Liverpool Mercury 27 Apr. Crime is engendered amongst the lowest of the low..among beggars, sand-sellers, coal-pickers or stealers.

1905 Reno (Nevada) Evening Gaz. 11 Oct. 5/2 The old German coal picker, who uses an old brown horse and a small waggon and picks up coal along the railroad track.

2010 Times of India (Nexis) 8 Mar. The daughter of a coal picker, one day her mother was busy picking coal leaving her to play with other kids near the railway tracks.

coal picking n. the action or an act of taking or picking up discarded pieces of coal, to use or sell.

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1842 Emancipator & Free Amer. (Boston) 2 June 19/2 The coal-pickings and twine-findings of the favored cartmen and laborers.

1931 Economist 21 Mar. 605/1 They..go coal-picking among the ‘tips’.

1993 S. Stewart Ramlin Rose viii. 86 He..turned a blind eye to coal pickin.

coal-plate n. a metal plate on a pavement covering the opening to a coal cellar.

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1781 Builders Price-bk. (new ed.) 166 (table) Coal Plates let into Stone, per Hole.

1890 Irish Law Times 25 Oct. 545/1 The coal plate had been noticed a fortnight before the accident to be out of repair.

2009 Times (Nexis) 12 Sept. The coal-plate is gone from the pavement.

coal pot n. †(a) a pot in which pieces of coal are stored (obsolete rare); (b) (chiefly Caribbean) a raised iron bowl for holding burning charcoal, now esp. one covered with an iron grid and used for cooking.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal

coal pot1681

coal box1701

coal scuttle1730

coal scoop1743

coal hod1781

hoda1825

coal skip1831

purdonium1847

scuttle1849

scoop1850

1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. i. xix. §43. 395 The coals are divisible by measure as they are raised out of the Coal-pot.

1844 Antigua & Antiguans II. xxxiii. 64 As long as the coal-pot continues burning, they believe the jumby cannot pass through the house.

1936 C. L. R. James Minty Alley xxvii. 187 The big three-decked stove was going, the coal-pots with food, the concrete below so hot that he could feel it through his slippers.

2012 Evening Standard (Nexis) 12 Dec. 59 Nothing equalled the aromas wafting from the coal pots at the idyllic Belmont estate in the green hills of St. Patrick's.

coal powder n. coal or (esp. in early use) charcoal in powder form.

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1497 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 97 Colepoudre..iij lasts iiij barelles.

1683 J. Pettus tr. L. Ercker xii. 251 in Fleta Minor iii They take a Test which is made moist, and make a little hearth in it of Coal Powder, mixt with clay, having a flat smooth hole cut out.

1880 Leicester Chron. & Leics. Mercury 18 Sept. 5/4 The fine coal powder which pervades the mine, and which, when suddenly kindled by the exploding gas, burns the miners to death.

1994 Environmental Health Perspectives 102 159 Limiting the burning of raw coal powder.

coal putter n. now historical = putter n.¹ 6.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > who works with trams, tubs, etc.

coal putter1708

foal1770

onsetter1789

putter1812

headsman1813

trapper1815

thruster1825

trammer1839

train boy1852

tram1856

hanger-on1858

tipper1861

hooker-on?1881

jiggerer?1881

hitcher1890

tub-loader1891

haulier1892

tilter1892

unhooker1892

flatter1894

jagger1900

thrutcher1901

tram-boy1904

filler1921

1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 14 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Another sort of Labourers which are called Barrow-Men, or Coal-Putters, these Persons take the hewed Coals from the Hewers.

1842 Weekly Chron. 14 May 1/2 Margaret Drysdale, fifteen years old, coal-putter.

1991 Appalachian Jrnl. 18 319 Children as young as six called ‘coal putters’, dragging or pushing loads of coal weighing between 300 and 1,000 pounds from face to pit bottom.

coal reserve n. (usually in plural) (a) a lode, seam, etc., of unmined coal; spec. the amount of coal which is known to await extraction in a particular district; (b) a quantity of mined and stored coal that has not yet been distributed or used.

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1864 Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gaz. 15 July To ascertain the cubic measure of the coal reserves in the coal fields of the world, their respective areas in square miles are multiplied by their..assumed depths of available coal.

1895 Biloxi (Mississippi) Herald 27 July 7/4 The increase of the coal reserve near the Russian border.

1940 Chicago Tribune 17 Jan. 1/5 A number of schools which have used up their coal reserves sent pupils home.

1966 G. A. Almond & G. B. Powell Compar. Politics vii. 178 Steel plants have been built..hundreds of miles from iron and coal reserves.

1978 Fed. Coal Managem. Prog. (U. S. Dept. Interior) ii. 50 The..delay between the time when a mining company acquires a coal reserve and the time when production begins.

2009 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 24 May 7 Taxable coal reserves include coal that might be mined in the future.

coal road n. a road or (North American) railway built or developed to carry coal.

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society > travel > means of travel > route or way > [noun] > over land

land-waya1325

wayleave1725

coal road1748

song line1966

1748 Jrnl. House of Commons 8 Feb. 25 722/2 The great and common Coal Road from divers Coal Mines, Collieries, and Coal Pits, in the County of Durham, into Cleveland, in the said County of York.

1868 Merchants' Mag. May 360 In regard to coal roads, I think I do not exaggerate when I say that both in Europe and America they are the most profitable of all railroads.

1921 Review-Republican (Williamsport, Indiana) 13 Oct. ii. 1/2 Mr. Haddon testified that they used the coal road extensively for shipment of cattle to Chicago market.

2006 N. Amer. Rev. Nov. 10/1 What I would think about most often was..my father and me running along the old coal roads that ribboned Three Bear Mountain.

coal rock n. rock containing deposits of coal; a rock of this type.In quot. 1788 as a proper name.

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1788 J. H. Moore Coaster's Compan. 79 From the Skerris lighthouse to the Coal rock.

1799 R. Townson Tracts & Observ. Nat. Hist. & Physiol. 198 (table) Dry clay. Down to the Four-foot Coal Rock.

1867 W. W. Smyth Treat. Coal & Coal-mining 95 The extent of the coal-rocks.

1910 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 415. v. 179 From this point on White River the coal rocks bend abruptly westward and..form a narrow hogback on the north side.

2000 Toronto Star (Nexis) 13 Mar. The crumbling buildings at the mine, whose rusty, creaky elevators stand against the dark pyramids of coal rock.

† coal salt n. Obsolete salt in small crystals, typically discoloured by soot, obtained in the evaporation of brine by applying a flame directly to the surface.

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the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > halides > [noun] > halite group > sodium chloride

salt-stonea1000

saltc1000

sal-gemc1325

salt gem(mea1400

rock salt1562

salt-rock1670

natrum muriaticum1850

gem-salt1852

halite1868

coal salt1877

1877 C. T. Kingzett Hist. Alkali Trade vi. 92 Mr. Hargreaves prefers to use ‘coal salt’, that is to say, salt obtained by surface evaporation of brine liquors by the direct action of flame, as, by these means, salt is obtained which binds better and preserves a porosity.

1880 G. Lunge Theoret. & Pract. Treat. Manuf. Sulphuric Acid & Alkali II. 131 The very fine ‘butter salt’, or ‘coal salt’, obtained by top heat according to Pohl's process.

coal scoop n. (a) a coal shovel; (b) a coal scuttle (now rare); (c) Coal Mining a specially designed vehicle mounted with a large scoop, used to gather and move coal which has been excavated.

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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal

coal pot1681

coal box1701

coal scuttle1730

coal scoop1743

coal hod1781

hoda1825

coal skip1831

purdonium1847

scuttle1849

scoop1850

1743 Daily Advertiser 9 July Copper coal scoops and scuttles.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Coal-scoop, a shovel for taking coals from a scuttle to throw on a fire.

1883 Civil Service Price-list Coal scoops, the ‘Haymarket’. The newest and best of the high class brass scoops... ‘Albert’ coal-scoop, with Hand-scoop.

1911 J. Fuller Art Coppersmithing (rev. ed.) 132 The plain round-mouthed coal scoop, as shown in Fig. 220, is made in four pieces.

1934 Boys' Life 34/4 He handed Roy the coal scoop.

1964 Walker's Man. Far Western Securities vii. 959 Pacific Car and Foundry Company... Wheeled logging tractors, log stackers, coal scoops.

2007 S. Florida Sun-Sentinel (Nexis) 31 Jan. For eight hours a night she'd operate the coal scoop, drive the shuttle car or shovel coal onto the conveyor belt.

coal screen n. a screen or riddle for separating larger pieces of coal from smaller particles and coal dust; (also) a machine for this purpose.

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1809 Ipswich Jrnl. 28 Oct. 3/3 (advt.) To be sold by auction... 25 sacks, corn and coal screens, set chaise harness,..and a variety of other articles.

1936 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 1 454/1 The Home Office was not in possession of any evidence that work on the coal screens gave rise to silicosis.

2002 Charleston Gaz. (Nexis) 24 Aug. State inspectors discovered..companies were operating three conveyor belts and two coal screens without applying for any emissions permits at all.

coal seam n. a stratum of coal; cf. seam n.¹ 5.

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the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > stratum or bed > of coal

coal bed1591

roach1653

coal measure1665

coal vein1665

main coal1708

coal seam1756

1756 M. Calderwood Lett. & Jrnls. (1884) vi. 183 The coal seams are of a vast thickness, and the coals very large.

1863 A. C. Ramsay Physical Geol. & Geogr. Great Brit. 136 Were it not for our coal-seams, the agency of steam would be almost wholly denied to us.

1932 H. V. Morton In Search of Wales xii. 248 The line of loaded coal ‘trams’ which travels, often for miles, from the coal seam to the pit bottom.

2001 High Country News 10 Sept. 2/3 To watch a $30 million longwall machine chew its way through a nine-foot-high coal seam.

coal shaft n. a shaft in a coal mine.

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society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > shaft > of coal-mine

pit1669

coal shaft1708

pit-shaft1708

1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 6 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Many times we are forced..to have a Water-Course or Drift from the intended Coal-Shaft to this other Shaft.

1856 H. B. Stoney Resid. Tasmania xvi. 183 There is a tram-road, nearly completed, from the coal shafts to the shipping place.

1922 Coal Age 12 Oct. 614/2 Prices named by Springfield operators and dealers will determine whether or not the City is to proceed further with its plan for the sinking of a municipal coal shaft.

2004 H. Rui Globalization, Transition & Devel. China vi. 146 The coal-producing cost of an old coalmine is usually higher..because when the coal shaft becomes deeper, more advanced equipment and a greater labour force may be required.

coal shale n. shale which occurs adjacent to deposits of coal, often containing fossils.

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1793 W. Martin Figures & Descr. Petrifactions Coll. Derbyshire Descr. Plate 13^* A petrified vegetable... Common in argillaceous grit and coal-shale: frequent also in the coal itself.

1898 Science 8 July 36/2 Hearing some one say, as he picked up a piece of coal shale, that there was a fish scale in it.

1982 Jrnl. Appl. Ecol. 19 427 A comparison between acid and more basic coal shales showed them to have somewhat dissimilar mite communities.

2012 Jrnl. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 1 Sept. 30 The builder couldn't resist buying the cheap coal shale as hardcore for under the concrete floor.

coal shoot n. [compare coal chute n., also shute n.³ 3a] †(a) a coal scuttle (obsolete); (b) = coal chute n.

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1794 Catal. Estate H. Keymer (J. Morris & H. Keymer) 20 Copper coal shoot.

1813 W. Taylor Eng. Synonyms 45 Set down the coalshoot.

1826 Liverpool Mercury 15 Sept. They started together from the coal shoots.

1939 C. Isherwood Goodbye to Berlin 197 Take a good big jump. Or you'll fall down the coal-shoot and into the cellar.

2011 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 29 Aug. 13 The offenders gained access through a disused coal shoot.

coal skip n. †(a) a coal scuttle (obsolete) (b) chiefly Mining a large container for holding or moving coal (cf. skip n.²).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal

coal pot1681

coal box1701

coal scuttle1730

coal scoop1743

coal hod1781

hoda1825

coal skip1831

purdonium1847

scuttle1849

scoop1850

1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 46 An iron box, mounted on wheels..and somewhat resembling in shape a common coal skip is made to travel completely round.

1861 Preston Guardian 12 Jan. One hundred and fifty coal skips from the Northern Ports are at the sea for the Thames.

1886 Derby Mercury 31 Mar. Witness had occasion to leave the house for the purpose of replenishing the coal skip.

1909 Electr. Engin. 30 June 1237 One of the most unique features of the plant is the automatic coal skips.

2004 S. Parker Coal 13 Large pulleys inside tall winding houses hold the cables for the coal skips and workers' elevators.

coal slack n. small or refuse coal; coal dust; cf. slack n.²

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the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [noun] > grime, soot, or coal dirt

sootc725

smitchc1330

culmc1440

coom1587

coal slack1612

grime1612

crock1657

fuliginosity1662

collow1675

smut1693

colly1708

smutch1791

brook1825

stokers1899

1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion iii. 45 Froome for her disgrace Since scarcely euer washt the Colesleck from her face.

a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 28 They [sc. lime-kilns] burnt with culm, or coal-slack.

1856 P. H. Gosse Tenby xxvi. 253 The road winds away, enlivened by a procession of carts loaded with wet coal-slack from the neighbouring mines.

1994 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 6 Aug. 6 She shook some coal slack on to the fire.

coal slate n. slate which occurs adjacent to deposits of coal, often containing fossils.

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1690 E. Lhuyd Let. 25 Nov. in W. Derham Philos. Lett. (1718) 239 The Figures of Plants in the Cole-slat I have formerly mention'd to you, is clearly a different thing from the Pictra Imboschata of Imperatus.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 522/1 The brownish blue friable steganium, usually called coal-slate.

1889 J. P. Lesley Dict. Fossils Pennsylvania I. 71 (caption) A small avicula found in 1857..in coal slate near the mouth of the Ravensdale tunnel.

2001 Jrnl. Arachnol. 29 346/1 The dump..consists of Tertiary tuff and coal slate and is sparsely covered with vegetation.

coal slurry n. = slurry n. 1b.

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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > coal-derived fuel

coal ball1603

pipe-coal1612

hotshot1673

hotshoot1704

fireball1735

brickette1806

briquette1884

coal slurry1912

slurry1913

semi-coke1918

Phurnacite1937

syncrude1971

1912 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 86 415 Complete commercial plants have been erected for the manufacture of a special form of briquette from a mixture of..coke breeze, coal slurry and pitch.

1966 Times 22 Oct. 1/2 Hundreds of volunteers—including many miners—shifted coal slurry by bucket chain.

2011 A. Prud'homme Ripple Effect ix. 102 A massive dike..ruptured, unleashing a toxic wave of some 1.1 billion gallons of coal slurry and water.

coal smoke n. dense smoke produced by the burning of coal; cf. wood smoke n. at wood n.¹ Compounds 1b(b)(i).

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1652 A. Ross Hist. World Brief Chronol. sig. Llll3^v He..is stifled in his bed with coal-smoke.

1784 W. Moss Familiar Med. Surv. Liverpool 33 Few of the most hardy trees and vegetables will live..in the center of a large town. They are injured and destroyed by the coal smoke.

1816 Leeds Mercury 6 Jan. 4/2 An economical discovery which will relieve great cities from the intolerable nuisance of coal smoke, has been recently made public.

1920 Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 75/3 The subsequent chemical analysis disproved the accepted opinion that the coal smoke was less dense than fumes from the smeltery.

1994 K. Kelly Out of Control x. 180 The power plant also precipitates pollutants from its coal smoke in the form of calcium sulfate.

2013 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 9 Feb. 5 The comforting rhythm of the wheels on the track mixed with the familiar scent of coal smoke.

coal smut n. (a) particulate coal, often mixed with earth, found as a layer above a coal deposit (now rare); (b) coal particles or soot produced by a coal fire, coal-burning locomotive, etc.; a particle of this.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > small, refuse, impure, or coal-dust

slackc1440

smith coal1466

smithy coal1482

coal dusta1529

panwood1531

smith's coal1578

kirving1599

culm1603

coom1611

small coal1643

smit1670

smut1686

slag1695

duff1724

duff coal1724

small1780

gum1790

stinking coal1803

cobbles1811

nubbling1825

stinkers1841

rubble1844

pea1855

nuts1857

nut coal1861

slap1865

burgee1867

smudge1883

waste1883

treble1901

coal smut1910

gumming1938

nutty slack1953

1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. ii. i. 91 That black Earth which is usually found above the Coal, in the Coal-Countries, and is there called Coal-Smut, and Urry.

1813 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. vi. 161 In most coal fields there are thin strata of coal-smut or carbonaceous and other particles intermixt.

1831 A. Cunningham Lives Brit. Painters IV. 95 The rain, blackened by coal smut, descends in inky streams.

1910 L. Villari Russia III. vi. 123 A continual rumbling and whirring sound of machinery fills one's ears, a heavy pall hangs over the town, and the atmosphere is thick with coal smuts.

1914 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 541. 482 The coal is badly weathered at the surface, where only coal ‘smut’ (coal highly disintegrated) is exposed.

2007 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 11 Aug. 7 A steam train..hoots and belches out coal smuts on its way to the country town of Alresford.

coal spout n. now historical a chute used for loading ships with coal at a wharf or coal staithe.

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1793 Earl of Dundonald Descr. Estate Culross 55 Shipping the Coal, from an elevated Coal Steath and Spout, instead of by Hand-barrows.

1883 J. Runciman Romance of Coast 85 The modern ‘hand’..sees his vessel put under the coal spout, jumps ashore to buy a loaf and a few herrings, and then goes off to sea by three in the morning.

1915 Mason City (Iowa) Globe-Gaz. 4 Feb. 1/5 A coal spout was being moved into place when he got his right hand caught between the jack and an iron band.

2007 N. Rogers Press Gang vi. 125 The situation was worst for the keelmen, for the..increasing use of coal spouts..threatened their livelihood.

coal staithe n. now chiefly historical an elevated wharf with a chute or coal drop for loading ships with coal; see staithe n. 2.

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society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > harbour or port > [noun] > wharf or quay > types of

wood-wharf1279

jutty-head1559

coal wharf1655

coal staithe1708

jetty head1731

sufferance wharf1774

trunk-staithe1789

wharf-boat1849

sufferance quay1882

1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 19 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) The Rivers are not Navigable for Ships, so high as the Keys or Coal-Steaths.

1816 J. Rennie in E. Mackenzie Descr. & Hist. Acct. Newcastle (1827) II. 742 To altering coal-staiths and other landing or shipping places..£25,000.

1990 Country Living Aug. 40/1 (advt.) A piece of history—the massive Dunston Coal Staiths, one of the world's largest wooden structures.

2009 P. Murphy Eng. Coast iii. 77 There were also coal staithes at Blyth, Amble and Seaham.

† coal stalk n. Obsolete = coal plant n. 1.

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1792 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. III. 429 Of the former [sc. plant fossils], there are various kinds of pine, &c. now known by the name of the coal-stalk.

1803 Gazetteer Scotl. at Kilsyth Many of the coal stalks penetrate the freestone, and leave on it specimens of impressions of delicate parts of vegetables.

coal-stealer n. †(a) Scottish (more fully coal stealer rake) a disreputable person, a vagabond (obsolete); (b) a person who steals coal.

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1665 in Bk. Old Edinb. Club (1912) V. 126 Ane coillsteiller..is s[ai]d to have beine killed.

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Coalstealer Rake, a thief, a vagabond, or one who rakes during night for the purpose of depredation.

1905 Railroad Gaz. 17 Mar. 85/1 The police officers of the Erie Railroad in a space of 10 days have arrested over 200 coal stealers and other trespassers.

2011 Sentinel (Stoke-on-Trent) (Nexis) 25 May 22 Trained police dogs were first used by the county police in 1955, to the disapprobation of coal-stealers at Wolstanton Colliery.

coal strike n. a strike by coal miners.

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society > occupation and work > working > labour relations > [noun] > strike > by all workers of one industry

general strike1810

coal strike1849

1849 Morning Chron. 31 Dec. 5/4 They [sc. bloody scenes] form one of the most painful features of coal-strikes.

1955 R. W. Fleming in I. Bernstein et al. Emergency Disputes & National Policy xi. 207 Some seven hundred coal strikes are alleged to have taken place in that state in the years 1915-1919.

1984 Guardian 14 Mar. 30/3 Yorkshire miners picketing pits outside their own areas to induce others to join the coal strike.

2012 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 20 Oct. a2 The nearly seven-month-long coal strike that ended on this day resulted in lingering wage cuts for workers and a loss in coal production of about 1.5 million tonnes.

coal swamp n. = coal forest n.; now frequently attributive.

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1854 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 10 19 Perhaps the submerged coal-swamp was the most fitting habitat for Modiola and its associates.

1931 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 13 June 4/5 Every bone in his skeleton testifies, that about 300,000,000 years ago he was a mud-crawling reptile in some slimy coal swamp.

1977 J. A. Doyle in A. Hallam Patterns of Evol. xvi. 509 The Permian replacement of the Paleophytic coal swamp vegetation..is not strictly analogous to the process postulated by Axelrod.

1993 J. E. Storer in H. Epp Three Hundred Prairie Years viii. 38 Land emerged, covered by coal swamps and inhabited by dinosaurs.

2005 Geol. Mag. 141 671 Glauconite within the tuff demonstrates a shallow marine depositional environment, contrasting previous environmental interpretations..that considered it to represent continental sediments and paralic coal swamp environments.

coal tip n. a place or facility at which coal or coal waste is tipped out from wagons, lorries, etc.; a mound or heap of coal or coal waste that has been tipped; cf. tip n.⁵ 3a, 4a.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > mining equipment > [noun] > equipment for lowering or raising miners or material > for raising material > equipment for tipping

tumbling tom1826

coal tip1852

kick-up1883

tumbler1883

1852 Rep. of Proc. Dept. Railways for 1851 243 in Parl. Papers XXVIII. 1 The Gadly Company to have also safety-points at their coal tips, and other works.

1906 L. C. Cornford Defenceless Islands 54 The frame-work with the rising platform is called a coal-tip.

1930 Geography 15 473 Ugly black coal tips disfigured the hill slopes.

2005 Western Mail (Cardiff) (Nexis) 12 Aug. 14 Families..endured more than three years of hell living in the shadow of a burning coal tip.

coal train n. a train used to transport coal; spec. (a) a freight train carrying coal; (b) a series of wagons carrying ore or coal on a railway in a mine; cf. train n.² 19 (now rare).

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1828 Reg. Pennsylvania 2 Aug. 46/2 The driver has let the coal train get a mile ahead—for that moves only about five miles an hour, though it might go 10 or 15, or even more.

