colonyn.

Brit.

/ˈkɒləni/, U.S.

/ˈkɑləni/

Forms: Middle English colane, Middle English colonye, 1500s–1600s collony, 1500s–1600s colonie, 1600s– colony; also Scottish pre-1700 colone, pre-1700 colony.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French colonie; Latin colōnia.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French colonie territory administered by a foreign ruler (1308 in Old French), settlement of Roman citizens in newly conquered or hostile territory, colonists collectively (both a1359 in Bersuire's translation of Livy), (in ancient Greek history) independent city-state established in another country by emigrants (1534 in the passage translated in quot. 1550 at sense 2), population of a conquered country (1579), animal population (1767), group of emigrés (1792), group of fossil forms (1850), penal colony (1859), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin colōnia land attached to a farm, settlement of citizens sent from Rome, people making up such a settlement, comparable settlement founded by a state other than Rome, swarming of bees, in post-classical Latin also settlement in a new country (1533 in Peter Martyr, denoting Spanish colonies in South America such as Santa María la Antigua del Darién) < colōnus farmer, cultivator, planter, settler in a new country (see colon n.³) + -ia -y suffix³.Foreign-language parallels. Compare Spanish colonia (early 12th cent.), Portuguese colônia (1553), Italian colonia (end of the 13th cent. with reference to an ancient Roman settlement, 1550 (in the passage translated in quot. 1555 at sense 3b) with reference to early modern settlements). The Latin noun was also borrowed into other Germanic languages, albeit at much later dates; compare e.g. Dutch kolonie (early 17th cent.), German Kolonie (end of the 16th cent. as colonie ). Notes on the semantic development. On uses of classical Latin colōnia denoting a settlement of Roman citizens see note at sense 1. Among the nine Roman colōniae in Britain were London, Bath, Chester, and Lincoln. Roman writers further used their word colōnia to translate ancient Greek ἀποικία , denoting a settlement of ἄποικοι , literally ‘people from home’, i.e. a body of emigrants who settled abroad as an independent self-governed πόλις or state (see further note at sense 2). Later, in Hellenistic Greek, it was apparently felt that the ἀποικία was not properly equivalent to the Roman colōnia , which was therefore used untranslated as κολωνία (Acts 16:12). In English, the Wycliffite Bible used the word colony in Acts 16:12 (compare quot. c1384 at sense 1a) but this was not adopted by the 16th-cent. translations of the Bible. The wider use of the word to denote contemporary settlements in a new country developed in the first half of the 16th cent., earliest in Latin and Italian writers (see notes on Latin and Italian uses above, and compare translations of such works in quots. 1555 at sense 3b, 1555 at sense 3b). Specific senses. In the specific use in geology (see sense 11) after French colonie (1850 in this sense: J. Barrande Graptolites de Bohème. Extrait du système silurien du centre de la Bohème 17, the work reviewed in quot. 1851).

I. A human settlement or territory controlled by a foreign power, and related senses.

1. Roman History. Senses derived from Latin colonia.

a. A settlement of Roman citizens (especially veteran soldiers), esp. in newly conquered or hostile territory; the territory secured by such a settlement. Also: a town or city with the same rank or privileges as a settlement of this type.Under the Republic, there were two distinct types of colonia. The earliest, the coloniae ciuium Romanorum (Roman colonies) were small towns, typically on the coast, and had a senate of their own, though their settlers retained Roman citizenship. The coloniae Latinae (Latin colonies) were large military strongholds, located within or on the edge of enemy territory, the settlers of which became citizens of an independent state (while retaining the right to return to Rome as citizens). In the later years of the Republic, colonies were increasingly established with the aim of providing land and occupation for veteran soldiers and others, without necessarily fulfilling a strategic purpose, although as the Empire expanded, they could serve both as a military presence and a Romanizing influence in newly acquired territory. After the middle of the 3rd cent. CE, no new colonies were founded, but existing cities could still be granted the status of a colonia, with enhanced privileges, tax exemptions, etc., associated with it.Outside of direct translations and specialist contexts, now not clearly distinguished from contextual use of sense 3b.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [noun] > colony > Roman

colonyc1384

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xvi. 12 To Philippis, that is the firste part of Macedonye, the citee colonye [1526 Tyndale a free citie, 1560 Geneva whose inhabitants came from Rome to dwell there, 1582 Rheims a colónia, 1611 King James a Colonie; L. colonia, Gk. κολωνία].

c1540 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. i. ii. 16 Fra þe begynnyng of lavyne to þe begynnyng of Alba þe colony and pendikillis þareof war xxx ȝeris.