1876 Leeds Mercury 25 Mar. 10/1 [The failure of the signals] prevented the coal train, running late, from being stopped.

1909 Daily Chron. 20 Aug. 1/1 The canister..was left in a coal train in the mine.

1933 Cumberland (Maryland) Evening Times 4 Jan. 2/8 He had been assigned to guard a stalled coal train and had gone there on complaints that coal was being tossed from the cars.

2013 Southern Star (Brisbane) (Nexis) 23 Jan. 4 The number of coal trains passing through dozens of suburbs in Brisbane, Ipswich and Toowoomba could double under the Port of Brisbane's 20-year plan to expand coal exports from Fisherman's Island.

coal-trimmer n. now chiefly historical a person employed to stow coal in the hold of a ship as cargo, or in the bunkers of a steamship as fuel; cf. trim v. 16.

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society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > sailors involved in specific duties or activities > [noun] > sailor who stows or trims cargo

rummager1544

stower1769

coal-trimmer1828

trimmer1836

screw-man1852

1828 Newcastle Courant 30 Aug. 1/4 (advt.) All Persons having any Claim upon George Watt, of Monkwearmouth Shore, Coal Trimmer..are requested immediately to send Particulars thereof to Mr Fell, Solicitor.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 17 Aug. 8/3 A coal-trimmer, Jack Mortlake, twenty-six, of Hull, was below in his berth when the collision took place.

2006 Daily Post (Liverpool) (Nexis) 31 Aug. 11 On the outbreak of war, he became a coal-trimmer in the bunker of SS Albion Star.

coal trough n. (a) a trough used as a container for coal; (b) Geology an elongated depression containing coal-bearing strata.

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1793 Sporting Mag. Mar. 367/1 A hare..jumped into the window of a blacksmith's shop at Salehurst and was taken alive in the coal trough.

1814 Philos. Mag. 43 326 Below this occur what I have denominated the Floor Rocks of the Anglesea Coal-trough.

1971 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 79 308/1 The recognition and mapping of intermontane coal troughs is a reliable method of reconstructing the tectonic history of an orogenic belt.

2007 West Australian (Perth) (Nexis) 1 Oct. 11 Boys commonly worked in smithies, filling water and coal troughs, blowing the fires and using the sledgehammer.

† coal-turned adj. Obsolete rare that has been turned into charcoal.

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1616 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odyssey iii, in Whole Wks. Homer 44 Then Nestor broild them on the cole-turnd wood.

coal vase n. a decorative coal box or coal scuttle.

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1826 Liverpool Mercury 29 Sept. 101/2 The japanned wares consist of sets in Papier Machee Tea Trays, curiously inlaid with Pearl;..Tea Caddies, Dressing Cases, Plate Warmers, Coal Vases, &c.

1859 Evening Star 2 Nov. 3/2 Charles..was charged with stealing a coal vase, from the door of an ironmonger's shop in the Strand.

1990 Littlewoods Catal. Spring–Summer 678/5 (caption) Real Brass Coal Vase.

coal washer n. a machine for washing impurities from coal; a person who operates such a machine.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > other specific coal-mine workers

gates-mana1649

getter1688

coal washer1859

gasman1876

spragger?1881

stoneman1883

thin-miner1892

shotman1905

shiftsman1921

strapper1921

Bevin boy1944

pit yacker1961

1859 Sci. Amer. 26 Feb. 197/2 (caption) Evans' coal-washer.

1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 581/2 Coal-washer, a machine in which coal which has been broken and assorted is finally washed to deprive it of the dust and dirt adhering.

1921 Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §049 Coal washer;..works at machine for washing coal in washery to remove impurities.

2003 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 9 Feb. On my way to meet our bus I chatted with a young Australian in town to service the coal washers.

coal-washing n. the action or work of removing impurities from coal; frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > clearing of refuse matter > [noun] > clearing coal from refuse

coal-washing1852

1852 Rep. by Juries Exhib. Wks. Industry of all Nations, 1851 26/1 The two exhibitors to whom the Council Medal has been decreed..Mr. Bérard,..for his coal-washing apparatus.

1930 Engineering 14 Feb. 196/1 The term coal-washing, within recent years, has come to mean the general preparation of the coal for direct or indirect utilisation.

2006 Australian (Nexis) 14 June 4 He now works at Sedgman coalwashing plant at Nebo.

coal water n. water contaminated with coal, esp. from a coal mine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [noun] > dirty water

puddle watera1425

dishwater1484

swilling1545

puddle1555

dish-wash1592

coal water1670

bilge-water1706

bulge-water1736

dish-washings1771

kob water1930

1670 E. Borlase Latham Spaw 23 I know coal waters, and others which are not without some ill quality..have the same coloured scum.

1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 49 This water [sc. the Orr]..in its course being mixed with coal-water, has never been used for the purpose of bleaching.

2002 Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail (Nexis) 16 Dec. 1 a Independence [sc. a coal company] was charged with allowing dirty coal water being pumped from a mine to escape another holding pond.

coalwood n. now rare (chiefly historical) wood for making into charcoal.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > wood as fuel > [noun] > for specific miscellaneous purposes

coalwood1562

white coal1670

fire-bavin1779

oven wood1794

1562–3 in W. Page Victoria Hist. County of Hertford (1914) IV. 245/2 Feling and hewing of colewood.

1670 J. Evelyn Sylva (ed. 2) xxxii. 195 (caption) The Coal Wood pil'd up before it be covered with Earth.

1777 J. Nicolson & R. Burn Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland II. 172 Anthony de Lucy gave them..coal wood for their forges within Holm Cultram.

1811 T. Jefferson Instr. Poplar Forest Managem. Dec. in Papers (2007) Retirement Ser. IV. 380 Will & Hal..are to get their coal wood, or assist in the crop.

1977 Sc. Hist. Rev. 56 61 The companies had an informal agreement about the supply of coalwood.

coal yard n. a yard in which coal is stored or sold.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal

coal cellar1281

coalhouse1332

coal garth1593

coal-hole?1641

coal yard1646

coal fold1704

ree1707

coal shed1718

coal pen1763

coal bunker1837

1646 H. Mill 2nd Pt. Nights Search v. 30 Two necks of Mutton, neatly boyl'd, The meat was good, the broth was spoyl'd, From the Cole-yard.

1834 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 3 305/1 He must go himself to the coal-yard.

2003 Dublin Hist. Rec. 56 101 In his early life Éamonn worked..in a coal yard at the Docks.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	coal
释义	coaln. Brit. /kəʊl/, U.S. /koʊl/ Forms: α. Old English (chiefly in compounds) Middle English coll, Old English–Middle English col, Middle English coil, Middle English coyll, Middle English kole, Middle English–1600s colle, Middle English–1600s coole, Middle English–1800s cole, 1500s coell, 1500s coile, 1500s coulles (plural), 1500s coyles (plural), 1500s–1600s coolles (plural), 1500s–1700s coale, 1500s– coal; Scottish pre-1700 coale, pre-1700 coell, pre-1700 coil, pre-1700 coile, pre-1700 coill, pre-1700 col, pre-1700 cole, pre-1700 colle, pre-1700 coyll, pre-1700 koill, pre-1700 kole, pre-1700 koll, pre-1700 kooll, pre-1700 1700s coall, pre-1700 1700s– coal, pre-1700 (1900s– Shetland) coll, pre-1700 (1900s– Shetland) kol. β. Scottish (north-eastern) 1800s– quile, 1900s– kwile, 1900s– kwyle, 1900s– quille, 1900s– quyle. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian kole, kōle (West Frisian koal), Middle Dutch cōle (in Old Dutch perhaps in a place name; Dutch kool), Middle Low German kōle, kāle, kol, Old High German kolo, kol (Middle High German kol, German Kohle), Old Icelandic kol, Old Swedish kol, kul (Swedish kol), Old Danish cull (Danish kul), variously denoting mineral coal and charcoal in early use; further etymology uncertain.Further etymology. Attempts to establish an Indo-European etymology have encountered numerous difficulties; perhaps compare Early Irish gúal coal, Sanskrit jval- to blaze, jvāla flame. However, although close semantically, the proposed connection with Early Irish gúal raises formal difficulties. Alternatively, on the assumption that the word referred originally to a combustible substance that had been through a burning and cooling process (i.e. charcoal), it is sometimes suggested that it may ultimately be from the same base as cool adj. and cold adj. Form history. The gender and declensional class shows considerable variation among the Germanic languages; in Old English a strong neuter (a -stem). The β. forms, which are only found denoting a live or glowing coal or ember, show a diphthongization that is found sporadically in north-eastern Scotland: see Sc. National Dict. Introd. §126.2. Specific senses. With sense 4a compare sea-coal n. 1 and discussion at that entry. With sense 5 compare similar use of classical Latin carbō (see carbon n.), carbunculus carbuncle n., Middle French, French charbon (see charbon n.).c1236 in J. T. Fowler Chartularium Abbathiæ de Novo Monasterio (1878) 55 Et ad carbonem maris capiendum, etc. Place-name evidence. Apparently attested early in place names, although often difficult to distinguish from other place-name elements, e.g. forms of cool adj. As the first element in place names such as Colerne , Wiltshire (1086; now Colerne), Colret , Kent (1086; now Coldred; compare also Colredinga ‘of the people of Coldred’ in a 13th-cent. copy of a charter of 944), it probably refers to charcoal-burning (compare sense 2). In the case of other place names, such as Culeford , Somerset (1234; now Coleford), it is disputed whether reference is to charcoal or mineral coal (compare sense 4 and also discussion at coal pit n.). 1. a. In a fire, furnace, etc.: a glowing ember; a piece of carbonized fuel burning or smouldering without flame. Frequently with distinguishing word or phrase, as coal of fire, hot coal, live coal, etc.In this sense, and sense 1b, frequently with reference to either charcoal or mineral coal used as fuel (in earliest use probably chiefly the former), and hence overlapping with senses 2 and 4, esp. in modern use. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > specifically live or glowing in a fire coaleOE gleedc950 fire coala1398 coal branda1425 kindling coal1592 coffin1797 gathering-coal1808 coffin-spark1821 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a live coal coaleOE gleedc950 fire coala1398 kindling coal1592 eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) vii. 49 He geseah ær hine clænsian ðurh ða colu ðæs alteres [L. per altaris calculum]. eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. l. 124 Wiþ deawwyrme stæppe on hat col, cele mid wætre, stæppe on swa hat swa he hatost mæge. OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 184 Þæt fyr wearð þa acwenced, þæt þær an col ne gleow, and þæt folc tealde þæt to drycræfte. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 205 (MED) A quic col berninde ope ane hyeape of dyade coles. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. vi. 6 Ther fleiȝ to me oon of the serafyn, and in his hond a cole, that with the toenge he toc fro the auter. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 6762 Þair hertes sal bryn with-in als a cole. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 73 They retche not whos hows brenneth, so that they may warme them by the coles. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. AAAiii Compelled to walke vpon the hote coles. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. H.ij The coles can not be in the embres withoute sparkes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iii. vi. 105 It is like a coale of fire, sometimes plew, and sometimes red. View more context for this quotation a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) i. 58 The Coals of Juniper raked up will keep a glowing Fire for the space of a year. 1711 E. Budgell Spectator No. 162. ¶4 A Piece of Flesh broiling on the Coals. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 145 The Fire-wood was burnt..into Embers, or live Coals. 1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 27 When you cut Bread for a Toast,..lay it on the Coals. 1821 Examiner 732/2 He made nothing of eating burning coals. 1852 N. Hawthorne Mother Rigby's Pipe in Internat. Mag. Feb. 182/1 A coal for my pipe! 1872 J. W. Revere Keel & Saddle 159 Good pasture-fed California beef broiled on the coals of a wood-fire. 1936 M. R. Anand Coolie iii. 98 ‘Oooi,’ he shrieked, and fell back almost immediately, for he had touched a live coal. 1987 K. Lette Girls' Night Out (1989) 213 You'd rather endure walking on hot coals. 2007 G. Potter White Bedouin xx. 140 The fire had been built from small branches, not large pieces of wood, so the coals had a low temperature. b. A burnt or partially burnt piece of carbonized fuel which is not now glowing or burning; esp. a partially consumed piece of fuel that retains sufficient carbon to be capable of further combustion. Chiefly with distinguishing word, as dead coal, black coal, etc. Cf. as black as coal at Phrases 1.In early use frequently difficult to distinguish from sense 1c; see also note at sense 1a.With quot. OE compare Isidore Origines 19. 6. 7 (the probable source): pruna est quamdiu ardet; quum autem extincta fuerit, carbo nominatur ‘it is pruna for as long as it is burning; but when it has gone out it is called carbo’. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [noun] > cinder coaleOE cinder1530 ghost1807 ghost-coal1824 eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xvii. 9 Carbones succensi sunt ab eo : colu onęlde sind from him. OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 66 Pruna, gled. Carbo, coll. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 205 Ane hyeape of dyade coles. a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xvii. 10 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 148 (MED) Koles þat ware dounfalland Kindled ere ofe him glouand. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 11862 (MED) Heroude..sleeþ his leches deed as cole. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Niii/2 A Cole cold, carbo. a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) v. i. 68 Starres, Starres, And all eyes else, dead coales . View more context for this quotation 1738 G. Smith Curious Relations II. 26 He took a dead Coal from the Hearth, and with it drew the Face of him who had invited him. 1849 Dublin Univ. Mag. June 715/1 Whenever she leaves the house, she places the tongs across the cradle, and puts a quenched coal in the child's bib. 1863 Irish Temperance League Jrnl. Feb. 11/2 The father took in silence a dead coal from the hearth, and reached it to his daughter. 1915 Outing Mar. 752/2 Little remains of the soft wood logs that flamed so freely the night before but a few butts with charred ends and a scattered litter of black, dead coals. 1974 K. E. Woodiwiss Wolf & Dove xxv. 489 Soon there was a trail to follow, the cold coals of a campfire, the flattened grass where a maid might have rested. 2004 D. Smith Great Meals Dutch Oven Style 14 The coals can be saved until later... Simply relight the coals and they will work just fine. †c. The result or residue of combustion; cinders; ashes; charred remains. Also as a count noun: a burnt or charred mass. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [noun] > ashes or cinders easlea1000 ashc1000 coalOE fire-izelsa1325 cinderc1400 sawdusta1873 OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 403 Ac him com fyr to færlice ehsynes, and forbærnde his lic eall on þam baþe to colum. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 27 (MED) He mahte iseon ane berninde glede þet hine al for-bernað þurut to cole. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 4367 (MED) To cold coles sche schal be brent. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 67 He schall fynde within hem [sc. the apples of Sodom] coles & cyndres [?a1425 Egerton aschez and poudre and coles; Fr. cendres]. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 342 Six finger thicke a floor therof thow paue With lyme & askys mixt with cole & sonde. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 208/2 Coles suche as be gyven in tenebre weke, afferendons. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. vi. 145 If he could burne vs all into one coale, We haue deseru'd it. View more context for this quotation 1655 E. Terry Voy. E.-India 48 They set her [sc. a ship] on fire to make her a Coal, rather than we should make her a Prize. 1844 M. Faraday Let. 20 Jan. in Corr. (1996) III. 185 The amount of coal on the top of the thick & thin cottons [sc. wicks] was different. 2. a. Fuel prepared from wood or other organic matter by a process of smothered combustion or dry distillation, whereby the volatile constituents are driven off and the substance reduced to more or less pure carbon; charcoal. In later use chiefly in plural (cf. charcoal n. 2). Chiefly U.S. and Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) in later use.Recorded earliest in coal pit n. 1.In quot. c1405 as a count noun: a piece of charcoal.beech-, lind-, wood-coal, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > charcoal > [noun] coalOE charcoalc1400 lind-coal14.. black coal1525 small coal1591 beech-coal1607 sallow charcoal1615 brier-coal1626 wood-coal1653 withy-cole1657 chark1708 vegetable ethiops1752 biochar1995 society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > charcoal > [noun] > individual piece coalc1405 OE Bounds (Sawyer 772) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1893) III. 517 Of þære dic on þone ealdan collpytt þær þa þreo gemæru togædere gaþ. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1184 Makian an eorð-hus..& dude þer-inne muchel col & claðes i-nowe. a1325 St. Juliana (Corpus Cambr.) 162 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 67 He lette make of wode [and] col a strang fur and god. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) l. 1160 This false Chanoun..Out of his bosom he took a Bechen cole. c1440 (a1350) Sir Isumbras (Thornton) (1844) l. 427 Appone a horse that coles broghte. 1563 T. Gale Certaine Wks. Chirurg. iii. i. f. 1 The vsuall pouder, made of Sulphur, Saltpeter, & Cole. 1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xiv. i. 354 Fiers,..of cole, composed speciallie of beech. 1610 T. W. de la Warre Let. Sept. in A. Brown Genesis U.S (1890) I. 415 I sett..the landmen some to cleanse the towne, some to make cole for the forges. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. i. vii. f. 53^v Turning of trees to coles for fuwel, when there is sufficient dead wood, is waste. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 209 I contriv'd to burn some Wood..till it became Chark, or dry Coal. 1740 G. Smith tr. Laboratory (rev. ed.) App. p. xxxiv That the coals be of lime-tree. 1867 Official Rec. Intercolonial Exhib. Australasia 1866–7 240 Burning wood for coals. 1907 G. F. S. Elliott Romance Plant Life x. 137 This is the Juniper of the Bible, and it is still used for making coals. 1930 Weekly Guardian (Trinidad) 21 June 1 A fairly large quantity of coal had been drawn from the pit. 1994 I. J. Boodhoo Between Two Seasons 140 ‘Where Pa gone?’ ‘To burn coals,’ she replied. ‘Your father gone in the high-wood to burn coals.’ b. Charcoal used for writing or drawing. Formerly also as a count noun: †a piece of charcoal used in this way; a charcoal pencil (obsolete). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > writing materials > writing instrument > [noun] > charcoal coal?a1425 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > charcoal coal1675 painters' scribbet1675 charcoal1688 fusain1870 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) 145^v (MED) Be the circuite of þe testicule ymerked wiþ ynke or wiþ a cole. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 166 Write sum..carect with cole or chalk in the wal. 1573 Treat. Arte of Limming f. ii With a cole made sharpe at the poynte. 1590 J. Davidson Reply to Bancroft in Wodrow Soc. Misc. 508 It hath pleased his Majestie..to note it with a coal..in the margent of Bancroft's book. 1675 N. Grew Compar. Anat. Trunks ii. vii. 75 It maketh an excellent coal for Painters Scribets. 1735 J. Barrow Dict. Polygraphicum II. at Indian Ink The out-lines having been first drawn with a coal or black lead..draw all the outlines of your picture very faintly. 1869 Ladies' Repository June 450/1 I saw my before mentioned pretty neighbor, next whom sat the gentleman with the black moustache, with a similar one in miniature as if drawn with a coal. 2003 F. Egmond & R. Zwijnenberg Bodily Extremities p. vii Leonardo da Vinci, The Angel in the Flesh, c. 1510-15, 26.8 x 19.7 cm, black coal on paper. 3. a. figurative and in figurative contexts (chiefly in sense 1a; in later use also with reference to sense 4).Recorded earliest in the Old English poetic compound heofoncolu (plural), lit. ‘heaven coals’, i.e. the burning heat of the sun. ΚΠ OE Exodus 71 Wiston him be suðan Sigelwara land, forbærned burhhleoðu, brune leode, hatum heofoncolum. a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2291 Luxuria. I make a fer in mans towte... Þese cursyd colys I bere abowte, Mankynde in tene for to teye. 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. iii. iii. f. 100/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Onely to kyndle coales of contention. 1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. D Affection is a coale that must be coold. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 83 Your breath first kindled the dead coale of warres. View more context for this quotation 1633 G. Herbert Employment in Temple ii Man is no starre, but a quick coal of mortall fire. 1742 I. Stiles Prospect of City of Jerusalem 47 Unpeaceable, Party Spirited Reformers, are dangerous Coals fitted to kindle a destroying Fire in a Place. 1852 T. A. Richards Tallulah & Jocassee iv. 211 To keep the lang syne coal of love alive and burning, some plan was demanded. 1867 E. S. Jackson Cabinet Earth Unlocked v. 25 The clear white diamond of truth may be turned into the black coal of falsehood. 1873 Appletons' Jrnl. 12 July 52/2 Live coals of rage were kindled within me. 1932 R. Kipling Limits & Renewals 142 Was my Demon going to lay the hot coal of inspiration on Lettcombe's unshorn lips—not on mine? 1963 Times 23 May 15/2 The clerk..seething with red-hot coals beneath a pallid exterior. 1992 L. L. Miller Caroline & Raider xxiv. 335 A little coal of passion was already burning bright deep inside her. †b. The dark-coloured, flammable head of a match, esp. when burning or smouldering. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > material for igniting > [noun] > match, spill, or taper for lighting > specifically ignited by friction > part of coal1590 matchstick1791 head1856 match splint1880 match-head1898 1590 J. Smythe Certain Disc. Weapons 18 If the touch powder bee not drie it taketh no fire, how good soever the cole of the match be. 1676 J. M. Sports & Pastimes 30 You must have a piece of well dried match-cord, light it that it may have a good coal. 1696 R. Howlett School Recreat. (new ed.) 58 Keeping your Match in order, with a good hard and well lighted Coal. 1722 H. Dean Whole Art of Legerdemain 84 Keep the Coal of the match the like distance from the End of the Crack. 1853 J. A. Dahlgren Naval Percussion Locks & Primers 19 With the match, this evil was augmented by the difficulty of communicating fire from its coal to the train of powder. 1901 J. Y. Bergen Found. Bot. 167 This gas may be shown to be oxygen by collecting some of it in a small inverted test-tube filled with water and thrusting the glowing coal of a match just blown out into the gas. c. The smouldering tobacco in the bowl of a pipe, or at the tip of a cigar or cigarette. Now chiefly U.S. ΚΠ 1855 P. Creyton Ironthorpe xxviii. 268 She even became quite jocose on the subject, advising William to let a coal drop from his pipe upon one of Rebecca's dresses some day. 1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. vi. 72 [The rick of straw] glowed on the windward side, rising and falling in intensity, like the coal of a cigar. 1931 W. Faulkner Sanctuary xx. 218 He put the pipe in his mouth and smoked it to a careful coal. 1965 Sci. News Let. 88 8/1 Measurements will be taken of the temperature of the cigarette coal while burning freely. 2004 S. King Song of Susannah 342 The coal of a cigarette made a lazy arc from his side to his mouth and then back down again. 4. a. A hard, opaque, combustible black or blackish mineral, consisting mainly of carbon, which occurs in seams or strata at or below the earth's surface and is mined for use as fuel and in industrial processes. (Now the most common sense.) Also as a count noun: any of a number of varieties of this material.Coal consists mainly of the mineralized remains of plants which were deposited as peat in former geological periods, esp. the Carboniferous and Permian.The chief varieties of coal (distinguished by their carbon content) are brown coal or lignite (typically about 35% carbon with a high content of moisture, volatile organic compounds, and ash), black or bituminous coal (about 60–80% carbon with considerable tar and volatiles), and anthracite (about 95% carbon); see the relevant words.Often with modifying word, originally to distinguish the material from charcoal, as earth, mineral, pit-, stone-coal, etc.; later also to indicate particular provenances, characteristics, etc., as cannel, coking, gas, Newcastle, Scotch, steam-coal, etc. These and many other compounds with coal as the second element are treated in their alphabetical places.Recorded earliest in sea-coal n. 2a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] coal1253 sea-coal1253 pit-coal1483 cannel1541 earth coala1552 horse coal1552 Newcastle coal1552 stone-coal1585 cannel coal1587 parrot1594 burn-coal1597 lithanthrax1612 stony coal1617 Welsh coala1618 land-coala1661 foot coal1665 peacock coal1686 rough coal1686 white coal1686 heathen-coalc1697 coal-stone1708 round1708 stone-coal1708 bench-coal1712 slipper coal1712 black coal1713 culm1742 rock coal1750 board coal1761 Bovey coal1761 house coal1784 mineral coal1785 splint1789 splint coal1789 jet coal1794 anthracite1797 wood-coal1799 blind-coal1802 black diamond1803 silk-coal1803 glance-coal1805 lignite1808 Welsh stone-coal1808 soft1811 spout coals1821 spouter1821 Wallsend1821 brown coal1833 paper coal1833 steam-coal1850 peat-coal1851 cherry-coal1853 household1854 sinter coal1854 oil coal1856 raker1857 Kilkenny coal1861 Pottery coal1867 silkstone1867 block coal1871 admiralty1877 rattlejack1877 bunker1883 fusain1883 smitham1883 bunker coal1885 triping1886 trolley coal1890 kibble1891 sea-borne1892 jet1893 steam1897 sack coal1898 Welsh1898 navigation coal1900 Coalite1906 clarain1919 durain1919 vitrain1919 single1921 kolm1930 hards1956 the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > coal coal1253 main coal1708 black diamond1803 1253 Charter Hen. III in Archæol. Æliana (1880) 8 172 (note) Secole lan' extra Neugat' in suburbio London. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 399 Col [MS Gold, 1482 Caxton Cool] groweþ vnder lond. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. x. iv. 560 In erþy substaunce and troubly and boystous matiere fire is iclepid cole. a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 2317 Charcole & cole, and al that necessary Is forto make armure and arowys fyne. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Fv^v (margin) Digged Cole. 1675 in F. W. Steer Farm & Cottage Inventories Mid-Essex (1950) 134 30^ty bushells of Coole. 1680 S. G. tr. Royal Charter of Confirmation City of London 139 The weighing of all Coals, called Stone-coals, Pit-coals, Earth-coals, and all other Coals weighable. 1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 71 The Men who carry Coal out of Warwickshire, and Leicestershire, to Northampton, do frequently load back with the Clay. 1781 J. Ballendine Let. 28 Feb. in T. Jefferson Papers (1952) V. 19 The Furnace..has a fine Stock of Coal and Ore, wanting only a Hearth to put her in Blast. 1785 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 797/1 Extracting tar and pitch from their coal. 1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. vii. 297 The liquor produced by the distillation of coal. 1841 W. Whewell Mech. Engin. 185 The engine consumed 80 lbs. of coal per hour, working 18 strokes per minute. 1857 E. C. Gaskell Life C. Brontë I. ii. 21 Leaving the old plodding life of a landowner.., he turns manufacturer, or digs for coal, or quarries for stone. 1860 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 636/1 At full speed she [sc. a steam-powered battleship] still carries five days' coal. 1876 D. Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 6) xiv. 250 Valuable beds of coal. 1915 Nature 9 Dec. 407/1 With electricity generated in modern power-houses, and ordinary metal filament lamps, 750,000 candle-power-hours are generated per ton of coal. 1943 T. Harrisson et al. Pub & People v. 161 This chap told his son to go out to the coalhouse and get some more coal for the fire. 1989 New Scientist 29 Apr. 51/1 Coals vary widely in chemical composition. 2008 Independent 10 Mar. 2/6 When burnt, coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuel but a range of methods..is being developed to reduce environmental impact or coal-fired power stations. b. In plural. Originally: = sense 4a. In later use more commonly: pieces or lumps of coal, esp. for burning. Hence also in singular: a piece or lump of coal (cf. senses 1a, 1b). ΚΠ c1390 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Vernon) (1892) i. 219 Mynours, þei makeþ in hulles holes, As men don þat secheþ coles. 1441 in J. B. Paul Registrum Magni Sigilli Scotorum (1882) II. 69/2 Wyth al..petis and colis als wele under yerde as abone. 1547 in J. T. Fowler Chartularium Abbathiæ de Novo Monasterio (1878) 311 A Myne of Colles. 1563 Sc. Acts Q. Mary (1597) c. 84 That na coales be had furth of the Realme. 1605 W. Camden Remaines i. 1 Rich in minerall of coles, tinne, lead. ?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 26 There doth yet remain great quantities of Coles in the Earth. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) 99 Coals..were heretofore seldom used in Chambers, as now they are. 1723 T. Lister Let. 14 Jan. in Early Hist. Don Navigation (1965) 133 The ship-masters..find that above 21,000 chalder of coals have been enter'd there [sc. Hull] in the last two years. 1785 B. Franklin Let. 28 Aug. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1786) 2 20 The inhabitants of London have had no general pestilential disorder since the general use of coals. 1792 Deb. on Motion for Abolition Slave-trade 108 Every child that carried a coal from the pit, was the bound slave of that borough... Without this principle of slavery the collieries could not be worked. 1833 Edinb. Rev. 57 79 The increased revenue from the transport of coals is very remarkable. 1887 L. Beard & A. B. Beard How to amuse yourself & Others vii. 85 There is a tradition that a coal, found attached to the roots of the mugwort or plantain on midsummer eve, will keep away misfortune. a1930 N. Munro Jinnet's Tea-party in B. D. Osborne & R. Armstrong Erchie & Jimmy Swan (1993) i. xvi. 77 Duffy put up the price of coals another ha'penny. 1933 Harper's Mag. July 140/1 Put another coal on the fire, will you, my dear. 1997 A. Taylor Lover of Grave (2003) vii. iv. 205 The fire had burned low and Jill knelt on the hearthrug to add more coals. †5. A black crust or core in an ulcer, boil, or bubo, esp. in plague or anthrax. Cf. carbuncle n. 3a. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil boila1000 kyle1340 botcha1387 anthraxa1398 bealc1400 carbuncle?a1425 froncle1543 knub1563 anthracosis?1587 nail1600 big1601 ouche1612 bubuklea1616 bolwaie1628 coal1665 furuncle1676 Natal sore1851 gurry sore1897 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil > core of core1532 coal1665 1665 G. Harvey Disc. Plague 4 Boyls or inflammations about the groin..which if they break, contain a black crust or coal within them. 1696 G. Harvey Treat. Small-pox & Measles (new ed.) 47 The Plague is ordinarily attended..with pimples equally various in colour, among which those that are of a shining purpre red, are named Carbuncles, and soon after turning into a black Crust, is call'd a Coal. †6. A charred residue left in a retort after distillation. Cf. sense 1c. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > distillation > distillation products coal1686 foreshot1893 1686 W. Harris tr. N. Lémery Course Chym. (ed. 2) ii. iv. 389 There can be hardly any fixed salt at all drawn from the coal which remains in the Retort, wherefore the coal is thrown away as useless. 1788 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Elements Nat. Hist. & Chem. IV. 182 A very abundant coal remains in the retort, which, lixiviated without incineration, affords a large quantity of fixed alkali. 