1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Among the Romans..the place to which they were sent was called by the name of Colonie.

1698 Answer to Mr. Molyneux 152 They [sc. Roman colonists]..were subject to be call'd home, if the Romans thought fit to dissolve the Colony.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 21 Bestowed on the rising city the title of Colony, the first and most favoured daughter of ancient Rome.

1861 H. Jenkins Colchester Castle 10 Many a gay and scattered villa, belonging to the chief functionaries of the colony, soon rose within the circuit of the legionary camp.

1915 Classical Philol. 10 367 The Roman colonies were first of all sent out for purposes of defense; the Latin colonies served as military outposts and as centers of Roman influence.

1959 T. Hammerton Tunisia Unveiled iv. 90 In the third century ( a.d.) here stood a rich and prosperous city with the rank of Colony.

2003 Times 10 Nov. (Passport to Italy suppl.) 9/2 When the Salassi [sc. a Gallic tribe] had been sorted, the Roman legionaries founded a colony, Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, which today is called Aosta.

†b. A farm or landed estate. Also occasionally: the inhabitants of such a settlement. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun]

townOE

wick1086

farm1414

gainery1424

farmhold1471

room?a1513

farm place1526

colony1566

labouring1604

podere1605

fund1694

location1813

bowery1842

ranch1865

1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. iii. f. 7^v [The siege of Rome by Porsenna.] The rurall people abandonyng their colonies, fledde for rescue into the citie.

1613 T. Heywood Brazen Age ii. ii The Collonies into the Citties flye, And till immur'd, they thinke themselues not safe.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Colonie..Also a Grange or Farm, where husbandry is kept.

1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella Of Husbandry xi. i. 455 Neither ought he to go out of the bounds of his own colony or farm.

2. Ancient Greek History. An independent city-state established in another country by emigrants.The Greek settlements most usually referred to as colonies in English are those which are called ἀποικίαι in ancient Greek. These were mostly established in a period of colonization in and around the Mediterranean and Black Sea between the middle of the 8th and the early 6th cent. BCE. Although independent and self-governing, they were typically founded from a mother city (μητρόπολις) with which they retained ceremonial ties, and conventionally distinguished from the more informally established (and typically smaller) ἐμπόριᾰ or foreign trading posts.Outside of direct translations and specialist contexts, now not clearly distinguished from contextual use of sense 3b.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > collectively > in ancient times

colony1550

coloniate1866

1550 T. Nicolls tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War i. i. f. xv All the countrey came to so greate increase of people, that the lande coulde not nouryshe them, but were constrayned to sende parte into Ionum, and there to make Colonies, that is to saye, townes peopled with theyr nation [Fr. colonies, cest a dire des villes peuplees de leur gens; Gk. ἀποικίας].

1611 Bible (King James) Wisd. xii. 7 That the land..might receiue a worthy colonie [Gk. ἀποικιαν, Coverd. be a dwellinge] of Gods children.

a1727 I. Newton Chronol. Anc. Kingdoms Amended (1728) i. 126 The Greeks began..to send Colonies into Sicily.

1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) I. 387 From the Greek colonies in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

1847 G. Grote Hist. Greece IV. ii. xxvii. 39 Thêra was the mother-city [of the colony Kyrênê], herself a colony from Lacedæmon.

1913 H. B. Cotterill Anc. Greece iii. 115 No colony was founded without consulting the great Greek oracle at Delphi and procuring an oekist (founder appointed by some Greek mother-city).

1979 Bull. Cleveland Mus. Art 66 50/2 Athenian vases were exported to the Greek colonies and emporia throughout the Mediterranean and from the Black Sea to the Straits of Gibraltar.

2020 A. Kotsonas & J. Mokrišová in I. S. Lemos & A. Kotsonas Compan. Archaeol. Early Greece & Mediterranean I. 231 Pithekoussai..is identified as a Euboean foundation in ancient literature.., but is often denied the status of a colony because..it is not explicitly called an apoikia..[and] it had a population of mixed ethnic background.

a. A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country.Not always clearly distinguished from sense 3b.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > colony

colonyc1550

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [noun] > colony

colonyc1550

habitation1555

plantation1609

settlement1697

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) x. 64 To preue that scotland vas ane colone of ingland quhen it vas fyrst inhabit.