1810 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 397 When tannin is distilled..there comes over also some empyreumatic oil, and a voluminous coal remains behind. Phrases P1. as black (in early use also †swart) as coal and variants: very black.In early use apparently with reference to sense 2, but now usually associated with sense 4. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [adjective] > typically black > as coal coal-blackc1275 as black (in early use also swart) as coala1400 coaly1565 eOE Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) iii. xxxix. 332 Wyl eft oþ þæt hit sie swa þicce swa molcen & swa sweart swa col. lOE Homily (Faust. A.ix) in R. Willard Two Apocrypha in Old Eng. Homilies (1935) 38 And oþer þara weroda bið swa sweart swa col, and oðer bið beorhtre þonne sunne. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 590 (MED) Þar he tok his gode fole, Also blak so eny cole. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 22489 Þe sternes..sal haf tint þair liht, And worde al blak sum ani col. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. i. 7 Now ar we waxen blak as any coyll. 1633 S. Rutherford Lett. (1863) I. 103 The visage of our Nazarites, sometime whiter than snow, is now become blacker than a coal. 1770 G. Washington Diary 15 Oct. (1976) II. 290 The soil..as black as a Coal. 1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy xx. 152 Poor Jolliffe, whose face was burnt as black as a coal by the explosion. 1862 L. Duff-Gordon Lett. from Cape (1925) 94 Vrouw Reits was as black as coal, but so pretty! 1955 ‘P. Dennis’ Auntie Mame v. 101 He had white, white skin and hair as black as coal, short and very curly. 1999 Y. Taylor I was born Slave iv John was as black as a coal. 2007 Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 106 289 A huge wolf, black as coal and evil-looking as the devil. P2. to heap coals of fire on a person's head and variants: to cause a person to feel remorse or regret, esp. by responding to evil or unkind behaviour with kindness or benevolence.With allusion to Proverbs 25:21–22: ‘If thine enemie be hungry, giue him bread to eate: and if hee be thirstie, giue him water to drinke. For thou shalt heape coales of fire vpon his head, and the Lord shall reward thee’ (King James Bible; cf. quot. a1382). See also Romans 12:20. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > regret > [verb (intransitive)] > feel remorse > produce remorse by requiting evil with good to heap coals of fire on a person's headc1400 society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > repentance or contrition > be repentant or contrite [verb (intransitive)] > awaken remorse > by requiting evil with good to heap coals of fire on a person's headc1400 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. xxv. 23 If he thristith, ȝif hym watir to drinke; forsothe colis [L. prunas] thou shalt gadere togidere vp on the hed of hym; and the Lord shal ȝelde to thee.] c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiii. l. 144 Lere þe to louye..Þine enemye in al wyse euene forth with þi-selue. Cast coles on his hed. 1590 R. Harvey Plaine Percevall sig. B4 Doe good against euill: and heape hoat burning coales vpon his head. 1676 J. Duport Three Serm. 20 In lieu of their heaping stones on his head, he had heapt coals of fire on theirs, by his ardent zeal and affection for 'um. 1759 Universal Mag. Dec. 297/1 The Duke of York was much against the bill, which was imputed to the Chancellor, and served to heap coals of fire upon his head. 1800 T. Green Diary 23 Apr. (1810) 217 We might have..heaped coals of hotter fire on the heads of our frantic aggressors. 1848 E. C. Gaskell Mary Barton I. xii. 230 My dear! I shall never forgive mysel, if my wicked words to-night are any stumbling-block in your path. See how the Lord has put coals of fire on my head! 1902 R. H. McCready & H. M. Tyndall Cruise of Celtic around Mediterranean 360 The cost is so little that it always seems as if our ‘English cousins’ were heaping coals of fire on our heads for throwing over the tea in Boston Harbor. 2007 Times (Nexis) 22 Dec. 71 I should invite the neighbours round to Christmas drinks and mince pies, in order to heap coals of fire upon their prickly and un-neighbourly heads. P3. a. to blow the coals and variants: to stir up or increase the intensity of a feeling, conflict, etc.; esp. to excite ill feeling; to cause trouble. Frequently with of. Cf. to blow the fire at blow v.¹ 17b, to fan the flame at flame n. 6a. Now rare.Frequently as part of an extended metaphor.In quot. ?a1500: to fan the flames of passion. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > become ardent or fervent [verb (intransitive)] > heighten intensity of passion to blow the coals?a1500 to stir the coals1539 to fan the flame1800 ?a1500 in Philol. Q. (1956) 35 93 (MED) Burgeys, thou haste so blowen atte the Cole That alle thy rode is from thine face agoon. 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 39^v To admonish all young Impes and nouises in loue, not to blow the coales of fancie wyth desire, but to quench them with disdayne. 1638 R. Sanderson Serm. II. 109 Blow the coal of contention to make it blaze afresh. 1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iv. i To thole An ethercap like him to blaw the coal. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. xxiii. 136 Blowing the Coals between polemical Divines. 1753 T. Smollett Ferdinand Count Fathom II. xlv. 72 By these means he blew the coals of her jealousy. 1829 W. Scott Anne of Geierstein I. ix. 145 They have resolved to send you with others as messengers of peace; but you are secretly blowing the coals of war. 1850 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. June 484 If he has not fed the fire, or blown the coals of dissension, he has stood looking on as an idle spectator. 1908 J. Gairdner Lollardy & Reformation in Eng. II. iv. iii. 456 Needless to say, the Bishop was ready enough to blow the coals. 1986 H. S. Stout New Eng. Soul iv. x. 198 Tennent's ‘searching’ style succeeded in blowing the coals of popular piety to a white-hot intensity. b. to stir the coals and variants: to make trouble; to incite conflict or ill feeling. Now also with of: to encourage or increase the intensity of (a feeling, etc.). Cf. to blow the coals at Phrases 3a. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > be in dissension or at variance [verb (intransitive)] > cause dissension to make strife1303 to make the feathers flyc1430 to stir the coals1539 to make mischiefc1572 to blow the bellows1590 to blow the fire1670 to stir the pot1826 to stir (also rouse) the possum1900 to mix it1950 the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > become ardent or fervent [verb (intransitive)] > heighten intensity of passion to blow the coals?a1500 to stir the coals1539 to fan the flame1800 1539 R. Morison Exhort. to styrre all Eng. Men (new ed.) sig. Avii^v The bysshoppe seeth..that wryngeth hym, at this he fretteth, for this he sturreth all these coles. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 344^v After soche sorte did he vpbraid to the people their rashe and vnaduised stieryng of coles, and arisynges to warre. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. lxv. 411 Notwithstanding that they [sc. the Bee kings] mooue no warre, nor stirre vp any coales amongst the yoong swarmed broode. 1667 T. Vincent God's Terrible Voice 238 Labour to pacifie their anger, do not stir up the coals by your bitter retorts. 1709 J. Strype Ann. Reformation liii. 531 Horrible Murders, Robberies, and other execrable Facts..stirred the Coals to a third Civil War. 1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret ii. 43 It is you that have stir'd up these coals then; he is set on by you to abuse me. 1828 New Monthly Mag. 24 513/1 Stirring the coals of political strife is at all times unadvisable, unless a paramount necessity prevails. 1886 Sunday Mag. 528/2 The Duchess of Burgundy is said to have stirred the coals of wrath. 1969 E. H. Levi Point of View (1970) iv. 43 I hope I may be forgiven for not attempting to stir the coals of nostalgia at this time. 1992 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 17 June b1 This isn't like any other, run-of-the-mill boxing insult, designed to stir the coals. †c. to blow hot coals: to rage fiercely. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > manifestation of anger > show anger [verb (intransitive)] > speak angrily spitc1386 ragea1400 blowc1475 blustera1494 storm?1553 pelt1594 tear1602 fare1603 to speak or look daggers1603 to blow hot coalsc1626 rant1647 scream1775 to pop off1914 to carry on1947 c1626 Dick of Devonshire (1955) 145 Spaines anger never blew hott coales indeed till in Queene Elizabeths Raigne. d. chiefly Scottish. a cold coal to blow at: a hopeless or unprofitable task. Now rare. ΚΠ 1675 Rutherford's Lett. (new ed.) ii. sig. Gg If your exercise be the way to Hell, God help me; I have a cold Coal to blow at, and a blank Paper for Heaven. 1704 Acct. Proc. Privy Council Scotl. against D. Baillie 2 His Enemies, I think, would have a Cold Coal to blow at. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality vii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 159 ‘Aweel,’ said Cuddie..‘I see but ae gate for't, and that's a cauld coal to blaw at, mither.’ 1836 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 30/1 Notwithstanding all that he had told me, I could not but feel I had only a cold coal to blow at. 1984 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 26 June In this case,..Russell had a rather cold coal to blow at. Santorsola's quasi-serial writing lacked thematic substance. e. to rake over the coals: see rake v.² Phrases 3. Cf. also rake v.² Phrases 4. †P4. to carry (also bear) coals: to do degrading or menial work; (hence figurative) to submit to humiliating or insulting treatment. Obsolete (archaic in later use). Cf. coal carrier n. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > humiliation > be humiliated [verb (intransitive)] to light lowc1225 to lie lowa1275 to carry (also bear) coalsa1529 to eat the (or one's) leek1600 to lose caste1828 to eat dirt1857 a1529 J. Skelton Why come ye nat to Courte (?1545) sig. A.vii Wyll ye bere no coles. 1577 R. Stanyhurst Hist. Irelande iii. 113/2 in R. Holinshed Chron. I This Gentleman was..one that in an vpright quarel would beare no coles. 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. i. 1 Of my word Ile carrie no coales. View more context for this quotation 1603 H. Crosse Vertues Common-wealth sig. C2 For now if one..will carrie coales, and meekely suffer rebuke, he is noted of cowardize. a1683 B. Whichcote Sel. Serm. (1698) ii. ii. 328 Those who are sensible that they carry Coals, and are full of Ill-will. 1821 W. Scott Kenilworth II. xi. 171 I am no dog in the manger—but I will not carry coals neither—mind that, my Master Tressilian. P5. to haul (a person) over the coals and variants: to call (a person) to account; to rebuke or reprimand severely. Cf. to rake a person over the coals at rake v.² Phrases 4.Originally with reference to the treatment of heretics. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > rebuke or reprove [verb (transitive)] threac897 threapc897 begripea1000 threata1000 castea1200 chaste?c1225 takec1275 blame1297 chastya1300 sniba1300 withnima1315 undernima1325 rebukec1330 snuba1340 withtakea1340 reprovec1350 chastisea1375 arate1377 challenge1377 undertake1377 reprehenda1382 repreync1390 runta1398 snapea1400 underfoc1400 to call to account1434 to put downc1440 snebc1440 uptakec1440 correptc1449 reformc1450 reprise?c1450 to tell (a person) his (also her, etc.) own1450 control1451 redarguec1475 berisp1481 to hit (cross) one over (of, on) the thumbs1522 checkc1530 admonish1541 nip1548 twig?1550 impreve1552 lesson1555 to take down1562 to haul (a person) over the coals1565 increpate1570 touch1570 school1573 to gather up1577 task1580 redarguate?1590 expostulate1592 tutor1599 sauce1601 snip1601 sneap1611 to take in tax1635 to sharp up1647 round1653 threapen1671 reprimand1681 to take to task1682 document1690 chapter1693 repulse1746 twink1747 to speak to ——1753 haul1795 to pull up1799 carpet1840 rig1841 to talk to1860 to take (a person) to the woodshed1882 rawhide1895 to tell off1897 to tell (someone) where he or she gets off1900 to get on ——1904 to put (a person) in (also into) his, her place1908 strafe1915 tick1915 woodshed1935 to slap (a person) down1938 sort1941 bind1942 bottle1946 mat1948 ream1950 zap1961 elder1967 1565 W. Allen Def. & Declar. Doctr. Purgatory ii. xii. f. 233^v S. Augustine that knewe best howe to fetche an haeretike ouer the coles. 1580 G. Gilpin (title) The Bee hiue of the Romische Churche..Wherein, both the Catholic Religion is substantially confirmed, and the Heretikes finely fetcht ouer the coales. 1675 V. Alsop Anti-Sozzo iii. 109 Had God a Partial Fondness and respect for Israel?.. If we say, Yes: Then he [sc. our Author] fetches us over the Coles. 1761 London Chron. 3 Sept. 23/2 A certain great man in office in the Queen's time, was going to be hauled over the coals. 1778 Morning Chron. 24 Apr. One Captain was brought over the coals, and cast in nine hundred and odd pounds for the damage a ship and cargo received by pressing the men belonging to her. 1797 True Briton 26 Jan. A certain votress of Pharo, whom the Magistrates lately threatened to ‘draw over the coals’. 1832 F. Marryat Newton Forster I. xiii. 189 Lest he should be ‘hauled over the coals’ by the Admiralty. 1884 H. D. Traill New Lucian 213 Your magistrates..vastly needed a call over the coals. 1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 18 Oct. (1993) III. 31 Please always tell me at once of the faults of my reviews. Haul me over the very hottest coals. It is only kind. 1963 Financial Times 22 Jan. 20/2 Maazel has been dragged over the coals by some of the New York reviewers. 1999 Independent 15 Nov. i. 14/7 The presenter was hauled over the coals for..offending such an important listener. P6. precious coals: see precious adj., adv., and n. Compounds 1. P7. to carry coals to Newcastle and variants: to supply something to a place where it is already plentiful; (hence) figurative to do something wholly superfluous or unnecessary. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > disadvantage > uselessness > uselessness, vanity, or futility > be of no avail [verb (intransitive)] > expend effort on something futile to shoe the goose14.. to send (also carry, etc.) owls to Athens1548 to break, crush, a fly upon the wheel1606 to carry coals to Newcastlea1614 to bang (also run, bash, etc.) one's head against a brick wall1689 to preach to the converted1857 to be on a hiding to nothing1905 to chase one's tail1963 1606 T. Heywood 2nd Pt. If you know not Me in Wks. (1874) I. 259 As common as coales from Newcastle.] a1614 tr. A. Melville Let. in J. Melville Diary (1829) 114 Sic a mater nather does the Kirk ciuilie, nor the Counsall or Parliament ecclesiasticallie, intreat ἀλἰα γλαυκας εις Ἀθηνας—Salt to Dysert, or colles to Newcastell. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Northumb. 302 To carry Coals to Newcastle. That is to do, what was done before, or to busy ones self in a needless imployment. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. viii. iv. 191 You are too wise a Man to carry a broken Head thither; for that would be carrying Coals to Newcastle . View more context for this quotation 1772 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 509/1 Mr. W. R. objects against carrying boards with the settlers, and says that would be carrying coals to Newcastle. 1822 W. Scott Let. 10 Feb. (1934) VII. 62 It would be sending coals to Newcastle with a vengeance not to mention salt to Dysart. 1891 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 8 Aug. 313/2 It would almost seem like bringing coals to Newcastle for anyone to come down here to this eminently hygienic town and address its inhabitants of matters of public health. 1948 Times 21 July 5/4 Subscribers to the London Library are having parcels [of books] sent to them in Oxford. Coals to Newcastle can seldom..have had so cultural an application. 1993 Independent on Sunday 4 Apr. (Business section) 36/2 Among the clients we supply is Sony Music in Japan—a classic example of carrying coals to Newcastle. P8. to pour (the) coal to (also into): see pour v. Phrases 4. Compounds C1. a. General attributive.Some of the more established compounds of this type are treated separately. ΚΠ 1354 in J. Raine Charters Priory Finchale (1837) p. xxxvi (MED) Camera:..Item ij colpikkes. 1574 R. Scot Perfite Platf. of Hoppe Garden (1578) 51 A Rake fashioned like a Coale rake, hauing in stede of teeth a boorde. 1640 Inventory 28 Sept. in J. H. Trumbull Public Rec. Colony Connecticut (1850) I. 448 1 fier pan, 1 cole dishe and a perre of bellowes. 1679 J. Harrison Lamentable Cry Oppress. 17 They [sc. the Officers] took his Coal-grate, his Kettle..and two Pewter Dishes, all worth 10 s. 4 d. a1714 E. Freke Remembrances (2001) 181 In the parler chamber..i cole grat, new, with its fender. 1792 J. Anderson (title) Observations on the Effects of Coal Duty upon the remote and thinly peopled coasts of Britain. 1816 J. Scott Paris Revisited vii. 217 Delineated on the wall..in coal outline. 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 Jan. 9/2 Works for the compressing of coal briquettes. 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 Oct. 12/1 The coal famine with which London was threatened when we last wrote on the coal crisis. 1901 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 26 Oct. 6/6 Colonel Linsley with a party of men has been in the coal region for the past couple of weeks. 1910 J. C. Van Dyke What is Art? iii. 59 A coal sketch by Daumier or Millet. 1986 O. Rackham Hist. Countryside xvi. 370 Many of the sides of the Welsh coal valleys are pockmarked with the rows of drifts of early miners attacking small seams. 2008 Times (Nexis) 27 Aug. 43 Cancelled trains led to a decline in coal exports last year, despite the sky-high coal prices. b. coal agent n. ΚΠ 1778 Daily Advertiser 6 Mar. Mr. William Maston..Coal Agent. 1860 H. Keddie Wearing Willow v. 74 Did not Bessy Surtees elope with the coal agent's son..? 1997 Platts Coal Outlook (Nexis) 12 May Clark Wisman, a coal agent at Central Coal, is also currently handling some sales. coal ash n. ΚΠ 1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden xiii. 48 Sift the earth with coale ashes an ynch or two thicknes, and that is a plague to them [sc. worms], so is sharpe grauell. 1805 Morning Chron. 8 Mar. The Foot Pavements in all cases to be laid in good coal-ash mortar. 1832 D. Brewster Lett. Nat. Magic x. 254 Having rubbed his fingers with coal ashes to keep them from slipping. 1931 A. D. Hall Soil (ed. 4) ix. 334 The incorporation of any large-grained material will improve the texture of clay soils..; road scrapings, town refuse, and even coal ashes help to lighten the soil. 2010 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 1 Oct. d4/1 Coal ash does not classify as a toxic material. coal coke n. ΚΠ 1815 W. Davies Gen. View Agric. & Domest. Econ. S. Wales II. xv. 452 He was capable of making seven tons per week of pig-iron, with pit-coal coke.] 1821 W. Forster Treat. Section of Strata iii. 385 A covering of coal coke is thrown over the ignited peats. 1839 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 2 146/1 The hard pressed turf is denser than the densest wood, and the turf coke double the density of charcoal and equal to coal coke. 2012 Internat. Jrnl. Hydrogen Energy 37 12136/2 The reactor prototype was tested..for CO₂ gasification of coal coke using concentrated Xe light from a sun-simulator. coal country n. ΚΠ 1660 J. Howell Θηρολογια Etymol. Deriv. Words Carboncia, the Coale-Countrey, represents Scotland. 1776 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. II. 203 On this coast, and..in most of the coal countries of North-Britain. 1847 E. Brontë Wuthering Heights I. viii. 154 A bleak, hilly, coal country. 1993 Equinox June 57/2 My dad and his three brothers..fled coal country for the broader promise of Ontario. † coal delf n. [delf n.] Obsolete ΚΠ 1591 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. iv. 444 Whereas James Clifford, esquire, has made a ‘coal-delf’, or coal-pit, in his lordship of Broseley..and cast all the rubbish, stones, and earth into the deepest part of the river Severn, he shall remove the same at his own cost. 1733 Derby Mercury 21 Feb. (advt.) To be lett, A Very good Coal-Delph. 1907 S. Lloyd Lloyds of Birmingham (ed. 2) v. 47 It was not until 1767 that the Act was obtained to construct a canal between Birmingham and the coal ‘delphs’ about Wednesbury. coal district n. ΚΠ 1792 J. Anderson Observ. Effects Coal Duty upon Remote Brit. 7 If the committee had extended their researches..beyond the coal district, the same result would have appeared. 1878 P. H. Lawrence tr. B. von Cotta Rocks Classified (new ed.) 43 Alunogen is sometimes the product of volcanic action, sometimes a result of the decomposition of pyrites in coal districts. 1982 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 26 Jan. All but two of Britain's 22 coal districts refused to give the necessary 55 per cent support for strike action. 2011 Sunday Times (Nexis) 30 Oct. 44 He trudged off as a lay preacher to the benighted coal district of the Borinage in Belgium. coal-heap n. ΚΠ a1475 ( S. Scrope tr. Dicts & Sayings Philosophers (Bodl. 943) (1999) 108 (MED) Be-ware of this worlde and thinke that it is a cole hepe, vppon the whiche whenne ye shulde [steppe], it failethe yow. 1875 Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 340 The town grows so, and is all railroad and coal-heaps. 1994 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 4 June 14 When the sheep are in for lambing, they..give birth, with much huffing and heaving, on my coal-heap. coal industry n. ΚΠ 1846 I. D. Rupp Hist. & Topogr. Dauphin & Perry Counties 626/2 Coal industry. 1887 Chicago Tribune 2 Feb. 4/4 The London Times is plaintive..over the coal industry of England, and not without good reason. 1960 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 17 Jan. 36 a/3 The oil and coal industries are glaring at each other in preparation for a major fight in Congress over a so-called national fuels policy. 2008 X. Shi in L. Song & W. T. Woo China's Dilemma xvii. 387 With a fall in emission intensity, the coal industry can be developed while improvements are made to the environment. coal merchant n. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in coal wood-coaler1600 collier1625 coal merchant1645 coal fitter1655 coal monger1665 coal factor1715 coal vend1906 1645 W. Lithgow True Relation Siege Newcastle 14 The Inhabitants resyding within, the richest or better sort of them as seven or eight Common Knights, Aldermen, Coale Merchants, Pudlers. 1812 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1959) III. 371 The Coal-merchants in Liverpool receive the Coals from the Wiggan Pits by the Canal. 1996 P. Gregory Perfectly Correct (1997) 57 Louise had telephoned him when her septic tank overflowed,..and when the coal merchant had failed to deliver her coal. coal monger n. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in coal wood-coaler1600 collier1625 coal merchant1645 coal fitter1655 coal monger1665 coal factor1715 coal vend1906 society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of coal collier1479 coal monger1665 coalman1706 1665 B. Gerbier Subsidium Peregrinantibus 114 So to their Ladies, and no such abuse among them as in other parts, where every thing (crept out of Broome-staffs and Cole-mongers Bushels) will be called Madam. 1791 T. Pennant Some Acct. London 54 He [sc. Thomas Guy] was the son of an Anabaptist lighterman and coalmonger, in Southwark. 2008 J. Klassen Apothecary's Daughter (2009) xix. 164 She placed an order with the coal monger, then visited the chandler. coal production n. ΚΠ 1836 J. Mcqueen Gen. Statistics Brit. Empire 74 The capital invested in the coal trade, or rather the coal production trade, of the Newcastle district. 1844 Circular to Bankers 20 Dec. 203/2 The iron and coal production of Pennsylvania..promises to be one of the most important of the productive interests of the country. 1919 Times 1 Feb. 8/3 Coal production is constantly decreasing in all the coal districts owing to the decreased output of the workers, whose wages no longer are proportionate to the coal obtained. 1970 R. Kothari Politics in India 348 During the same period coal production went up by 100 per cent. 2012 D. Vogel Politics of Precaution iv. 141 Not only were virtually all Republicans in the U.S. Senate strongly opposed to legislation restricting carbon emissions from utilities, but so were some Democrats from states dependent on coal production. coal salesman n. ΚΠ 1838 W. A. Chatto in Views of Ports & Harbours 39 In 1600 the fitters, or coal-salesmen, under the name of Hoastmen, were incorporated, by a charter of Queen Elizabeth. 1914 Proc. Amer. Medico-Psychol. Assoc. 21 543 Father..was a fairly efficient coal salesman and was never considered insane. 2011 U.S. Coal Rev. (Nexis) 31 Jan. Maybe get your coal salesman a little box of candy. coal stove n. ΚΠ 1806 Med. Repository 2nd Hexade 4 111 Improvement in a coal stove. 1931 Amer. Mercury Feb. 143/2 The men would take large armsful and put the stuff into the coal stove in the middle of the ward. 1996 F. Chappell Farewell I'm bound to leave You (1997) 48 A dozen pairs of muddy boots out on the porch amidst the other truck: plow points and washtubs and dinner pails and a broken-down little coal stove. coal trade n. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > specific types of trade > [noun] > trade in coal coal trade1643 colliery1673 colliery trade1786 1643 E. Gilbert Let. 13 June in Earl of Essex Let. to Gentlemen 8 The Lord Major of London be desired to cause the Ordinance of both Houses of Parliament for Regulating the Coale Trade at Newcastle. 1852 J. R. McCulloch Dict. Commerce 298 The total number of persons directly engaged in the coal trade may be set down at from 190,000 to 220,000. 2007 Acadiensis 32 3 Another Memorial..draws attention to the early origins of the coal trade in the Grand Lake area. c. With reference to the transportation, storage, or handling of coal. See also coal bunker n., coal scuttle n., coal train n. at Compounds 5, etc. coal axe n. ΚΠ 1780 Gen. Evening Post 14 Nov. The unhappy frantic wretch got possession of the coal-axe. 1833 New Monthly Mag. 37 527 It [sc. a stone axe] is about nine inches long, and is shaped like a common coal-axe. 1990 M. J. Wiener Reconstructing Criminal (1994) ii. 80 Bannister killed his wife with a coal axe that he had taken to bed with him. coal barge n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal coal ship1541 coalman1612 collier-ship1639 colliera1661 coal barge1720 colliery1722 coal-smack1747 spout vessel1821 Geordie1849 collier-brig1853 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > flat-bottomed boat > [noun] > barge > other types of barge coal barge1720 budgerow1727 water1727 brick barge1738 tent-barge1796 water barge1798 passage-barge1804 steam barge1812 schooner barge1819 tongkang1834 bumbarge1839 Tom Pudding1880 grain-barge1902 butty1923 support barge1967 reel barge1972 1720 Answer for making River Douglas Navigable (single sheet) Flat-bottom Boats and Coal-Barges. 1826 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1827) II. 1040 The coal-barge on the opposite shore. 2003 New Yorker 16 June 125/2 At the top of the Arch, I was finally unblinded and saw: haze, glare, coal barges, Busch Stadium. coal basket n. ΚΠ 1550 in D. W. Crossley Sidney Ironworks Accts. 1541–73 (1975) 96 Paid more unto hym for the new makyn of the phurnis walles xx s...margo for ii cole baskettes xvi d. 1710 C. Verney Let. (1930) I. xi. 191 The things we want is [sic] a Stove to burn Coals in the Little Parlor and a Coal Basket. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Corver, a man who makes and repairs corves or coal baskets. 2005 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 29 May 11 You can raise or lower the coal basket to vary the height of the large grill area. coal bin n. ΚΠ 1423 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 155 (MED) For makynge of an Colbynne yn þe Chamber. 1870 L. M. Alcott Old-fashioned Girl xii. 194 Only my best cuffs and collar; you'll probably find them in the coal-bin. 2010 Dayton (Ohio) Daily News (Nexis) 19 Aug. a9 He then hid her in a coal bin until February, when he was able to dig a hole in the back porch, put her in it, then cover her grave with concrete. coal boat n. ΚΠ c1650 in A. J. Warden Dundee Burgh Laws (1872) i. ii. 42 That the deacon of the coalmen..make ane Buik and conteen yrin the number of all coal-boates arryving to this Brugh. 1655 R. Gardiner Englands Grievance Discovered xl. 88 Often the Coal-boat hath much water which weighs heavy. 1835 Niles' Weekly Reg. 17 Jan. 342/2 It is presumed it will not cost more, under similar circumstances, to deliver it in a coal boat on the Potomac. 2011 Newcastle (Austral.) Herald (Nexis) 9 Sept. 44 It takes a coal boat about 1.5 kilometres to pull up, and by that time you'll be spat out the back if you get in the way. coal bushel n. now historical and rare ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > the scientific measurement of volume > measure(s) of capacity > [noun] > dry measure > specific dry measure units > bushel bushelc1300 London bushela1475 town bushel1618 full1657 coal bushel1670 strake1706 1670 J. Brown Coll. of Centers 11 (table) Coal Bushel. 1776 Newcastle Jrnl. 10 Feb. Every small sack or poke of coals must contain nine Winchester gallons..every cart load seven coal bushels, and every wain or gehoe fourteen such bushels at least. 1827 O. Gregory Hutton's Course Math. (ed. 9) I. 28 The Coal bushel was to be 19½ inches in diameter. 1910 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 444/1 A coal bushel ranges through six States all the way from 2,419½ cubic inches to 2,748. 2012 A. Velkar Markets & Measurem. 19th-century Brit. iv. 110 The coal bushel was equivalent to one Winchester bushel and one quart of water. coal carriage n. ΚΠ 1734 J. T. Desaguliers Course Exper. Philos. I. iii. 181 Waggons..come down the Declivity on the artificial Way by their own Gravity, as the Coal-carriages do near Newcastle. 1838 H. Parnell Treat. Roads (ed. 2) 402 There is as much traffic in parts of the road where the coal carriages go, as in some parts of the streets of London?—I should think so, very nearly. 2000 S. Herrick Simple Gift 8 Fifty coal carriages, empty, heading to the Waggawang Coalfields. coal cart n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > types of > wagon or cart for specific articles > for coal coal cart1691 coal wagon1717 hutch1742 coal car1768 tipple1886 tip1889 1691 in A. W. C. Hallen Acct. Bk. Sir J. Foulis (1894) 136 For a new axeltree to y^e coall cart, y^e oy^r broke at niddrie. 1700 Flying Post 11 July Two days ago a Coal Cart run over a Woman in Old-Street, and crushed her to death. 1839 Boston (Lincs.) Herald 17 Dec. 1/6 His horse shied at a coal-cart. 1997 A. Perry Whited Sepulchres vii. 241 He..strode across the busy street between hansoms, drays, a wagon piled with carpets, and a coal cart. coal cellar n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal coal cellar1281 coalhouse1332 coal garth1593 coal-hole?1641 coal yard1646 coal fold1704 ree1707 coal shed1718 coal pen1763 coal bunker1837 1281 in R. R. Sharpe Cal. Wills Court of Husting (1889) I. 53 (MED) Le Colceler. 1715 Post Man & Hist. Acct. 26 Feb.-1 Mar. 2/1 An old Accustom'd Coal-Cellar that will contain near 300 Chaldron of Coals. 1838 C. Dickens Oliver Twist I. ii. 12 He was keeping it [sc. his birthday] in the coal-cellar. 1995 J. Collins Booing Bishop 94 Here—come on!..It'll be dark as a coal cellar if you don't shift. coal depot n. ΚΠ 1803 Ipswich Jrnl. 22 Oct. 1/4 Small craft may be laden alongside the coal depot at Harwich. 1924 Pop. Mech. Nov. 805/2 At two coal depots, railroad cars dump their contents into hoppers to feed down to the tunnel cars. 2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Aug. a6/5 An enraged man drove a shovel loader through shops and over cars at a coal depot in northeast China on Sunday. coal fleet n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal > collectively coal fleet1649 colliery1722 1649 Kingdomes Faithfull Scout No. 37. 272 The Ostend Pyrates continue very bold upon the Northerd Coastes, they waited for some of the Coale Fleet as they passed for London. 1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi iii. 41 The river from end to end was flaked with coal-fleets and timber rafts. 2009 B. Solomon & P. Yough Coal Trains v. 130/2 BN augmented its coal fleet with ElectroMotive SD60s..painted in an attractive blue-and-white scheme. coal glove n. ΚΠ 1863 Accts. & Papers of House of Commons LXVII. 44/1 (table) Irvine, Brothers, for coal gloves . 1938 D. Smith Dear Octopus i. 13 Take the coal-glove, dear, then you won't spoil your hands. 2001 Bath Chron. (Nexis) 24 Apr. 23 My mother had made some 1950s coal gloves from an old pattern. coal hammer n. ΚΠ 1555 in J. M. Bestall & D. V. Fowkes Chesterfield Wills & Inventories 1521–1603 (1977) 59 In the halle... A peyre of Wolle sheres and A cole hammer. 1839 Metropolitan 24 270 The two men provided themselves with coal-hammers and shovels, and stole along the area up to the side of the passage by the stamp-office. 2009 Daily Mail (Nexis) 7 Dec. In a fit of jealousy I once smashed my younger brother's toy motor boat with a coal hammer. coal-hold n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > room, locker, or quarters > [noun] > storage room or compartment > coal-bunker coal-hole1801 coal-holdc1826 coal bunker1837 coal bunk1838 bunker1839 pocket1883 c1826 M. Burnside in P. Tardif Notorious Strumpets (1990) 919/2 Repeatedly I have been obliged to put her in irons and confined her in the Coal-Hold. 1839 Parl. Rep. Steam Vessel Accid. 74 Neither the bunkers nor the coal-hold were cleared out so often as they should be. 1988 Toronto Star (Nexis) 26 Jan. w11 Photos of the dead stacked in the coal-hold..are among the ‘postcards’ inspired by the Empress' sinking. coal place n. ΚΠ 1611 J. Ashburnham Conveyance W. Relfe in E. Straker Wealden Iron (1931) 367 The workmen's houses near the same and all coleplaces, sinderplaces and waste grounds belonging. 1742 J. Yarrow Love at First Sight 46 Lock him up in the Coal-Place 'till he is sober. 1913 D. H. Lawrence Sons & Lovers i. ii. 28 Mrs. Kirk, spying her, would contrive to have to go to her own coal-place at that minute. 2008 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 5 Jan. 16 Quite a lot of houses did have a coal place outside, but not at number 48. coal rake n. ΚΠ 1574 R. Scot Perfite Platforme of Hoppe Garden 44 A Rake fashioned like a Coale Rake, hauing in steade of teeth a boorde of one foote broade. 1674 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation i. 56 The Coal-rake, to cleanse the Hole, and to keep it from stopping up. 1725 G. Smith Compl. Body Distilling i. 62 The upper part of the square bars must be even with the higher part of the flat iron bars.., that the fire-shovel or coal-rake may run smoothly along them. 1870 W. Crookes & E. Röhrig Pract. Treat. Metall. III. 683 The side circular doors are opened, and the dust raked out with coal-rakes. 1913 D. H. Lawrence Sons & Lovers i. i. 11 I do like that coal-rake of your mother's—it is small and natty. 2014 J. Bryden Fighting to Lose ii. 61 Visions of..phalanxes of grimy workers spilling out of the industrial ghettos of England armed with shovels and coal rakes haunted the Establishment. coal shed n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal coal cellar1281 coalhouse1332 coal garth1593 coal-hole?1641 coal yard1646 coal fold1704 ree1707 coal shed1718 coal pen1763 coal bunker1837 society > trade and finance > trading place > place where retail transactions made > [noun] > shop > shops selling other specific goods jeweller's shop1632 ironmongery1648 ironmonger1673 jeweller1675 news shop1688 print shop1689 Indian house1692 coal shed1718 pamphlet shop1721 lormery1725 drugstore1771 hardware store1777 junk store1777 chandler-shop1782 junk shop1790 music store1794 pot shop1794 finding store1822 marine store1837 picture house1838 paint shop1847 news agency1852 chemist1856 Army and Navy1878 cyclery1886 jumble-shop1893 pig shop1896 Manchester department1905 lot1909 craft shop1911 garden centre1912 pet shop1927 sex shop1949 video store1949 quincaillerie1951 home centre1955 Army-Navy1965 cookshop1967 sound shop1972 bucket-shop1973 1718 Daily Courant 12 Apr. The remainder of a lease of..a Work-house..situate in West-street... Enquire at the Coal shed next adjoining to it. 1816 Gentleman's Mag. 86 i. 229 In a coal-shed attached to a Grocer's shop. 1958 F. L. Lucas Search for Good Sense 72 He married a pocket-picking prostitute whom he had been used to meet in a coalshed. 2000 N. Griffiths Grits (2001) 79 Diddy little whitewashed cottages like, two-up two-down with a coal shed out-a back. coal ship n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal coal ship1541 coalman1612 collier-ship1639 colliera1661 coal barge1720 colliery1722 coal-smack1747 spout vessel1821 Geordie1849 collier-brig1853 1541–2 in J. S. Purvis Select. Monastic Rentals & Dissolution Papers (Yorks. Archæol. Soc.) (1931) 3 i. 43 Item resaivyd of three coll shyppes for grundage 1[s] 6[d]. c1620 Contented Couckould (single sheet) She went toward the sea O thither ward did she bend And with a very braue Coale shipe to London she is wende. 1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 52 The Masters of Coal Ships..they call Collyer Masters. 1892 R. L. Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker xii. 246 A townie of mine was lost down this way, in a coal ship. 2004 Hist. Teacher 38 41 Roswell and Elizabeth escaped up the Danube River to Czechoslovakia on a Polish coal ship. coal shovel n. ΚΠ 1406 in Archaeologia (1915) 67 182 (MED) j colshovell de ferro. 1734 Daily Courant 21 Jan. A Robbery said to be committed by them, in taking..a Wooden Coal Shovel, two Glass Bottles, and about 12s. in Money. 1991 J. Connor Distortions 116 Michael was..dazed and Mallis..could have finished him off with a few more belts from the coal shovel. coal sieve n. ΚΠ 1676 in F. B. Bickley Catal. MSS & Munim. Dulwich (1903) 2nd Ser. 29 A coale sive. 1825 D. M. Moir Mansie Wauch in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. June 671/2 As full of holes as a coal-sieve. 1912 Garden Mag. Feb. 23/2 Passing it [sc. planting soil mix] through a coal sieve a few times will do the trick. 2006 D. Owen Sheetrock & Shellac vi. 184 He..turned it [sc. wire fabric] into meal sieves, coal sieves, popcorn poppers, and window screens. coal-smack n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying coal coal ship1541 coalman1612 collier-ship1639 colliera1661 coal barge1720 colliery1722 coal-smack1747 spout vessel1821 Geordie1849 collier-brig1853 1747 Gen. Evening Post 26 Sept. A Ship from Virginia, laden with Corn, and a Coal-Smack. 1883 W. Black Shandon Bells xxvii He pointed out where the coal-smack had come to grief. 1989 Scots Mag. Mar. 688 I would be most grateful if readers could provide me with information concerning..sailing coal-smacks trading into Corrie. coal tongs n. ΚΠ 1838 J. F. Cooper Home as Found I. iii. 37 Captain Truck asked permission to initiate the new coal-tongs by lighting a cigar. 1909 Washington Post 14 Dec. 6/4 Some one may have carried off his coaltongs or the nickel-plated alarm clock on the kitchen mantel. 2003 N. Slater Toast 151 The brass fire-stand with its shovel, coal tongs and hearth brush that we were forbidden to use. coal wagon n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > types of > wagon or cart for specific articles > for coal coal cart1691 coal wagon1717 hutch1742 coal car1768 tipple1886 tip1889 society > travel > rail travel > rolling stock > [noun] > railway wagon or carriage > for coal battle-wagon1926 coal wagon1995 1717 R. Bradley New Improvem. Planting & Gardening: Pt. 1 iv. 44 Wood is much used to make Cart Ways, where for many Miles the Wheels of the Coal-Waggons run upon it. 1826 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1827) II. 858 Every..description of vehicle, from a coal-waggon to a wheel-barrow. 1995 N. Whittaker Platform Souls (1996) v. 58 A diesel shunter phut-phutted past us with a load of empty coal wagons. coal wharf n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > harbour or port > [noun] > wharf or quay > types of wood-wharf1279 jutty-head1559 coal wharf1655 coal staithe1708 jetty head1731 sufferance wharf1774 trunk-staithe1789 wharf-boat1849 sufferance quay1882 1655 R. Gardiner Englands Grievance Discovered xiv. 43 Repair and mantain the Ballast shoars and Coal-Wharf. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 342/1 There are several coal-wharfs on its line. 1993 S. Stewart Ramlin Rose iii. 20 We carried grain from the docks to the mills and coal from the coaleries to the coal wharfs and factries. d. With reference to the natural occurrence of coal as a mineral. See also coalfield n., coal mine n., etc. coal basin n. ΚΠ 1811 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 101 248 The many small coal-basins, or swilleys, as they are called, which occur in the space between Keighley, Hawes, and Richmond. 1854 F. C. Bakewell Geol. 367 The occurrence of this arrangement of strata has caused the term ‘coal basin’ to be applied to a confined district of coal. 1906 Times 24 Mar. 7/5 Nearly 3,500 miners have returned to work in the Pas de Calais coal basin. 2005 Courier Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 19 Apr. 10 The improving viability of massive resource reserves throughout the Surat coal basin. coal deposit n. ΚΠ 1815 Philos. Mag. 46 188 Between [certain strata]..there intervenes, as to the æra of their formations, the whole of the coal deposit. 1985 E. H. Colbert Wandering Lands & Animals (new ed.) 5 (caption) In 1885 Antonio Snider postulated an ancient contiguity of the continents..to explain the presence of identical fossil plants in certain coal deposits of Europe and North America. 2003 High Country News 27 Oct. 6/1 Gas companies..crack subterranean coal deposits with pressurized water laden with chemical cocktails and sand. coal formation n. ΚΠ 1804 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 2) IV. 141 Coal is found in two different formations. The first of these is distinguished particularly by the name of coal formation, or mountains of coal. 1935 M. C. Stopes in Fuel in Sci. & Pract. 14 11/1 A forest tree which crashed into a watery swamp and there partly decomposed and was macerated in the process of coal formation. 2008 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 16 Sept. 3 L&M's first well drilled into the coal formation had resulted in the desired showing of gas. coal land n. ΚΠ 1758 Act dividing & inclosing Common Fields Wilnecote (Enacted Private Acts, 31 Geo. III. c. 34) 5 Each Proprietor shall..have the same Quantity or Value of Coal-Land set out for him. 1870 N.Y. Times 5 June 5/3 Mr. Thayer introduced a bill authorizing the Pacific Railroad Company to take up coal lands. 1930 Indiana (Pa.) Progress 15 Jan. 5/1 Much of the bank's resources are tied up in coal lands. 2007 R. E. Bonner W. F. Cody's Wyoming Empire vi. 120 The significance of the coal land had begun to decline in Beck's mind as he saw the B&M engineers working on a line for the new railroad that by-passed the seam. coal stratum n. ΚΠ 1757 E. M. da Costa Nat. Hist. Fossils 168 This slate is found in the coal counties of this kingdom, and always forms a stratum just above the coal stratum in the places where found. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 45 Separated from the coal-strata by a series of interposed beds. 1991 S. F. Mason Chem. Evol. x. 116 The coal strata formerly termed the Coal Measures were gentrified as the Carboniferous system. 2001 Daily Mail (Nexis) 30 June 44 Going down its shafts, he got his first good look at the layers of rock on his way to the coal strata, laid down..between 290 and 310 million years ago. coal vein n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > stratum or bed > of coal coal bed1591 roach1653 coal measure1665 coal vein1665 main coal1708 coal seam1756 1665 D. Dudley Mettallum Martis sig. E4 The manner of the cole-veins, or measures in these parts. 1719 Philos. Trans. 1717–19 (Royal Soc.) 30 970 Next under the three Coal Veins is the Peaw Vein. 1833 Niles' Reg. 44 345/1 The singular spectacle of a coal vein on fire is to be seen in the neighborhood of Port Carbon. 1918 Economist 26 Oct. 586/1 Portrush is of import also, because of the exceedingly valuable coal veins cropping out almost on the surface. 2001 H. Johnson Trevelyan Trap i. 4 At the time of the explosion the gritty black coal veins of the Trevelyan Mine were being worked by the long-wall method. C2. Objective. coal-bearer n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who carry coal coal carrier1596 coal-bearer1606 coal-heaver1654 coal porter1711 coaly1820 coal backer1834 1606 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1605/6/39 That na persone..sall fie, hyre or conduce ony saltaris, coilyearis or coilberaris without ane sufficient testimoniall of thair maister. 1868 Hours at Home June 116/1 A lady, eager to be served,..showed a pair of arms brawny as those of a coal-bearer. 2009 Daily Tel. (Austral.) (Nexis) 2 Nov. 69 The work, mostly undertaken by women and girls, often injured the coal-bearers. coal boring n. ΚΠ 1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 73 (heading) Of coal-borings, communicated by Dr. Martin Lister. 1853 J. R. Leifchild Our Coal & our Coal-pits (1855) 94 Hear only what a thoroughly devoted miner has put into print on the delights of coal-boring. 2008 P. Lucier Scientists & Swindlers i. iii. 84 The legislators..were debating a bill on coal boring. coal breaker n. ΚΠ 1832 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 13 Mar. The above coal is believed to be of superior quality..; and as the subscriber is provided with coal breakers his customers can be supplied with it ready broke for the grate. 1905 Amer. Gas Light Jrnl. 83 928/2 The belt striking gear for starting and stopping the coal breaker and elevator is operated from the inside of the retort house. 2008 B. Bonner Black Diamonds i. 3 Dominating it all was the monster coal breaker, looking like some immense medieval cathedral. coal-breaking n. and adj. ΚΠ 1830 Imperial Mag. Nov. 1071 Coal-breaking.—The cause of the coals supplied to consumers being so small..may be gathered from the following calculation. 1895 J. Fulton Coke iii. 49 These or similar coal breaking machines are now coming into more general use. 1905 Inst. Gas Engineers Trans. 1904 178 There was no coal-breaking, no elevating, no engine, no rheostat, no electric arrangement, or anything else. 1991 Mining Ann. Rev. (Nexis) June 245 Modern coal breaking and crushing equipment represents a mature technology. 2008 Herald (Glasgow) 4 Dec. 25/1 Life on the locomotive footplate... All that relentless coal-breaking, coal-shovelling and rampant tea-drinking. coal-burning adj. and n. ΚΠ 1789 Gentlemen's Mag. Feb. 109/1 In this coal-burning age, I can never hope that the Ironmongers Company will be grateful enough to honour me with my freedom. 1828 R. Roberts House Servant's Directory (ed. 2) 164 A judicious use of the poker..is the most delicate part of the science of coal burning. 1858 Harper's Mag. Mar. 442/2 Railroad companies are being driven into the adoption of coal-burning engines to save the consumption of wood. 1954 M. Sharp Gipsy in Parlour v. 62 The coal-burning London of my childhood was undoubtedly foggier than the London of to-day. 2002 Christian Sci. Monitor 24 Oct. 8/2 Credits would go to a government or a company that funded wind-energy ‘farms’ in places that had relied on coal-burning for electricity. 2012 Herald (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 3 Jan. South Africa was constructing two 500-megawatt coal-burning power stations to generate electricity. coal-carrying adj. and n. ΚΠ c1643 N. Boteler Dialogues (1929) (modernized text) 49 This coal-carrying course is to be well protected from enemies in time of war. 1892 Daily News 8 June 2/3 A most important coal-carrying line. 1905 Daily Chron. 6 Jan. 5/5 The Berrington has been engaged in coal-carrying between the Tyne and the Continent for nearly forty years. 2010 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 17 Aug. 10 Residents..have complained for nearly two years about coal-carrying freight trains operating at night. coal cutter n. ΚΠ 1706 in G. Williams Hudson's Bay Misc. (1975) (modernized text) 72/2 State of stores..1 coal cutter. 1898 Daily News 14 Apr. 6/5 How are we to estimate what the average coal-cutter earns? 1985 P. Cooke in D. Gregory & J. Urry Social Relations & Spatial Structures x. 227 In South Wales,..15 per cent of coal-cutters were boys under 16 years of age. 2012 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 30 Jan. 3 Coal cutters manufactured by the Jeffrey Diamond Company of Colombus, Ohio. coal-cutting n. and adj. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > other specific mining processes > in coal-mining outstroke1747 holing1841 coal-cutting1842 patio1845 sumping1849 bottoming1856 salting1856 patio process1862 spragging1865 yardage1877 booming1880 brushing1883 filling1883 sounding1883 yard-work1883 blanketing1884 goafing1888 freezing process1889 power loading1901 bashing1905 rock dusting1915 mucking1918 solid stowing1929 stone-dusting1930 roof bolting1949 rock bolting1955 1842 J. Wilson Water Cure 126 Coal-cutting is hard work while it lasts; the workman is on his knees, or sitting, while he is hacking away in his hole. 1854 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 2 70 (title) Waring's coal cutting machine. 1897 Star 17 Sept. 2/6 In some of the thin seams of that district [sc. the Yorkshire coalfield], the coal-cutting has for some time been done by machine—by the ‘iron man’. 1921 Geogr. Jrnl. 57 148 The coal lies nearly horizontally over large areas and is of very uniform thickness, making possible the use of coal-cutting machinery on a large scale. 1958 I. C. F. Statham Coal Mining Pract. I. vii. 298 Mechanised methods are now generally adopted for the coal-cutting in these narrow opening-up places. 2008 Mining Mag. (Nexis) Sept. 60 Cameras..have been susceptible to damage from the rough and tumble of the coal-cutting process. coal-getter n. ΚΠ 1709 Yorkshire-racers 15 Mr. J. a Coalgetter. 1883–4 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 33 37 (heading) The Harwell mechanical coal-getter. 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 Oct. 12/1 Many non-producers..share in the rise in wages besides the coal-getter. 1922 E. Snowden What we want & Why 151 If the coal-getters in the poor places cannot earn the minimum wage on this price list the manager of the mine..gives these men a certain allowance. 2006 A. Haworth & D. Hayter Men who made Labour vii. 68 Young in becoming a coal-getter and in assuming union responsibilities, Glover was also young to marry. coal-getting n. and adj. ΚΠ 1834 E. Mammatt Coll. Facts Ashby Coal-field vii. 58 Faults in Coal-Fields, which so perplex the miner in coal-getting. 1857 Reynolds's Newspaper 22 Feb. 16/4 It is..nearly two years since coal-getting operations were commenced. 1860 Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. 2 102 The coal-getting machine was at work. 1935 H. Heslop Last Cage Down i. xvi. 141 You stick to the old methods all the time... In coal-getting you are afraid to install machinery. 1988 A. Burns et al. in D. Cooper & T. Hopper Debating Coal Closures xi. 268 The technical choice of the shearer loader as the main piece of coal-getting machinery. 2012 Mirror (Nexis) 8 June 31 426 men and boys died at Cadeby and Denaby Main collieries during 100 years of coal-getting. coal-hewer n. ΚΠ 1588 Edinb. Test. XVIII. f. 252, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Col(e)-, Coil-, Coal-hewar James Edmond, coilhewar. a1649 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1870) V. 419/2 Gaitesmen, who workes þe wayes and passages in þe saidis hewghes ar als necessar to þe owneres..as þe coall-hewers. 1859 P. Chalmers Hist. & Statist. Acct. Dunfermline II. 80 Of the males 300 are coal-hewers, redsmen, &c., who work underground. 2003 G. Burn North of Eng. Home Service (2004) ii. 47 Jackie..felt a strong affinity with the former coal-hewers and tub-menders he was obliged to rub along with. coal measurer n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > measure of coal > one who measures coal meter1336 coal measurer1720 1720 London Gaz. No. 5880/6 John Hall, Coal-measurer. 1875 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 2 463/2 A coal-measurer, aged 52, had..an ulcer on his left leg. 2007 J. P. Rodriguez Encycl. Slave Resistance & Rebellion 288 Latimer was released into the possession of a Virginia Bank watchman and coal measurer, John Dunson. coal-producing adj. ΚΠ 1830 Times 9 Dec. 4/4 A tax from which..the coal-producing districts are free. 1936 Fortune Oct. 148/2 Every coal-producing state in the Union. 