1602 W. Warner Epitome Hist. Eng. in Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) 353 Seuerall parts or Colonies, hild, deuisiuely, by seauenteene different peoples.

a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) iii. iii. 100 They have liv'd long In the English Colonie.

1752 J. S. Dodd Ess. Nat. Hist. Herring 49 The Herrings and the white Fish are caught no where but upon their [sc. the People of Great Britain's] Coasts, or the Coasts of their Colonies.

1784 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations (ed. 3) III. (Index) at Portugal Lost its manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile colonies.

1845 B. Mayer in Jrnl. Charles Carroll of Carrollton 1776 69 An army of four thousand regulars and six thousand provincials..were to descend into the heart of the French colony by the St. Lawrence.

1889 Illustr. Austral. News (Melbourne) 2 Dec. 18 The Australian portion of the..telegraph lines commences at Port Darwin, the most northern portion of South Australia, and runs through the entire centre of that colony to Adelaide.

1915 Economist 18 Dec. (Suppl.) 22/2 The vast colony of Angola..stretches south of the Congo from the 6th to the 18th degree.

1995 India Q. 51 21 The ‘Guest Worker’ system in Germany was different from the settlement of nationals from the former colonies of European countries.

2010 C. R. Schenk Decline of Sterling ii. 39 Dishonouring these debts would undermine..Britain's strategic and moral leadership of the Commonwealth at a time of decolonisation in India, a strategically important colony.

b. A settlement in a new country; a body of people who settle in a new locality, forming a community subject to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed, consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > collectively

colony1555

plantation1636

swarm1659

settlement1697

settlerdom1863

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 252 Which thynge they [sc. Christian Princes] myght easely brynge to passe by assignynge colonies [It. colonie] to inhabite dyuers places of that hemispherie, in lyke maner as dyd the Romanes in prouinces newely subdued.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxii. 118 Colonies sent from England, to plant Virginia, etc.

1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall iii. 46 The Earth, whereof all things are but a colonie.

1775 E. Burke Speech Resol. for Concil. Colonies 30 The Colonies..complain, that they are taxed in a Parliament, in which they are not represented.

1786 A. Dalrymple Serious Admon. Intended Thief-colony Botany Bay 17 Perhaps no other Nation has energy enough to establish a Colony there, particularly if we discountenance and obstruct them.

1863 Clonmel Chron. 14 Nov. In Sierra Leone, we have a colony of freed slaves—all Protestants—numbering 50,000.

1883 J. R. Seeley Expansion of Eng. 38 By a colony we understand a community which is not merely derivative, but which remains politically connected in a relation of dependence with the parent community.

1912 Financial Times 19 July 15/4 The taunt that in founding new colonies, German energy was mainly directed towards building substantial administrative offices..and attending to the aesthetic side of administration no longer holds good.

1973 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 1 Aug. 6/3 The instrument of Confederation was an act of Imperial Parliament, not an agreement between the colonies... [It] was virtually forced upon the reluctant Maritime colonies.

2006 P. D. Aaron Myst. in Hist. 178 A few weeks after Drake, Lane, and the rest of the colony set sail for England, a relief party sent by Raleigh arrived.

c. Usually in form the Colonies (also with lower-case initial).

(a) All the (former) British settlements and their territories abroad; the overseas possessions of the British Empire, esp. those (such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) with a large number of inhabitants of British birth or descent. Now either historical or with ironic or depreciative allusion to the former colonial status of the places so denoted.

ΚΠ

c1615 F. Bacon Advice to G. Villiers in Lett. (1872) VI. i. 22 The King will appoint Commissioners in the nature of a Council, who may superintend the works of this nature, and regulate what concerns the colonies.

1700 Let. to S.C.M. Member of Parl. from Inhabitant of Barbadoes 7 It has been always esteemed in England a very great Injustice to misapply any Fund, and no doubt the same Liberty and Justice extends it self to the Colonies.