1990 N.Y. Times 28 Dec. d1/3 A bonanza of easily mined, clean-burning, low-sulfur coal has transformed Wyoming..into the largest coal-producing state in the nation. C3. Instrumental. See also coal-fired adj. at Compounds 5. coal-based adj. ΚΠ 1924 Times 1 Apr. 10/2 The nation, depending upon coal-based exports and shipping for the livelihood of the majority of its people, is in a precarious position. 1972 K. R. Cox Man, Location, & Behavior xvi. 329 The development..of a coal-based pig-iron technology in locations with infrastructural advantages made these more dispersed locations obsolete. 2012 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 1 Mar. 13 The NSW economy was built over the past 50 years on relatively cheap, coal-based electricity. coal-fed adj. ΚΠ 1841 L. H. Sigourney Pocahontas 189 Coal-fed chimneys, fusing to the skies With blacken'd breath. 1987 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 6 Apr. 2 The Soviet Union has offered to build a $350-million coal-fed power plant in the Philippines. 2005 Wisconsin Mag. Hist. 88 39/2 The train, of course, was powered by a big black coal-fed steam engine. coal-laden adj. ΚΠ 1708 Daily Courant 5 June A Cole-laden Flyboat. 1878 F. S. Williams Midland Railway (ed. 4) 603 Coal-laden trucks block up the siding. Coal-laden trains are groaning and grunting hither and thither. 2006 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 8 Jan. Now the coal-laden hills of two newer mines owned by the Black Beauty Coal Co. appear on the horizon. coal-powered adj. ΚΠ 1920 F. W. Coburn Hist. Lowell xi. 353 Water power, with the example of Fall River and its coal-powered mills before them, was undoubtedly not so highly esteemed among mill men. 1966 Wall St. Jrnl. 30 Mar. 32/4 The Tennessee Valley Authority opened bids on competing proposals to build nuclear or coal-powered generating facilities. 2012 Pretoria News (Nexis) 24 Oct. 3 According to the activists, coal-powered stations cause irreparable health and environmental damage. C4. Similative and parasynthetic, in the sense ‘very dark, black’. Cf. coal-black adj. coal blue adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [adjective] > dark blue blewebis1330 sloe-blue1795 Oxford blue1856 navy blue1859 coal blue1861 marine blue1873 lead-blue1882 navy1896 1861 G. W. Dasent tr. Story Burnt Njal I. 87 In rushed the coal-blue sea. 1986 Toronto Star (Nexis) 15 July c9 Gowan, with a coal-blue streak of hair jutting down over his eyes,..overplayed his part last night. 2011 Indian Express (Nexis) 7 Apr. The collection featured..coal blue fringed tunics with quilted obi belts. coal-eyed adj. ΚΠ 1789 European Mag. Jan. 46/1 ‘Brief as the lightning in the colly'd night,’ says Lysander, in ‘The Midsummer's Night Dream,’ Act 1st, Scene 3d.—Dr. Johnson would have it read cole-eyed, i.e. black-ey'd. 1825 A. Vieusseux Anselmo I. i. 20 A compliment,..which she treasured up as a thing unusual among..the Neapolitans, who as she said, ‘can only admire their own sallow coal-eyed beauties’. 2002 Warsaw Voice (Nexis) 14 Apr. A dark-haired, coal-eyed Bulgarian girl who sells cherries in the street. coal-dark adj. ΚΠ 1843 E. B. Barrett in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 261 All day, we drag our burden tiring, Through the coal-dark underground. 1998 Las Vegas (Nevada) Rev.-Jrnl. (Nexis) 3 Sept. e1 ‘Smile,’ a father says,..pointing his camera at a little girl with white skin and coal-dark eyes. coal-faced adj. ΚΠ 1598 S. Rowlands Betraying of Christ sig. Dij Wrap me from eies cole-fac'd eternall night. 1888 J. Rhys Lect. Origin & Growth Relig. illustr. by Celtic Heathendom v. 457 Cúchulainn carrying away his bride from her father, the coal-faced king Forgall. 1995 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 11 Nov. The landscape can almost be lunar, liberally sprinkled with coal-faced Herdwick sheep. C5. coal backer n. now historical and rare a person employed to unload coal from a ship and carry it on his or her back to a wharf or wagon. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who carry coal coal carrier1596 coal-bearer1606 coal-heaver1654 coal porter1711 coaly1820 coal backer1834 1834 Standard 16 Aug. 3/1 The coal backers..turned out for an advance of wages not exceeding, it is understood, for each man, more than sixpence per day. 1851 H. Mayhew London Labour II. 156/1 On questioning one, he said his father was a coal-backer. 2000 A. Perry Slaves of Obsession (2011) iii. 70 Lanyon..resumed his questioning of the coal backer. coalbacking n. now historical and rare the work of a coal backer. ΘΚΠ society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance by carrying > [noun] > by a person porterage1611 portering1736 porterage1764 coalbacking1849 totinga1862 1849 Morning Chron. 28 Dec. 5/6 Coal-backing is about the hardest labour a man can perform. 1861 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) III. 252/1 Coalbacking is as heavy a class of labour as any performed. 1971 J. F. C. Harrison Early Victorians ii, 43 If the ship was able to tie up alongside the wharf..the coal was unloaded directly on to the land... This process was known as coalbacking. coal ball n. (a) a ball made of coal dust, for use as fuel (now rare); (b) Geology a rounded mass of calcite or pyrite containing fossilized plant remains, typically found in or near coal seams. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > coal-derived fuel coal ball1603 pipe-coal1612 hotshot1673 hotshoot1704 fireball1735 brickette1806 briquette1884 coal slurry1912 slurry1913 semi-coke1918 Phurnacite1937 syncrude1971 the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > features of stratum or vein > [noun] > material within kevel1747 comb1863 coal ball1870 1603 H. Platt (title) A new, cheape and delicate fire of cole-balles, wherein seacole is by the mixture of other combustible bodies, both sweetened and multiplied. 1803 A. Hunter Georgical Ess. (new ed.) III. 149 About Bristol..they make coal-balls of their culm. 1870 Nature 20 Oct. 505/1 These organs were found in what were called coal-balls, from the beds of coal at Bradford and Halifax. 1947 C. A. Arnold Introd. Paleobot. ix. 219 Petrified stems, petioles, and roots of Medullosa are frequently encountered in coal-balls. 1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) xxxiii. 249 Father was scavenger—peddler of coal balls (made of coal scrap) in Tientsin. 2007 New Scientist 22 Dec. 74/3 The mines around Manchester were a good place to hunt for coal balls. coal band n. †(a) Scottish a stratum of stone overlying a stratum of coal (obsolete rare); (b) Geology a stratum of coal. ΚΠ 1795 W. MacRitchie in Sc. Antiquary (1896) 10 110 The pits here [sc. Keltybridge] of no considerable depth, and the coal very accessible. It is covered with a stratum of freestone (here called a coal-band) of a considerable thickness. 1829 T. C. Haliburton Hist. & Statist. Acct. Nova-Scotia II. ix. 425 A number of pit shafts have been sunk from the surface, through the great coal band. 1903 Proc. Yorks. Geol. & Polytechnic Soc. 15 88 There is at the outset one good horizon that is clearly definable: that is the coal band at the top of..the Third Grit series. 2003 T. Palmer Perilous Planet Earth xxi. 218 The Alvarez group, investigating rocks collected in the region of Hell Creek, Montana..found elevated iridium levels in a thin coal band. coal bank n. †(a) a stretch of waterside where coal is loaded into boats (obsolete); (b) U.S. a raised area where a seam of coal is exposed for opencast mining. ΚΠ 1705 Affidavits, Certificates, & Presentments 24/1 The Ship or Bark..; after lying several Tides at the said Sir Humphry Mackworth's Coal Bank, was forced to go away empty. 1800 H. Steuart Suppl. Plan supplying Edinb. with Coal 43 By means of bearers..they [sc. coals] might, upon occasion, be brought from the water-level to the coal-bank, even with no more than 10 fathom pits. 1805 in L. Collins & R. H. Collins Hist. Sketches Kentucky (1874) I. 408 A coal bank is within three hundred yards. 1886 Harper's Mag. June 62/2 A gentleman who wanted a coal bank opened engaged for the work a man passing along the road. 1922 Outlook 12 July 460/1 Horizontally through all the ridges run coal veins—any man can climb varying distances into his corn-field and open him up a ‘coal bank’. 1980 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 7 Dec. vii. 40 Jimmy manfully shoulders his rusty pick..and struggles up the hill to an abandoned coal bank. 2005 P. L. Bryan & T. Wolf Midnight Assassin i. 3 He wanted Ivan to come with him to the coal bank, an exposed vein of soft coal located a few miles to the east of their family farm. coal baron n. originally U.S. a wealthy and influential mine owner or business magnate in the coal industry; cf. baron n. 2b. ΚΠ 1876 N.-Y. Daily Tribune 2 Aug. 4/4 The coal barons have prepared the public to view even their bankruptcy without a tear. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 17 May 5/2 Nearly 150,000 coalminers are on strike in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania... The coal barons have built barricades and barbed wire fences around the shafts. 2011 Independent 17 Mar. (Viewspaper section) 2/2 A Red Tibetan Mastiff called ‘Big Splash’ has just been sold to a Chinese coal baron for a reported £1m. coal-bearing adj. Geology containing or yielding coal; carboniferous. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral sources > [adjective] > yielding a mineral or metal > coal coaly1594 coaled1724 coal-bearing1813 anthracitous1823 anthraciferous1833 lignitiferous1859 carboniferous1865 1813 W. Wilson Post Chaise Compan. Ireland (ed. 4) p. iv/1 The coal-bearing Doonane in Kilkenny County. 1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 327 The coal-bearing strata are characterized by several hundred species of plants. 1915 C. Schuchert Text-bk. Geol. II. xl. 729 The Coal Measures formation is again divided into two series, the earlier half, or Middle Carboniferous, being widely known as the Westphalian..when coal bearing. 2005 Washington Post (Nexis) 15 Aug. b1 Small businesses that supply coal companies with equipment have started to sprout up throughout Virginia's seven coal-bearing counties. coal bed n. a stratum or layer of coal. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > stratum or bed > of coal coal bed1591 roach1653 coal measure1665 coal vein1665 main coal1708 coal seam1756 1591 in Trans. Halifax Antiq. Soc. (1930–2) 31 74 One myne of coales within the greaveship of Hipperholme, with all rights, and the several colebeddes to the same mine apertaining, lying and being in a place called Godley Lane. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. iii. 172 Walls or Pillars of the whole Cole-Bed remaining (which with us is not above two foot thick) to hinder the roof of the pit for falling. 1777 R. E. Raspe tr. I. von Born Trav. Bannat of Temeswar x. 83 The exterior appearance of the ground countenances the conclusion, that coal beds are below the gold impregnated stratum. 1861 H. Macmillan Footnotes from Nature 5 A coal-bed is, in fact, a hortus-siccus of extinct cryptogamic vegetation. 1920 M. D. Post Sleuth of St. James's Square v. 100 In the great range of mountains..beautifully named the Alleghanies, there is a vast measure of coal beds. 2002 R. Pruitt Rivers of Stone viii. 98 This area has been thoroughly prospected for uranium, even for coal beds. coal blacking n. a form of blacking (blacking n.¹ 2) made from ground or powdered coal. ΚΠ 1861 Leeds Mercury 9 July 3/4 A fire occurred on the premises of Messrs. James Balmford and Son, coal blacking works, Water-lane,..on Saturday morning. 1876 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 25 122 The production of coal blacking was a trade in this district. 1994 G. Minault in N. Kumar Women as Subj. iv. 120 Practicing [sic] their alif bey jims using coal blacking from the stove. † coal-blende n. Geology Obsolete non-bituminous coal, anthracite. ΚΠ 1792 J. Hailstone Plan Lect. Min. 71 Petroleum with an earthy basis. 1. Stone Coal. 2. Coal blend. 3. Vegetable Coal. 1807 H. Davy in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 97 55 Where pyritous strata and strata of coal-blende occur. 1858 Geol. N. Amer. 107 Beds of coal-blende, accompanied by alum slate and black chalk, have been discovered in this formation on Rhode Island. coal brass n. Mining (frequently in plural) iron pyrites found in some coal-bearing strata; cf. brass n. 1e. ΚΠ 1809 Tradesman 1 Feb. 144 The exposure of surface in the pyrites or coal brasses. 1865 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 343 Some kinds of the ore known as ‘coal brass’ also contain a considerable amount of ferrous carbonate. 1917 Proc. Engineers' Soc. Western Pennsylvania 33 664 Coal brasses which are jigged out are sold to pyrite manufacturers. 2003 J. A. Kent Riegel's Handbk. Industr. Chem. (ed. 10) xiv. 493/1 Sulphuric acid..is made by the action of bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) on coal brasses or iron disulfide discarded on refuse dumps at coal and copper mines. coal bunk n. now rare = coal bunker n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > room, locker, or quarters > [noun] > storage room or compartment > coal-bunker coal-hole1801 coal-holdc1826 coal bunker1837 coal bunk1838 bunker1839 pocket1883 1838 Alton (Illinois) Tel. 16 May The Williams, a coal brig with 470 tons of coal..will discharge her cargo into the coal bunks..tomorrow. 1867 Morning Star 22 Nov. She stayed at St. Thomas, resolving rather to delay a day or so than come away with her coal-bunks half filled. 1940 Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner 7 Aug. 7/4 Jack has made a place [for a bomb shelter] in one corner of the wash house: the coal bunk is on one side. coalburner n. now historical and rare = charcoal-burner n. at charcoal n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > makers of other manufactured materials > [noun] > of charcoal coaler1276 colliera1375 coalmana1450 wood-coaler1600 charcoal-collier1636 coalburner1636 charcoal-burner1825 1636 in Index Probate Rec. Court of Archdeaconry of Sudbury (1984) (modernized text) i. 155 John Cutmear, coal burner, Burgate. 1779 T. Jefferson Memorandum Bks. 9 Apr. (1997) I. 476 P[ai]d. a coal burner 26 days work £15–12. 1885 Med. News 8 Aug. 152/2 Dr. Bournonville reports a case of coryza caseosa, in an old man, 72 years of age, a coal-burner by trade. 1990 A. Kuhn & S. Radstone Women's Compan. to Internat. Film (1994) 11/1 A coalburner is put out of work by the arrival of the gas industry. coal car n. chiefly North American a wagon used for transporting coal, esp. on a railway or in a mine. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > types of > wagon or cart for specific articles > for coal coal cart1691 coal wagon1717 hutch1742 coal car1768 tipple1886 tip1889 1768 Reasons Removal of Market-house 11 Preserve the city from being distressed by pressing coal cars. 1858 Pennsylvania Rail Road Ann. Rep. 14 The rolling stock..consisted..of..92 Four-wheeled Coal Cars. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 8 Jan. 10/1 At least 1,000 coal-cars were added to the rolling-stock. 2008 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 18 May (Travel section) 1 A rope rider goes up and down the mines all day long, riding coal cars controlled by steel cables (called ropes) by a surface hoist. coal chute n. [compare coal shoot n., also shute n.³ 3a] a slide or chute for coal; esp. one for depositing coal into a coal cellar; cf. coal drop n. 2. ΚΠ 1848 E. Bowen et al. Coal Regions of Pennsylvania 53/1 Attached to this station are also two separate tracks, with coal chutes beneath, 300 and 450 feet long each, for the use of the town. 1993 P. Oliva Drowning in Darkness ii. 37 The coal that Pep wedged free bashed its way down the coal chutes into mine cars. 2010 Hereford Times (Nexis) 15 Feb. The cellar houses the gas meter and fuse board, there is also an original coal chute. † coal clive n. [apparently < coal n. + clive, variant of cliff n.] English regional (Somerset) Obsolete a rock stratum overlying a coal seam; cf. cliff n. 1a. ΚΠ 1719 J. Strachey in Philos. Trans. 1717–19 (Royal Soc.) 30 969 A Dark or Blackish Rock, which they call the Coal Clives. 1769 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 546/1 Coal clives in Somerset; the top of these is reddish, or grey, and becomes of a deep black as it approaches the coal. coal creel n. Scottish (now historical) a basket for carrying coal; cf. creel n.¹ 1. ΚΠ a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. l. 5693 A payr of coil crelis. 1770 Declar. Jean Johnston 4 Her mistress..desire him to send up coal-creels to James Ferrier's house. 1825 R. Mudie Attic Fragm. 104 The windward side of the boat, the whole energy and mass of that part of her corporation, which had been increased in energy and size, by twenty years bearing the ‘coal creel’ in the dark caverns of the earth. 1902 R. W. Dron Coal-Fields Scotl. iii. 39 It appears that, ever since the year 1423, the standard Gilmillscroft coal creel was 14 inches wide, 16 inches deep, and 30 inches long within. 1937 Hansard Commons 29 Nov. 1773 When Queen Victoria went to Midlothian in 1837 or 1838, she saw women climbing up and down shallow pits with coal creels on their backs. 1972 R. Crichton Camerons iii. v. They were surprised to see a file of men going down the road toward the dock with shovels and coal creels over their shoulders. coal-crimp n. now historical and rare = crimp n.² 2. ΚΠ 1747 Gen. Descr. All Trades 66 (heading) Coal-crimps. 1809 Tradesman 3 391 It is a well known fact that most of the principal coal buyers in London, and the coal crimps, or factors, are ship-owners, or connected by relationship with ship-owners. 1952 E. Hughes North Country Life in 18th Cent. I. vi. 301 ‘There never was a time yt ye Coale trade required more friends,’ wrote William Gilroy, a London coal-crimp. coal drift n. a horizontal passage or gallery in a coal mine; cf. drift n. 15. ΚΠ 1698 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 368 A Current of Water that runs through a Coal-Drift. 1850 D. Drake Systematic Treat. Princ. Dis. Interior Valley N. Amer. iii. iv. 695 Dr. Putney saw a negro, who suffered from asthmatic breathing in the coal drifts, cured by being made a kettle tender. 2009 M. Norman & E. M. Norman Tears in Darkness xii. 319 Picking and shoveling and hauling and loading in a labyrinth of damp laterals, long diagonals, and cramped coal drifts. coal engine n. (a) an engine for lifting coal (now rare); (b) an engine which burns coal as fuel. ΚΠ 1742 Decisions Court of Session Jan. 1724 35 The Earl being in possession of a Dam upon the Water of Leven.., and from thence he carried a Stream for the Use of his Corn Mills and Coal Engines. 1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 49 Upon this water [sc. the Orr] there are six corn-mills, two fulling-mills..and one coal-engine. 1859 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 20 May 462/1 I was very desirous of testing the capabilities of the coal engine ‘Canute’ for drawing a heavy load up the incline from Southampton to Andover. 1903 Colliery Engineer Apr. 393 The water-hoisting engines are usually set at right angles to the coal engines, to avoid placing one sheave over the other with the resulting extra liability to wrecks. 1991 P. C. Newman Merchant Princes viii. 221 Coal engines took eight hours to flash up and some ships took days to coal; oil propulsion was faster, more efficient. Coal Exchange n. (a name for) a building in which coal is or was traded. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trading place > a centre of commerce > [noun] > place where merchants meet > for specific goods Coal Exchange1755 piece hall1776 Corn-Exchange1794 cloth-hall1836 1755 Compl. Guide City of London (ed. 6) 18/1 Coal exchange, Billingsgate. 1809 T. E. Tomlins Jacob's Law-dict. at Coals Stat. 28 Geo. 3 c. 53 was past..for the purpose of putting an end to the Society at the Coal Exchange formed to regulate (i.e. to monopolize) the trade. 2011 Guardian 22 Jan. (Guide Suppl.) 32 The Coal Exchange in Butetown in Cardiff was where the first £1m deal was struck. coal-fired adj. heated or powered by the burning of coal; cf. oil-fired adj. at oil n.¹ Compounds 5, gas-fired adj. at gas n.¹ and adj. Compounds 3.Now esp. of a power station. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > [adjective] > heated or warmed > heated by specific means steam-heated1835 coal-fired1855 gas-fired1862 solar-heated1952 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical power, electricity > place of power generation > [adjective] > from coal coal-fired2006 1855 W. Truran Iron Manuf. 91/1 The consumption of coal under the coal fired boilers is about 14 tons a day, or 5 cwts. per ton of pig iron made by the furnaces. 1909 Daily Chron. 17 Apr. 4/7 Baked fifty-five minutes in coal-fired oven. 1919 Times 20 Mar. 7 The present average practice in coal-fired power stations. 1987 W. Hagelund Whalers no More x. 153 The severe thermal stresses experienced by coal-fired boilers. 2006 Guardian 1 June i. 27/5 The ‘supercritical’ boiler..burns coal more efficiently than a conventional coal-fired station, saving around 500,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. coal fitter n. now historical a colliery agent or broker who sells coal to shippers; cf. fitter n.² ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in coal wood-coaler1600 collier1625 coal merchant1645 coal fitter1655 coal monger1665 coal factor1715 coal vend1906 1655 R. Gardiner Englands Grievance Discovered xliii. 93 Richard Leaver..went to Newcastle to the Coal-Fitter to be laden, but could get none. 1767 London Mag. Aug. 387/2 Every coal fitter is obliged to keep a regular and true list of ships entered at his office for loading of such coals as he usually vends. 1860 S. Smiles Self-help (new ed.) vi. 157 Lord Eldon was the son of a Newcastle coal-fitter. 2000 Herald & Post (Newcastle) (Nexis) 19 Jan. 6 [The building] passed to William Johnson, a coal fitter, who died in 1752. coal-flap n. a flap or shutter on a pavement covering the opening to a coal cellar. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > types of door > [noun] > cellar door cellar flap1795 coal-flap1854 1854 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 2 Dec. 6/3 Matters of an ordinary character, as restricting the putting in of windows beyond a certain line, coal-flaps, &c. were discussed. 1956 Winnipeg (Manitoba) Free Press 21 Apr. 26/6 They discovered signs that the coal-flap had been lifted and coal dust was trodden into the bedroom carpet. 2006 A. Motion In Blood xvii. 231 I opened the coal-flap outside the kitchen window. coal flat n. now historical a flat-bottomed boat used for transporting coal; cf. flat n.³ 9a. ΚΠ 1792 in K. Laybourn Brit. Trade Unionism (1991) 18 The masters of the coal flats in your employ do hereby give notice that they will not proceed. 1860 Portsmouth (Ohio) Times 26 May I hear that a couple of coal flats were sunk. 1921 A. O. Friel King of Kearsarge vi. 66 Stowed away in box-cars, crouching on coal flats, or walking long, weary miles over the ties, he had crawled up across two states. 2011 M. T. Wardle-Eggers & J. W. Barna McKeesport i. 10 (caption) Coal flats and coal barges were built to support the mining industry. coal flora n. the plants whose remains occur as fossils in coal measures (coal measure n. 2); a group of plants from which a (type of) coal deposit was formed; cf. coal forest n. ΚΠ 1831–3 J. Lindley & W. Hutton Fossil Flora Great Brit. I. 185 If it is a Fungus, it is perhaps the first that has been discovered in the Coal Flora. 1900 Elements Mining Engin. (Colliery Engineer Company) II. 47 The coal flora is one of the most abundant and perfect of the extinct floras. 2009 L. Margulis & M. J. Chapman Kingdoms & Domains (ed. 4) v. 436 Tropical swamp ‘coal floras’ of the Carboniferous Period, 354–290 m[illion] y[ears] a[go]. coal fold n. now historical an enclosure for storing coal. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal coal cellar1281 coalhouse1332 coal garth1593 coal-hole?1641 coal yard1646 coal fold1704 ree1707 coal shed1718 coal pen1763 coal bunker1837 1704 Minutes Torryburn Session in Ess. Witchcraft (1820) 137 The west end of the Coalfold. 1858 J. M. Wilson Land of Scott (1859) 128 After 1784 it [sc. a church] was abandoned to neglect, and in 1809 converted into a public coal-fold. 2003 T. Lloyd et al. Pembrokeshire (2004) 175 The huge mid-C18 coal fold, over an acre in extent. coal forest n. an ancient forest from which a coal deposit was formed, typically a dense, species-rich swamp forest of the Carboniferous or Permian periods. ΚΠ ?1848 E. Lankester Nat. Hist. Creation 15 The general vegetation of the coal forests, then resembled more this tree fern, than that of any other plant which we have existing..at the present day. 1934 Geogr. Rev. 24 229 The display begins with a mural of a coal forest. 2008 A. Farjon Nat. Hist. Conifers xi. 77 I saw in a museum the plant fossils from the coal mines and a diorama of a coal forest in the Carboniferous. coal-gabbart n. chiefly Scottish (now rare) a barge or lighter for carrying coal; cf. gabbart n. ΚΠ 1736 N. Robbins Exact Abridgm. Irish Statutes Gen. Table sig. Lllll2/2 Regulation of Coal Gabbards or Lighters in Dublin. 1870 J. Matheson Eng. to Delhi ix. 62 A huge hulking craft, in shape and size similar to one of our Scotch coal gabbarts. 1906 ‘H. Foulis’ Vital Spark xiii. 95 ‘Is that the way you do your courtin' on the coal-gabberts?’ said the cook, greatly amused. 1934 Sc. Mountaineering Club Jrnl. Apr. 175 Four young Jacobite prisoners..shut the massive iron gates on those outside, and pointing the guns of the Fort at them, forced them to board the coal gabbart and clear out. † coal garth n. Obsolete (historical in later use) = coal yard n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal coal cellar1281 coalhouse1332 coal garth1593 coal-hole?1641 coal yard1646 coal fold1704 ree1707 coal shed1718 coal pen1763 coal bunker1837 1593 in Rites Durham (1842) 83 A litle stone house, joyninge of the Cole garth. 1866 Jrnl. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. 22 233 A modern building..occupies the site. Between it and the Kitchen was the coal garth. coal gasification n. the process of producing coal gas from coal; cf. coal gas n. ΚΠ 1893 Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 12 408/2 I prefaced my remarks on coal gasification by the statement that..I have acted on the assumption that coal was a substance comprising fixed carbons saturated with hydrocarbons. 1963 New Scientist 24 Jan. 184/1 Last year, the first British coal gasification plant using the Lurgi pressure process began operations at Westfield near Fife. 2010 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 76/1 The group has sponsored research on..the ‘cleanest’ of the emerging pre-combustion coal technologies—‘underground coal gasification’. coal goose n. chiefly British regional a cormorant.The distinction made between the cole-goose and the great black cormorant in quot. 1854 appears to be erroneous. ΚΠ 1704 J. Chamberlayne Chamberlayne's Angliæ Notitia (ed. 21) i. iv. 39 For wholsom substantial Food..What abundance are here of Hens,..Wild-Geese, Coal-Geese, Swans,..Lapwings. 1854 R. Blakey Shooting xiii. 128 There are three varieties of this bird known to shooters; the great black, the cole-goose, and the crested. 2002 A. Braverman tr. Bassui Mud & Water (rev. ed.) 208 When you thoroughly penetrate this, the clarity stands out as lacquer black as a coal goose standing in the snow. 2011 Western Morning News (Plymouth) (Nexis) 19 Mar. 26 Here in the Westcountry the cormorant is a common bird despite some persecution... Old names include Sea Crow, Coal Goose, and Isle of Wight Parsons. coal grieve n. originally and chiefly Scottish (now historical) the manager of a coal pit; cf. grieve n. 2. ΚΠ 1644 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1819) VI. 122/2 Upon the complaint of any party grieved, to conveene the saids coal-masters, coal-grieves, and coalyars. a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) v. 40 William Paton..told me..that they had a design on me for Clackmannan; but..that Mr. Inglis, tacksman of the estate of Clackmannan, whose coal-grieve he was, and Kennet, would set their foot against it. 1864 Glasgow Herald 7 June 3/2 These persons were under the pay of Mr. Lawrence Drysdale, a farmer in the neighbourhood, and the coal grieve. 1985 R. A. Houston Sc. Literacy v. 184 The sort of differences between levels of literacy is seen when we contrast the crude handwriting, bad spelling and poor grammar..with the comparative elegance and consistency of the coalgrieve or supervisor's correspondence. 2000 K. M. Brown Noble Society Scotl. 59 The second earl of Lothian's coal grieve at Cockpen reported on the problems of a collapsing mine in 1620. coal handler n. U.S. a person employed to load or unload coal. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who load or unload > coal staithman?1677 off-putter1788 caster1793 coal-whipper1795 coal lumper1834 whipper1836 coaler1858 coal handler1871 1871 Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig & Courier 27 May 2/2 40,000 railroad employes, drivers, coal-handlers and others..were thrown out of employment. 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 12 May 7/2 The New Jersey coal-handlers. 2001 Buffalo (N.Y.) News (Nexis) 26 July Sullivan, a 27-year-old coal handler, said he doesn't have a clue what he'll do once the coke ovens close. coal hod n. now chiefly North American a coal scuttle; cf. hod n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal coal pot1681 coal box1701 coal scuttle1730 coal scoop1743 coal hod1781 hoda1825 coal skip1831 purdonium1847 scuttle1849 scoop1850 1781 in P. C. Moore Inventory Hartlebury Castle (1960) 86 Housekeeper's Room—1 coal hod a bread fork 3 brushes a Copper Tea kettle. 1844 Times 21 Mar. 7/6 The fire was nearly out, and the coal-hod was thrown down upon the step of the door leading to the yard. 1870 L. M. Alcott Old-fashioned Girl ii. 26 Tom, resenting the insult, had forcibly seated her in the coal-hod. 2010 Buffalo (N.Y.) News 27 Mar. b18 An Art Nouveau coal hod with inlay sold..for $310. coal horse n. a horse used to pull a coal wagon; cf. pit-horse n. at pit n.¹ Compounds 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [noun] > draught-horse > that pulls wagon > used in specific professions coal horse1384 beer-horse1560 malt-horse1561 malt mare1594 higgler1707 stead-horse1708 pit pony1876 tip-horse1912 1384–5 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1901) III. 594 In 4 panell' empt. pro le Coilhors, 3s. 1644 Edinb. Test. LXI. f. 2, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Cole Tua coilhors, quhairof one blind, givine to the coilman. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 132 Waggons, and coal-horses. 1893 W. J. Gordon Horse-World of London x. 129 The coal horse..moves about thirty tons a week. 1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxix. 253 The skeletal Clydesdale had once been Benny Rooney's coalhorse. coal hulk n. now chiefly historical a vessel moored at a harbour or port for the purpose of supplying steamships with coal; cf. hulk n.² 3a. ΚΠ 1827 New Times 20 Jan. In the gale, the ship Earl Belmore..drove foul of the moorings of the coal hulk. 1917 Mediterranean Pilot II. viii. 559 Coaling is now (1912) carried out by means of a 7,000-ton coal hulk, fitted with electric light, transporters, traveling cranes, and all modern appliances. 2004 Newcastle (Austral.) Herald (Nexis) 29 July 59 The once majestic sailing ship was stripped down to become a coal hulk after a career spanning almost 60 years. coal kiln n. (a) a furnace for making wood into charcoal (now chiefly Jamaican); (b) a kiln fuelled with coal, as opposed to wood, gas, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > [noun] > charcoal furnace or kiln coal kiln1534 charcoal-furnace1801 meiler1839 charcoal-oven1878 1534 W. Marshall tr. Erasmus Playne & Godly Expos. Commune Crede f. 69^v Nestorius whiles he dothe dylygently eschewe this lyme kylle, he felle into the colekylne. 1776 P. V. Fithian Jrnl. 17 Jan. in Jrnl. 1775–6 (1934) 162 A Fog of Smoke rises from off it as from a Coal Kiln. 1794 Ann. Agric. 22 274 There is great facility and expedition in drawing out the lime from the coal-kilns. 1894 Daily Picayune (New Orleans) 5 Dec. 7/2 Holly and others..passed a coal kiln where the witness was at work. 1906 Jrnl. Gas Lighting 30 Oct. 312/2 Whereas the firing of a single coal-kiln..would cost £9 1s. 4d., the firing of each square gas-kiln..would only cost £1 6s. 4d. 1961 F. G. Cassidy Jamaica Talk v. 78 In Jamaica there are not only lime-kilns but coal-kilns (or coal-skill) for the burning of charcoal, which is called fire-coal. 2010 R. A. Baker Caterpillars don't become Butterflies 17 A butcher, a coal kiln, a community water tank. † coal-kindler n. Obsolete a troublemaker, an agitator; cf. coal-blower n. ΚΠ a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) ii. 104 It may be a coal-kindler would think such Counsel as this not worth the hearing. 1831 National Mag. 2 229 All who have ever observed him, must perceive that this coal-kindler of all Ireland, is the mere creature of circumstance. coal level n. (originally Scottish) a horizontal passage or gallery in a coal mine; (Welsh English) a coal mine. ΚΠ 1740 J. Clerk Let. 16 Feb. in Publ. Surtees Soc. (1883) 76 101 Of coal-levels, pitts, or sinks. 1834 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. May 799/1 The starving agriculturists of Glamorgan and Monmouth would displace, at half price, the full paid miner in the iron and coal levels of Merthyr Tydvil. 1837 Prize-ess. & Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotl. 11 198 The water which issues from this coal level (on the beach near Spittal), is..impregnated with magnesia. 1913 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 13 Dec. 1533/2 I got chilled after scrambling about in a most uncomfortable coal level where one could not stand upright. 1952 G. H. Dury Map Interpr. xiii. 148 It is evident from the numerous old coal levels and old ironstone levels that..gently dipping seams of coal and beds of iron ore were worked in adits not by shafts. 2002 R. Jeffreys-Jones Cloak & Dollar p. vii The thirties snooker emporia shared the dim lighting of the coal levels, but not the comradely trust and support. coal-light n. now historical a beacon or lighthouse signal light fuelled with coal. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > signalling > visual signalling > luminous signals > [noun] > fire signal > beacon beacon1377 lightc1425 firebome1440 bale1455 cresset-light1525 flambeau1688 coal-light1775 bale-fire1805 needfire1805 ward-fire1859 beaconage1862 fanal- 1775 Middlesex Jrnl. 2 May Coal lights, like those of Milford, Scilly, and Eddystone, were no lights at all. 1833 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 361/1 The frigates Nymphen and Pallas, were wrecked..in consequence of the light of a lime-kiln..being mistaken for the coal light on the Isle of May. 1995 J. Newman Glamorgan (2001) 486 The two fire-baskets housed on these double platforms were designed to distinguish it from the coal-light on the slender Flat Holm Lighthouse. coal lumper n. a person employed to load coal onto ships. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who load or unload > coal staithman?1677 off-putter1788 caster1793 coal-whipper1795 coal lumper1834 whipper1836 coaler1858 coal handler1871 1834 Examiner 9 Feb. 91/2 Thomas Miller, an extensive master coal-lumper, had determined to employ none but Englishmen, which excited the indignation of the unionists. 1908 Daily Chron. 29 Aug. 1/6 (heading) Coal lumpers refuse to work on American hospital ship. 2007 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 25 Sept. 18 Frank Hyde was the youngest of seven boys born to James Hyde, a coal lumper from County Cork. coalmaster n. now chiefly historical the proprietor or lessee of a colliery; an owner of a coal mine. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > owner or manager of coal-mine coal owner1595 coalmaster1639 butty1828 keeler1860 1639 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) C1639/8/31 The supplicatioune presented by the coalemaisters against the conservatour. 1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 9 An accurate knowledge of the strata in a coal field is indispensably necessary to a coal-master. 1878 F. S. Williams Midland Railway (ed. 4) 8 The resolution at which the coal-masters had arrived. 1986 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Oct. 1200/1 Vast fortunes were being made by ironmasters, coalmasters and shipbuilders. coal naphtha n. naphtha obtained by the distillation of coal tar; cf. naphtha n. 2. ΚΠ 1818 Ann. Philos. 12 Index 479/1 Syme. J., Esq., on coal naphtha as a solvent of caoutchouc. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 720 The analogy between coal naphtha and the petrolene of Boussingault. 1914 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 6 157/2 Another [solvent for pyroxyline] contains 60 per cent of alcohol, 3 of castor oil, 1 of essential oil of lavender, 3 of resin and 34 of coal naphtha or benzole. 2003 T. S. S. Dikshith & P. V. Diwan Industr. Guide Chem. & Drug Safety ix. 226 Coal naphtha consists of benzene in appreciable amounts. † coal note n. Obsolete a promissory note used in the coal trade, esp. one of a kind formerly used in the port of London. ΚΠ 1797 J. Bayley Summary Laws Bills of Exchange iv. 76 The non-payment of Coal Notes. 1829 H. Roscoe Digest Law relating Bills of Exchange 10 Coal notes. By stat. 3 G. 2. c. 26. s. 7. all lightermen or other buyers of or contractors for coals, on board of any ship or vessel in the port of London, shall, at the time of the delivery of such coals, either pay for the same in ready money, or..shall give their respective promissory notes..expressing therein the words value received in coals. 1904 Railway Age 603/2 The present issue will be used to retire $7,900,000 of collateral trust 5 per cent bonds and $2,000,000 coal notes. 1917 47th Ann. Rep. Central State Hospital, Virginia (Petersburg) 56 Jackson Coal and Coke Company, interest on coal note 12 00..Friend & Co., interest on coal note 30 00. coal oil n. (originally) oil or naphtha obtained from coal; (in later use) (North American) oil refined from petroleum, shale, etc.; kerosene; petroleum; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral oil > [noun] petroleum1526 oil of petre1528 petrol1540 oil of saltpetre1685 earth-oil1732 white oil1763 mineral oil1771 coal oil1784 petroleum oil1799 crude oil1865 petroleum spirit1868 petroleum coke1881 crude1904 black gold1910 marker crude1974 benchmark crude1975 society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > chemical fuel > [noun] > liquid naphthec1384 naphtha1543 paraffin1851 kerosene1854 octylene1857 shale-oil1857 coal oil1859 gasoline1863 octane1867 octene1868 octyne1877 gas1878 liquid fuel1889 petrol1895 mazut1897 white fuel1901 diesel oil1905 autogas1908 juice1909 sauce1918 power kerosene1919 petroil1921 ethyl1923 lox1923 kero1930 isooctane1932 high-octane1933 hi-octane1933 Calor1936 pool petrol1939 super1939 pool1940 derv1948 platformate1949 mixture1952 diesel1953 Mapp gas1962 gasohol1971 super unleaded1975 synoil1976 synjet1979 biodiesel1986 Orimulsion1987 the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > oil > petroleum petroleum1526 oil of petre1528 petrol1540 green oil1607 oil of saltpetre1685 mineral oil1771 coal oil1883 1784 London Mag. Mar. 181/1 Coal oil, when rectified, may be used to advantage in painting, to dilute or thin down lintseed oil. 1859 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1858: Arts & Manuf. I. 726 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (35th Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 105, Pt. 1) X This lamp..is more especially designed for burning coal oil and similar substances that are rich in carbon. 1883 Cent. Mag. July 326/1 The ‘coal oil’ as it [sc. petroleum] was then called. 1887 S. S. Cox Isles of Princes xvii. 284 If you have enough elephants in your retinue to carry some coal-oil tar, it would be a matter of safety to agglutinate the tiger's eyes and ears. 1926 J. Black You can't Win xv. 197 He sat in state on a coal-oil can by the fire. 1963 H. Carter First Person Rural iv. 30 For croup a spoonful of sugar and coal oil. 1975 H. Duncan Treehouse i. 17 Bangs of hair frizzed by curling tongs heated over an old fashioned coal oil lamp. 1994 C. McCarthy Crossing 286 Three cratewood coffins imperfectly blacked with coaloil and chimneysoot. 2008 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 18 June a23 It was much cheaper to refine coal oil from liquid crude oil than from solid coal. coal-oil v. U.S. (now rare) transitive to smear or coat with coal oil, esp. before setting on fire, as an act of torture or violence. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > soiled condition > soil [verb (transitive)] > smear > smear with specific substances becolmea1300 tara1616 lard1740 coal-oil1872 becoom1882 tallow-candle1894 1872 Sterling (Illinois) Standard 17 Oct. 6/1 Another self-sacrificing female martyr coal-oiled at Easton, Pa., the other day. 1894 Congress. Rec. 5 Feb. 1862/1 The colored people are tortured; they are mutilated; they are coal-oiled and burned. 1937 Evening Herald (Provo, Utah) 21 May 5/3 At Gainsville,..where he lived, he was accused of ‘coal-oiling’ a dog. coal pan n. (a) a brazier; (b) a coal scuttle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > portable receptacle for burning fuel fire paneOE heartheOE fire vessela1382 chafer1395 chimneyc1420 chafing-dish1483 coal pan1530 fire chauffer1558 brazeraine1623 brasero1652 brazier1690 firecage1770 fire-holder1789 fire basket1798 mangal1814 komfoor1841 rodney1848 Jack1849 chip pan1854 reredos1859 hibachi1863 scaldino1866 chafing-pan1867 salamander1873 1530 Bible (Tyndale) Exod. xxxviii. f. lxx^v The cauldrons, shovels, basyns, fleshokes and colepannes all of brasse. 1771 tr. J. J. Winckelmann Crit. Acct. Situation & Destr. Herculaneum iv. i. 62 In the sacred tripods, the chafingdish on which they placed the coal-pan, was made of baked earth. 1885 T. Mozley Reminisc. Towns (ed. 2) I. 377 Childers at once pronounced me a north-country-man when I called the coal-scuttle a ‘coal-pan’. 1958 Hesperia 27 229 The eschara was a portable coal-pan or brazier. 2005 M. B. Skinner Perfect Gem 198 Cooks with spoons still in hand..scullery maids with coal pans in tow. coal passer n. chiefly North American (now chiefly historical) a person employed to supply coal to the furnace of a boiler, esp. in a steamship. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific tools or equipment > [noun] > with ovens or furnaces fire beater1332 fireman1377 oven-stirrer1611 stoker1660 teaser1797 oven-man1832 coal passer1851 furnacer1853 furnaceman1883 fire beater1895 1851 N.-Y. Daily Tribune 10 Mar. 6/1 On Friday, Feb. 21, lost overboard L. Viel, from Havre, a coal passer on board. 1884 Cent. Mag. Jan. 364/2 In that blanching pit nine coal-passers and twelve stokers were speeding their lives. 2010 Buffalo (N.Y.) News (Nexis) 2 Dec. c5 The Buffalo native dropped out of Seneca Vocational High School to work as a coal passer on Great Lakes freighters. coal pen n. an enclosure for the storage of coal. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal coal cellar1281 coalhouse1332 coal garth1593 coal-hole?1641 coal yard1646 coal fold1704 ree1707 coal shed1718 coal pen1763 coal bunker1837 1763 London Evening-Post 2 June A Coal Pen, to Mr. Coats. 1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 189 A coal pen which was on the opposite side of the road near the house. 2002 A. Martin Necropolis Railway (2007) vii. 45 He settled down with his snap on the top of the coal pen. coal picker n. †(a) a person who uses a pick to dig out coal (obsolete); (b) a person who takes or picks up discarded pieces of coal, either to use or to sell. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > who clears debris reddsman1672 waler1825 coal picker1905 gummer1921 1842 Weekly Chron. 21 May 1/3 (caption) Coal picker working at the heading. 1847 Liverpool Mercury 27 Apr. Crime is engendered amongst the lowest of the low..among beggars, sand-sellers, coal-pickers or stealers. 1905 Reno (Nevada) Evening Gaz. 11 Oct. 5/2 The old German coal picker, who uses an old brown horse and a small waggon and picks up coal along the railroad track. 2010 Times of India (Nexis) 8 Mar. The daughter of a coal picker, one day her mother was busy picking coal leaving her to play with other kids near the railway tracks. coal picking n. the action or an act of taking or picking up discarded pieces of coal, to use or sell. ΚΠ 1842 Emancipator & Free Amer. (Boston) 2 June 19/2 The coal-pickings and twine-findings of the favored cartmen and laborers. 1931 Economist 21 Mar. 605/1 They..go coal-picking among the ‘tips’. 1993 S. Stewart Ramlin Rose viii. 86 He..turned a blind eye to coal pickin. coal-plate n. a metal plate on a pavement covering the opening to a coal cellar. ΚΠ 1781 Builders Price-bk. (new ed.) 166 (table) Coal Plates let into Stone, per Hole. 1890 Irish Law Times 25 Oct. 545/1 The coal plate had been noticed a fortnight before the accident to be out of repair. 2009 Times (Nexis) 12 Sept. The coal-plate is gone from the pavement. coal pot n. †(a) a pot in which pieces of coal are stored (obsolete rare); (b) (chiefly Caribbean) a raised iron bowl for holding burning charcoal, now esp. one covered with an iron grid and used for cooking. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal coal pot1681 coal box1701 coal scuttle1730 coal scoop1743 coal hod1781 hoda1825 coal skip1831 purdonium1847 scuttle1849 scoop1850 1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. i. xix. §43. 395 The coals are divisible by measure as they are raised out of the Coal-pot. 1844 Antigua & Antiguans II. xxxiii. 64 As long as the coal-pot continues burning, they believe the jumby cannot pass through the house. 1936 C. L. R. James Minty Alley xxvii. 187 The big three-decked stove was going, the coal-pots with food, the concrete below so hot that he could feel it through his slippers. 2012 Evening Standard (Nexis) 12 Dec. 59 Nothing equalled the aromas wafting from the coal pots at the idyllic Belmont estate in the green hills of St. Patrick's. coal powder n. coal or (esp. in early use) charcoal in powder form. ΚΠ 1497 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 97 Colepoudre..iij lasts iiij barelles. 1683 J. Pettus tr. L. Ercker xii. 251 in Fleta Minor iii They take a Test which is made moist, and make a little hearth in it of Coal Powder, mixt with clay, having a flat smooth hole cut out. 1880 Leicester Chron. & Leics. Mercury 18 Sept. 5/4 The fine coal powder which pervades the mine, and which, when suddenly kindled by the exploding gas, burns the miners to death. 1994 Environmental Health Perspectives 102 159 Limiting the burning of raw coal powder. coal putter n. now historical = putter n.¹ 6. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > who works with trams, tubs, etc. coal putter1708 foal1770 onsetter1789 putter1812 headsman1813 trapper1815 thruster1825 trammer1839 train boy1852 tram1856 hanger-on1858 tipper1861 hooker-on?1881 jiggerer?1881 hitcher1890 tub-loader1891 haulier1892 tilter1892 unhooker1892 flatter1894 jagger1900 thrutcher1901 tram-boy1904 filler1921 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 14 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Another sort of Labourers which are called Barrow-Men, or Coal-Putters, these Persons take the hewed Coals from the Hewers. 1842 Weekly Chron. 14 May 1/2 Margaret Drysdale, fifteen years old, coal-putter. 1991 Appalachian Jrnl. 18 319 Children as young as six called ‘coal putters’, dragging or pushing loads of coal weighing between 300 and 1,000 pounds from face to pit bottom. coal reserve n. (usually in plural) (a) a lode, seam, etc., of unmined coal; spec. the amount of coal which is known to await extraction in a particular district; (b) a quantity of mined and stored coal that has not yet been distributed or used. ΚΠ 1864 Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gaz. 15 July To ascertain the cubic measure of the coal reserves in the coal fields of the world, their respective areas in square miles are multiplied by their..assumed depths of available coal. 1895 Biloxi (Mississippi) Herald 27 July 7/4 The increase of the coal reserve near the Russian border. 1940 Chicago Tribune 17 Jan. 1/5 A number of schools which have used up their coal reserves sent pupils home. 1966 G. A. Almond & G. B. Powell Compar. Politics vii. 178 Steel plants have been built..hundreds of miles from iron and coal reserves. 1978 Fed. Coal Managem. Prog. (U. S. Dept. Interior) ii. 50 The..delay between the time when a mining company acquires a coal reserve and the time when production begins. 2009 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 24 May 7 Taxable coal reserves include coal that might be mined in the future. coal road n. a road or (North American) railway built or developed to carry coal. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > [noun] > over land land-waya1325 wayleave1725 coal road1748 song line1966 1748 Jrnl. House of Commons 8 Feb. 25 722/2 The great and common Coal Road from divers Coal Mines, Collieries, and Coal Pits, in the County of Durham, into Cleveland, in the said County of York. 1868 Merchants' Mag. May 360 In regard to coal roads, I think I do not exaggerate when I say that both in Europe and America they are the most profitable of all railroads. 1921 Review-Republican (Williamsport, Indiana) 13 Oct. ii. 1/2 Mr. Haddon testified that they used the coal road extensively for shipment of cattle to Chicago market. 2006 N. Amer. Rev. Nov. 10/1 What I would think about most often was..my father and me running along the old coal roads that ribboned Three Bear Mountain. coal rock n. rock containing deposits of coal; a rock of this type.In quot. 1788 as a proper name. ΚΠ 1788 J. H. Moore Coaster's Compan. 79 From the Skerris lighthouse to the Coal rock. 1799 R. Townson Tracts & Observ. Nat. Hist. & Physiol. 198 (table) Dry clay. Down to the Four-foot Coal Rock. 1867 W. W. Smyth Treat. Coal & Coal-mining 95 The extent of the coal-rocks. 1910 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 415. v. 179 From this point on White River the coal rocks bend abruptly westward and..form a narrow hogback on the north side. 2000 Toronto Star (Nexis) 13 Mar. The crumbling buildings at the mine, whose rusty, creaky elevators stand against the dark pyramids of coal rock. † coal salt n. Obsolete salt in small crystals, typically discoloured by soot, obtained in the evaporation of brine by applying a flame directly to the surface. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > halides > [noun] > halite group > sodium chloride salt-stonea1000 saltc1000 sal-gemc1325 salt gem(mea1400 rock salt1562 salt-rock1670 natrum muriaticum1850 gem-salt1852 halite1868 coal salt1877 1877 C. T. Kingzett Hist. Alkali Trade vi. 92 Mr. Hargreaves prefers to use ‘coal salt’, that is to say, salt obtained by surface evaporation of brine liquors by the direct action of flame, as, by these means, salt is obtained which binds better and preserves a porosity. 1880 G. Lunge Theoret. & Pract. Treat. Manuf. Sulphuric Acid & Alkali II. 131 The very fine ‘butter salt’, or ‘coal salt’, obtained by top heat according to Pohl's process. coal scoop n. (a) a coal shovel; (b) a coal scuttle (now rare); (c) Coal Mining a specially designed vehicle mounted with a large scoop, used to gather and move coal which has been excavated. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal coal pot1681 coal box1701 coal scuttle1730 coal scoop1743 coal hod1781 hoda1825 coal skip1831 purdonium1847 scuttle1849 scoop1850 1743 Daily Advertiser 9 July Copper coal scoops and scuttles. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Coal-scoop, a shovel for taking coals from a scuttle to throw on a fire. 1883 Civil Service Price-list Coal scoops, the ‘Haymarket’. The newest and best of the high class brass scoops... ‘Albert’ coal-scoop, with Hand-scoop. 1911 J. Fuller Art Coppersmithing (rev. ed.) 132 The plain round-mouthed coal scoop, as shown in Fig. 220, is made in four pieces. 1934 Boys' Life 34/4 He handed Roy the coal scoop. 1964 Walker's Man. Far Western Securities vii. 959 Pacific Car and Foundry Company... Wheeled logging tractors, log stackers, coal scoops. 2007 S. Florida Sun-Sentinel (Nexis) 31 Jan. For eight hours a night she'd operate the coal scoop, drive the shuttle car or shovel coal onto the conveyor belt. coal screen n. a screen or riddle for separating larger pieces of coal from smaller particles and coal dust; (also) a machine for this purpose. ΚΠ 1809 Ipswich Jrnl. 28 Oct. 3/3 (advt.) To be sold by auction... 