1758 S. Johnson Idler 16 Dec. 289 A ship stored for a voyage to the Colonies.

1849 R. Cobden Speeches 69 Now, don't give faith to the idea..that self-government for the colonies is the same thing as dismemberment of the empire.

1888 Daily News 4 Jan. 2/3 Since our last telegram heavy rains have been general in the colonies.

1908 Daily Mail 6 Nov. 6/6 Our young men who go to the Colonies are apt to be what is vulgarly called ‘cocky,’ and the young Colonial, being somewhat of the same temperament, is inclined to resent the new chum from the old country who gives himself airs.

1987 K. Lette Girls' Night Out (1989) 204 ‘Known in the colonies, no doubt, for its pencils,’ the Shakespearean actor chortles. ‘Any lead in yours?’ you ask sweetly.

2018 ‘Akala’ Natives (2019) i. 7 No one told my grandparents and others over there in the colonies that most white Britons were actually poor.

(b) The (former) British settlements and their territories in North America, esp. the thirteen that ratified the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and thereby became founding states of the US (also more fully (the) thirteen colonies). Now historical.The Thirteen Colonies were: Province of New Hampshire, Province of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, Province of Pennsylvania, Delaware Colony, Province of Maryland, Colony of Virginia, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, and Province of Georgia.

ΚΠ

1650 E. Williams Virgo Triumphans To Parl. sig. B3^v The apparent danger all the Colonies may be in if this be not possessed by the English, to prevent the Spaniard, who already hath seated himself on the North of Florida, and on the back of Virginia.

1747 W. Douglass Summary State Brit. Settlements N.-Amer. I. iv. 217 In the Colonies their Revenue-Acts are generally annual.

1780 C. Polhill Refl. Short Hist. Opposition 19 Our Frigates are decaying, and our veteran Troops mouldering away, in a fruitless and unprogressive War against the Colonies.

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. vii. 423 Violent measures, by which the King hoped to curb the colonies.

1882 E. A. Freeman Lect. Amer. Audiences ii. iv. 320 The word provincial was, with a near approach to accuracy, often applied to your Thirteen Colonies, while they were still dependencies of Great Britain.

1948 Catholic Hist. Rev. 34 373 The American reader will appreciate the book more when he realizes that the British postal system was that of the colonies before independence.

1972 J. L. Dillard Black Eng. iii. 74 Wolof..seems to have a special lingua franca status among West African languages, in the thirteen colonies.

2000 A. Mason in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 129/2 Congregationalism was the leading church of New England, the legal establishment in some of the colonies.

4. A group living within, but distinguished from, the wider community; the place were such a group lives.

a. A group of people of the same status, occupation, interest, etc., living permanently or temporarily among others.

ΚΠ

1598 Bp. J. Hall Virgidemiarum: 3 Last Bks. v. i. 59 Were he as Furius, he would defie, Such pilfring slips of Pety land-lordrye. And might dislodge whole Collonyes of poore, And lay their roofe quite leuell with their floore.

1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 32 A colony of criticall Zenos should they sinnow their sillogisticall cluster-fistes in one bundle to confute and disproue mouing.

1631 B. Jonson New Inne v. v. 98 Iuglers, and Gipseys,..Colonies of beggars, Tumblers, Ape-carriers.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 31. ¶3 To furnish us every Year with a Colony of Musicians.

1854 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes I. xxxv. 346 The broad-hatted,..velvet-jacketted, jovial colony of the artists.

1900 Amer. Lumberman 13 Jan. 32/1 Another important..concern is added to the city's colony of lumbermen.

1981 G. De Gregorio Joe DiMaggio xv. 222 It was only natural that he should take a place among the city's colony of celebrities.

2017 R. W. Cherny Victor Arnautoff & Politics of Art (e-book ed.) iv Though he maintained some contact with the city's Russian community, he threw himself fully into the life of the city's art colony.

b. spec. A number of people of one nationality, race, ethnicity, or religion living in a foreign city or country, especially in one quarter or district.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > type of inhabitant generally > [noun] > distinct group within population

colony1815

1815 L. Simond Jrnl. Tour Great Brit. II. 259 This one [sc.a no thoroughfare lane or court in London] is inhabited by a colony of Irish labourers, who fill every cellar and every garret, a family in each room.

1837 Handbk. Travellers in Southern Germany xiv. 319/1 There is a large colony of Jews here, who are settled in a quarter by themselves, in a back street.