25 sacks, corn and coal screens, set chaise harness,..and a variety of other articles. 1936 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 1 454/1 The Home Office was not in possession of any evidence that work on the coal screens gave rise to silicosis. 2002 Charleston Gaz. (Nexis) 24 Aug. State inspectors discovered..companies were operating three conveyor belts and two coal screens without applying for any emissions permits at all. coal seam n. a stratum of coal; cf. seam n.¹ 5. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > stratum or bed > of coal coal bed1591 roach1653 coal measure1665 coal vein1665 main coal1708 coal seam1756 1756 M. Calderwood Lett. & Jrnls. (1884) vi. 183 The coal seams are of a vast thickness, and the coals very large. 1863 A. C. Ramsay Physical Geol. & Geogr. Great Brit. 136 Were it not for our coal-seams, the agency of steam would be almost wholly denied to us. 1932 H. V. Morton In Search of Wales xii. 248 The line of loaded coal ‘trams’ which travels, often for miles, from the coal seam to the pit bottom. 2001 High Country News 10 Sept. 2/3 To watch a $30 million longwall machine chew its way through a nine-foot-high coal seam. coal shaft n. a shaft in a coal mine. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > shaft > of coal-mine pit1669 coal shaft1708 pit-shaft1708 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 6 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Many times we are forced..to have a Water-Course or Drift from the intended Coal-Shaft to this other Shaft. 1856 H. B. Stoney Resid. Tasmania xvi. 183 There is a tram-road, nearly completed, from the coal shafts to the shipping place. 1922 Coal Age 12 Oct. 614/2 Prices named by Springfield operators and dealers will determine whether or not the City is to proceed further with its plan for the sinking of a municipal coal shaft. 2004 H. Rui Globalization, Transition & Devel. China vi. 146 The coal-producing cost of an old coalmine is usually higher..because when the coal shaft becomes deeper, more advanced equipment and a greater labour force may be required. coal shale n. shale which occurs adjacent to deposits of coal, often containing fossils. ΚΠ 1793 W. Martin Figures & Descr. Petrifactions Coll. Derbyshire Descr. Plate 13^* A petrified vegetable... Common in argillaceous grit and coal-shale: frequent also in the coal itself. 1898 Science 8 July 36/2 Hearing some one say, as he picked up a piece of coal shale, that there was a fish scale in it. 1982 Jrnl. Appl. Ecol. 19 427 A comparison between acid and more basic coal shales showed them to have somewhat dissimilar mite communities. 2012 Jrnl. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 1 Sept. 30 The builder couldn't resist buying the cheap coal shale as hardcore for under the concrete floor. coal shoot n. [compare coal chute n., also shute n.³ 3a] †(a) a coal scuttle (obsolete); (b) = coal chute n. ΚΠ 1794 Catal. Estate H. Keymer (J. Morris & H. Keymer) 20 Copper coal shoot. 1813 W. Taylor Eng. Synonyms 45 Set down the coalshoot. 1826 Liverpool Mercury 15 Sept. They started together from the coal shoots. 1939 C. Isherwood Goodbye to Berlin 197 Take a good big jump. Or you'll fall down the coal-shoot and into the cellar. 2011 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 29 Aug. 13 The offenders gained access through a disused coal shoot. coal skip n. †(a) a coal scuttle (obsolete) (b) chiefly Mining a large container for holding or moving coal (cf. skip n.²). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > container in which to store coal coal pot1681 coal box1701 coal scuttle1730 coal scoop1743 coal hod1781 hoda1825 coal skip1831 purdonium1847 scuttle1849 scoop1850 1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 46 An iron box, mounted on wheels..and somewhat resembling in shape a common coal skip is made to travel completely round. 1861 Preston Guardian 12 Jan. One hundred and fifty coal skips from the Northern Ports are at the sea for the Thames. 1886 Derby Mercury 31 Mar. Witness had occasion to leave the house for the purpose of replenishing the coal skip. 1909 Electr. Engin. 30 June 1237 One of the most unique features of the plant is the automatic coal skips. 2004 S. Parker Coal 13 Large pulleys inside tall winding houses hold the cables for the coal skips and workers' elevators. coal slack n. small or refuse coal; coal dust; cf. slack n.² ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [noun] > grime, soot, or coal dirt sootc725 smitchc1330 culmc1440 coom1587 coal slack1612 grime1612 crock1657 fuliginosity1662 collow1675 smut1693 colly1708 smutch1791 brook1825 stokers1899 1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion iii. 45 Froome for her disgrace Since scarcely euer washt the Colesleck from her face. a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 28 They [sc. lime-kilns] burnt with culm, or coal-slack. 1856 P. H. Gosse Tenby xxvi. 253 The road winds away, enlivened by a procession of carts loaded with wet coal-slack from the neighbouring mines. 1994 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 6 Aug. 6 She shook some coal slack on to the fire. coal slate n. slate which occurs adjacent to deposits of coal, often containing fossils. ΚΠ 1690 E. Lhuyd Let. 25 Nov. in W. Derham Philos. Lett. (1718) 239 The Figures of Plants in the Cole-slat I have formerly mention'd to you, is clearly a different thing from the Pictra Imboschata of Imperatus. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 522/1 The brownish blue friable steganium, usually called coal-slate. 1889 J. P. Lesley Dict. Fossils Pennsylvania I. 71 (caption) A small avicula found in 1857..in coal slate near the mouth of the Ravensdale tunnel. 2001 Jrnl. Arachnol. 29 346/1 The dump..consists of Tertiary tuff and coal slate and is sparsely covered with vegetation. coal slurry n. = slurry n. 1b. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > coal-derived fuel coal ball1603 pipe-coal1612 hotshot1673 hotshoot1704 fireball1735 brickette1806 briquette1884 coal slurry1912 slurry1913 semi-coke1918 Phurnacite1937 syncrude1971 1912 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 86 415 Complete commercial plants have been erected for the manufacture of a special form of briquette from a mixture of..coke breeze, coal slurry and pitch. 1966 Times 22 Oct. 1/2 Hundreds of volunteers—including many miners—shifted coal slurry by bucket chain. 2011 A. Prud'homme Ripple Effect ix. 102 A massive dike..ruptured, unleashing a toxic wave of some 1.1 billion gallons of coal slurry and water. coal smoke n. dense smoke produced by the burning of coal; cf. wood smoke n. at wood n.¹ Compounds 1b(b)(i). ΚΠ 1652 A. Ross Hist. World Brief Chronol. sig. Llll3^v He..is stifled in his bed with coal-smoke. 1784 W. Moss Familiar Med. Surv. Liverpool 33 Few of the most hardy trees and vegetables will live..in the center of a large town. They are injured and destroyed by the coal smoke. 1816 Leeds Mercury 6 Jan. 4/2 An economical discovery which will relieve great cities from the intolerable nuisance of coal smoke, has been recently made public. 1920 Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 75/3 The subsequent chemical analysis disproved the accepted opinion that the coal smoke was less dense than fumes from the smeltery. 1994 K. Kelly Out of Control x. 180 The power plant also precipitates pollutants from its coal smoke in the form of calcium sulfate. 2013 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 9 Feb. 5 The comforting rhythm of the wheels on the track mixed with the familiar scent of coal smoke. coal smut n. (a) particulate coal, often mixed with earth, found as a layer above a coal deposit (now rare); (b) coal particles or soot produced by a coal fire, coal-burning locomotive, etc.; a particle of this. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > small, refuse, impure, or coal-dust slackc1440 smith coal1466 smithy coal1482 coal dusta1529 panwood1531 smith's coal1578 kirving1599 culm1603 coom1611 small coal1643 smit1670 smut1686 slag1695 duff1724 duff coal1724 small1780 gum1790 stinking coal1803 cobbles1811 nubbling1825 stinkers1841 rubble1844 pea1855 nuts1857 nut coal1861 slap1865 burgee1867 smudge1883 waste1883 treble1901 coal smut1910 gumming1938 nutty slack1953 1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. ii. i. 91 That black Earth which is usually found above the Coal, in the Coal-Countries, and is there called Coal-Smut, and Urry. 1813 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. vi. 161 In most coal fields there are thin strata of coal-smut or carbonaceous and other particles intermixt. 1831 A. Cunningham Lives Brit. Painters IV. 95 The rain, blackened by coal smut, descends in inky streams. 1910 L. Villari Russia III. vi. 123 A continual rumbling and whirring sound of machinery fills one's ears, a heavy pall hangs over the town, and the atmosphere is thick with coal smuts. 1914 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 541. 482 The coal is badly weathered at the surface, where only coal ‘smut’ (coal highly disintegrated) is exposed. 2007 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 11 Aug. 7 A steam train..hoots and belches out coal smuts on its way to the country town of Alresford. coal spout n. now historical a chute used for loading ships with coal at a wharf or coal staithe. ΚΠ 1793 Earl of Dundonald Descr. Estate Culross 55 Shipping the Coal, from an elevated Coal Steath and Spout, instead of by Hand-barrows. 1883 J. Runciman Romance of Coast 85 The modern ‘hand’..sees his vessel put under the coal spout, jumps ashore to buy a loaf and a few herrings, and then goes off to sea by three in the morning. 1915 Mason City (Iowa) Globe-Gaz. 4 Feb. 1/5 A coal spout was being moved into place when he got his right hand caught between the jack and an iron band. 2007 N. Rogers Press Gang vi. 125 The situation was worst for the keelmen, for the..increasing use of coal spouts..threatened their livelihood. coal staithe n. now chiefly historical an elevated wharf with a chute or coal drop for loading ships with coal; see staithe n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > harbour or port > [noun] > wharf or quay > types of wood-wharf1279 jutty-head1559 coal wharf1655 coal staithe1708 jetty head1731 sufferance wharf1774 trunk-staithe1789 wharf-boat1849 sufferance quay1882 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 19 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) The Rivers are not Navigable for Ships, so high as the Keys or Coal-Steaths. 1816 J. Rennie in E. Mackenzie Descr. & Hist. Acct. Newcastle (1827) II. 742 To altering coal-staiths and other landing or shipping places..£25,000. 1990 Country Living Aug. 40/1 (advt.) A piece of history—the massive Dunston Coal Staiths, one of the world's largest wooden structures. 2009 P. Murphy Eng. Coast iii. 77 There were also coal staithes at Blyth, Amble and Seaham. † coal stalk n. Obsolete = coal plant n. 1. ΚΠ 1792 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. III. 429 Of the former [sc. plant fossils], there are various kinds of pine, &c. now known by the name of the coal-stalk. 1803 Gazetteer Scotl. at Kilsyth Many of the coal stalks penetrate the freestone, and leave on it specimens of impressions of delicate parts of vegetables. coal-stealer n. †(a) Scottish (more fully coal stealer rake) a disreputable person, a vagabond (obsolete); (b) a person who steals coal. ΚΠ 1665 in Bk. Old Edinb. Club (1912) V. 126 Ane coillsteiller..is s[ai]d to have beine killed. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Coalstealer Rake, a thief, a vagabond, or one who rakes during night for the purpose of depredation. 1905 Railroad Gaz. 17 Mar. 85/1 The police officers of the Erie Railroad in a space of 10 days have arrested over 200 coal stealers and other trespassers. 2011 Sentinel (Stoke-on-Trent) (Nexis) 25 May 22 Trained police dogs were first used by the county police in 1955, to the disapprobation of coal-stealers at Wolstanton Colliery. coal strike n. a strike by coal miners. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > labour relations > [noun] > strike > by all workers of one industry general strike1810 coal strike1849 1849 Morning Chron. 31 Dec. 5/4 They [sc. bloody scenes] form one of the most painful features of coal-strikes. 1955 R. W. Fleming in I. Bernstein et al. Emergency Disputes & National Policy xi. 207 Some seven hundred coal strikes are alleged to have taken place in that state in the years 1915-1919. 1984 Guardian 14 Mar. 30/3 Yorkshire miners picketing pits outside their own areas to induce others to join the coal strike. 2012 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 20 Oct. a2 The nearly seven-month-long coal strike that ended on this day resulted in lingering wage cuts for workers and a loss in coal production of about 1.5 million tonnes. coal swamp n. = coal forest n.; now frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1854 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 10 19 Perhaps the submerged coal-swamp was the most fitting habitat for Modiola and its associates. 1931 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 13 June 4/5 Every bone in his skeleton testifies, that about 300,000,000 years ago he was a mud-crawling reptile in some slimy coal swamp. 1977 J. A. Doyle in A. Hallam Patterns of Evol. xvi. 509 The Permian replacement of the Paleophytic coal swamp vegetation..is not strictly analogous to the process postulated by Axelrod. 1993 J. E. Storer in H. Epp Three Hundred Prairie Years viii. 38 Land emerged, covered by coal swamps and inhabited by dinosaurs. 2005 Geol. Mag. 141 671 Glauconite within the tuff demonstrates a shallow marine depositional environment, contrasting previous environmental interpretations..that considered it to represent continental sediments and paralic coal swamp environments. coal tip n. a place or facility at which coal or coal waste is tipped out from wagons, lorries, etc.; a mound or heap of coal or coal waste that has been tipped; cf. tip n.⁵ 3a, 4a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > mining equipment > [noun] > equipment for lowering or raising miners or material > for raising material > equipment for tipping tumbling tom1826 coal tip1852 kick-up1883 tumbler1883 1852 Rep. of Proc. Dept. Railways for 1851 243 in Parl. Papers XXVIII. 1 The Gadly Company to have also safety-points at their coal tips, and other works. 1906 L. C. Cornford Defenceless Islands 54 The frame-work with the rising platform is called a coal-tip. 1930 Geography 15 473 Ugly black coal tips disfigured the hill slopes. 2005 Western Mail (Cardiff) (Nexis) 12 Aug. 14 Families..endured more than three years of hell living in the shadow of a burning coal tip. coal train n. a train used to transport coal; spec. (a) a freight train carrying coal; (b) a series of wagons carrying ore or coal on a railway in a mine; cf. train n.² 19 (now rare). ΚΠ 1828 Reg. Pennsylvania 2 Aug. 46/2 The driver has let the coal train get a mile ahead—for that moves only about five miles an hour, though it might go 10 or 15, or even more. 1876 Leeds Mercury 25 Mar. 10/1 [The failure of the signals] prevented the coal train, running late, from being stopped. 1909 Daily Chron. 20 Aug. 1/1 The canister..was left in a coal train in the mine. 1933 Cumberland (Maryland) Evening Times 4 Jan. 2/8 He had been assigned to guard a stalled coal train and had gone there on complaints that coal was being tossed from the cars. 2013 Southern Star (Brisbane) (Nexis) 23 Jan. 4 The number of coal trains passing through dozens of suburbs in Brisbane, Ipswich and Toowoomba could double under the Port of Brisbane's 20-year plan to expand coal exports from Fisherman's Island. coal-trimmer n. now chiefly historical a person employed to stow coal in the hold of a ship as cargo, or in the bunkers of a steamship as fuel; cf. trim v. 16. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > sailors involved in specific duties or activities > [noun] > sailor who stows or trims cargo rummager1544 stower1769 coal-trimmer1828 trimmer1836 screw-man1852 1828 Newcastle Courant 30 Aug. 1/4 (advt.) All Persons having any Claim upon George Watt, of Monkwearmouth Shore, Coal Trimmer..are requested immediately to send Particulars thereof to Mr Fell, Solicitor. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 17 Aug. 8/3 A coal-trimmer, Jack Mortlake, twenty-six, of Hull, was below in his berth when the collision took place. 2006 Daily Post (Liverpool) (Nexis) 31 Aug. 11 On the outbreak of war, he became a coal-trimmer in the bunker of SS Albion Star. coal trough n. (a) a trough used as a container for coal; (b) Geology an elongated depression containing coal-bearing strata. ΚΠ 1793 Sporting Mag. Mar. 367/1 A hare..jumped into the window of a blacksmith's shop at Salehurst and was taken alive in the coal trough. 1814 Philos. Mag. 43 326 Below this occur what I have denominated the Floor Rocks of the Anglesea Coal-trough. 1971 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 79 308/1 The recognition and mapping of intermontane coal troughs is a reliable method of reconstructing the tectonic history of an orogenic belt. 2007 West Australian (Perth) (Nexis) 1 Oct. 11 Boys commonly worked in smithies, filling water and coal troughs, blowing the fires and using the sledgehammer. † coal-turned adj. Obsolete rare that has been turned into charcoal. ΚΠ 1616 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odyssey iii, in Whole Wks. Homer 44 Then Nestor broild them on the cole-turnd wood. coal vase n. a decorative coal box or coal scuttle. ΚΠ 1826 Liverpool Mercury 29 Sept. 101/2 The japanned wares consist of sets in Papier Machee Tea Trays, curiously inlaid with Pearl;..Tea Caddies, Dressing Cases, Plate Warmers, Coal Vases, &c. 1859 Evening Star 2 Nov. 3/2 Charles..was charged with stealing a coal vase, from the door of an ironmonger's shop in the Strand. 1990 Littlewoods Catal. Spring–Summer 678/5 (caption) Real Brass Coal Vase. coal washer n. a machine for washing impurities from coal; a person who operates such a machine. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > other specific coal-mine workers gates-mana1649 getter1688 coal washer1859 gasman1876 spragger?1881 stoneman1883 thin-miner1892 shotman1905 shiftsman1921 strapper1921 Bevin boy1944 pit yacker1961 1859 Sci. Amer. 26 Feb. 197/2 (caption) Evans' coal-washer. 1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 581/2 Coal-washer, a machine in which coal which has been broken and assorted is finally washed to deprive it of the dust and dirt adhering. 1921 Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §049 Coal washer;..works at machine for washing coal in washery to remove impurities. 2003 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 9 Feb. On my way to meet our bus I chatted with a young Australian in town to service the coal washers. coal-washing n. the action or work of removing impurities from coal; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > clearing of refuse matter > [noun] > clearing coal from refuse coal-washing1852 1852 Rep. by Juries Exhib. Wks. Industry of all Nations, 1851 26/1 The two exhibitors to whom the Council Medal has been decreed..Mr. Bérard,..for his coal-washing apparatus. 1930 Engineering 14 Feb. 196/1 The term coal-washing, within recent years, has come to mean the general preparation of the coal for direct or indirect utilisation. 2006 Australian (Nexis) 14 June 4 He now works at Sedgman coalwashing plant at Nebo. coal water n. water contaminated with coal, esp. from a coal mine. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [noun] > dirty water puddle watera1425 dishwater1484 swilling1545 puddle1555 dish-wash1592 coal water1670 bilge-water1706 bulge-water1736 dish-washings1771 kob water1930 1670 E. Borlase Latham Spaw 23 I know coal waters, and others which are not without some ill quality..have the same coloured scum. 1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 49 This water [sc. the Orr]..in its course being mixed with coal-water, has never been used for the purpose of bleaching. 2002 Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail (Nexis) 16 Dec. 1 a Independence [sc. a coal company] was charged with allowing dirty coal water being pumped from a mine to escape another holding pond. coalwood n. now rare (chiefly historical) wood for making into charcoal. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > wood as fuel > [noun] > for specific miscellaneous purposes coalwood1562 white coal1670 fire-bavin1779 oven wood1794 1562–3 in W. Page Victoria Hist. County of Hertford (1914) IV. 245/2 Feling and hewing of colewood. 1670 J. Evelyn Sylva (ed. 2) xxxii. 195 (caption) The Coal Wood pil'd up before it be covered with Earth. 1777 J. Nicolson & R. Burn Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland II. 172 Anthony de Lucy gave them..coal wood for their forges within Holm Cultram. 1811 T. Jefferson Instr. Poplar Forest Managem. Dec. in Papers (2007) Retirement Ser. IV. 380 Will & Hal..are to get their coal wood, or assist in the crop. 1977 Sc. Hist. Rev. 56 61 The companies had an informal agreement about the supply of coalwood. coal yard n. a yard in which coal is stored or sold. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > place in which to store or sell coal coal cellar1281 coalhouse1332 coal garth1593 coal-hole?1641 coal yard1646 coal fold1704 ree1707 coal shed1718 coal pen1763 coal bunker1837 1646 H. Mill 2nd Pt. Nights Search v. 30 Two necks of Mutton, neatly boyl'd, The meat was good, the broth was spoyl'd, From the Cole-yard. 1834 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 3 305/1 He must go himself to the coal-yard. 2003 Dublin Hist. Rec. 56 101 In his early life Éamonn worked..in a coal yard at the Docks. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022). coalv. Brit. /kəʊl/, U.S. /koʊl/ Forms: see coal n. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: coal n. Etymology: < coal n. Compare coaling n. 1. transitive. To convert (wood, peat, etc.) into charcoal by smothered combustion; to char. Also intransitive. Cf. coal n. 2a.Early examples of this verb and of coll v.² can be difficult to distinguish. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making charcoal or coke > make charcoal or coke [verb (transitive)] coal1457 charka1661 char1686 coke1804 1457 in C. T. Clay Yorks. Deeds (1940) VIII. 24 Also at what tyme the woddes of the seid mese shall be coled or sold. 1466 in G. Redmonds Vocab. Coal Mining Yorks. (2016) 24 The said woods to cut downe, coale and springe. 1560 Licence to T. E. Tate 5 May in E. Straker Wealden Iron (1931) ii. xx. 445 During fiftene yeres next ensuing to cut and cole wood or other fewell. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §775 Char-coale of Roots, being coaled into great peeces, last longer than Ordinary Char-coale. 1746 G. Adams Micrographia Illustrata (1747) xliii. 229 The Body to be charred or coaled may be put into a Crucible. 1881 Jrnl. U.S. Assoc. Charcoal Iron Workers 2 166 We noticed some wood being coaled in pits on the furnace bank. 1906 Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 165 448 The smallest heap was fired at the top, to coal downwards, which seems the better plan for coaling peat. 2000 R. B. Gordon Landscape Transformed i. 7 Aided by colonial investors, they opened mines, built forges and furnaces on the region's [sc. New England's] abundant streams, and coaled wood from its forests. †2. transitive. To write or draw with charcoal. Also with out. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > manner of writing > [verb (transitive)] > write with specific instrument chalk1580 coal1605 pencil1673 charcoal1840 biro1962 1605 W. Camden Remaines ii. 17 A suter..did at length frame this distiche, and coled it on a wall. 1605 W. Camden Remaines ii. 24 Whereat maruailing, he coled out these verses vpon the wall. †3. transitive. To bore or sink down to (a coal seam). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > mining > mine [verb (transitive)] > work a mine, vein, or seam to work out1545 coal1708 stool1824 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 11 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Having happily Coaled this Noble Main-Coal. My Business of a Sinker is at an end. 4. a. transitive. To supply (a fire, engine, steamship, etc.) with coal for fuel. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > supply with coal or oil coal1838 bunker1891 society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > supply with coal [verb (transitive)] coal1838 1790 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 4 The burners [at a lime kiln] make their layers unusually thick: the stone half a yard, and the coal five or six inches; coaling very highly..; throwing in coals as large as the head. 1838 United Service Jrnl. Sept. 122 The steamers are now all coaled from the store on the new pier. 1875 F. G. D. Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. (ed. 2) v. 146 Facilities for coaling a steamer. 1892 Stone May 526/2 Coaling the fire-box is always accompanied by considerable reduction of temperature. 1907 L. Scott To him that Hath iii. vi. 216 David had coaled the furnace and settled down to his story. 1918 Industr. Managem. June 489/2 The helpers do not realize the importance of coaling quickly and closing doors and it takes them longer to coal than the firemen. 1945 Financial Times 3 Mar. 3/3 Coal supplies were frozen solid in the wagons and could not be tipped into the appliances for coaling our engines. 2000 Cornish World Oct. 38/3 They were coaled from a hulk in the harbour or horse drawn carts filled by Newlyn men. b. intransitive. Of a steamship: to take in a supply of coal for fuel. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (intransitive)] > bunker coal1838 bunker1893 rebunker1899 oil1914 society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > search for coal [verb (intransitive)] > take in a supply of coal coal1838 1838 Bent's Literary Advertiser Dec. 143/2 The Wilberforce is seen making for sea... She has just ‘coaled’, and is fast gathering way. 1884 Manch. Examiner 7 Oct. 5/7 The movement resembled that at Port Said when a mail steamer is coaling. 1933 V. Brittain Test. Youth vii. 297 We stopped for forty-eight hours to coal at Naples. 1988 D. A. Thomas Compan. Royal Navy iii. 246/2 His ships were coaling. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.eOEv.1457
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coaln.

Phrases

Compounds

coalv.