1906 Charities & Commons 1 Sept. 533/1 In spite of the fact that New York's Italian colony numbers but few rich men, half of the required amount was raised in a fortnight.

1937 M. J. Seth Armenians in India (2005) iv. 196 There was an important Armenian colony at the Imperial City [sc. Delhi] in the early part of the 18th century.

2011 Independent 20 June (Viewspaper section) 7/2 Some of the English-language papers based in France seem to cater for this vocal minority, giving the impression of a colony of whingeing Brits suffering under what I'd call Gaston's law, which decrees that inveterate Francophobes always choose to buy their second home in France.

c. The district or quarter of a town, city, etc., in which a number of people with a shared status (esp. a common nationality, race, ethnicity, or religion) live.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > inhabited by similar people

quarter1798

colony1854

ghetto1892

1854 Ragged School Union Mag. Jan. 30 Oxford Street, Bedford, and Bloomsbury Squares have their ‘Rookery’ in Church Lane, St. Giles; Manchester and Portman Squares have their ‘Irish Colony’ in Calmel Buildings.

1889 Philadelphia Real Estate Rec. 11 Sept. 427/2 Many pits have..been found.., which may have been used..for the refuse of the slaughter houses in the butchers' colony, which from Saxon times existed close by in Moorgate street.

1890 A. Neubauer in M. Burrows Collectanea (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. iv. 285 The Dominicans came to Oxford in 1221, and established themselves in the very heart of the Jewish colony, on a tenement close to St. Edwards.

1906 N.Y. Times 24 Dec. 9/2 The Harlem Federation..has opened a settlement house in the heart of the Jewish colony on the upper east side.

1971 Swimming Pool Weekly 6 Sept. 28/3 Cultural highlights will involve a trip to the city's art colony in Sullivan Park.

2009 M. Dash First Family i. 38 [They] had become New Yorkers and now felt quite at home amid the teeming streets of the Italian colony.

5. A group of people living temporarily or permanently in one place (often away from the rest of the community) in order to pursue a particular lifestyle or pursuit, live under a particular political or religious system, etc.; the place where such a community is established. Frequently with modifying word, as in artists' colony, nudist colony, etc.In early use chiefly with reference to religious communities.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > type of inhabitant generally > [noun] > distinct group within population > separate from rest of community

colony1656

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [noun] > one who is separated or isolated > stranger or outsider > collective or group

unthede?c1225

unledec1275

those (that are) without1525

colony1656

alienated1818

out-group1906

1656 Most Excellent & Rare Disc. Way to Kingdome 96 Those large Colonies of Monks, whose hypocrisie and craft is as open to all, as the holiness and simplicity of their Authours.

1743 Life St. Patrick 33 Pursuing his studies..among a Colony of Hermits and Monks, in some Islands of the Tuscan Sea.

1847 Hogg's Weekly Instructor 5 285 A thriving colony of Moravian brethren..who live in the communitarian style, and labour together for their common benefit.

1889 E. Dowson Let. 5 Mar. (1967) 46 A colony à la Thoreau, of ‘Hobby Horse’ people and a few elect outsiders each with a ‘belovèd’..where there will be leisure only for art and unrestrained sexual intercourse.

1929 M. Parmelee Nudity in Mod. Life xv. 231 While gymnosophists are not necessarily socialists or communists, these colonies furnish excellent opportunities for experiments along communistic lines.

1935 C. Odets Waiting for Lefty in Six Plays (1939) 30 What's the boss class tryin' to do—make a nudist colony outa us?

1969 Guardian 14 Aug. 9/2 The growth of colony holidays for children.

2000 H. Topliss Earth, Fire, Water, Air Introd. 1 At Moly, which had been established as an artists' colony in 1927 by the French cubist painter Albert Gleizes and his wife, she took up her life's work.

2019 New Yorker 21 Jan. 35/2 The family moved to Roosevelt Island, as part of a social experiment to establish an economically diverse colony on ‘Welfare Island.’

a. A settlement or establishment (esp. a farm) in which persons, esp. those who are otherwise unemployed or unemployable, are engaged to work or are trained for some occupation, trade, etc. Now historical.Many of the farming and labour colonies founded in the 19th cent. to house and train people (esp. the urban poor) who could not support themselves were based upon or took their inspiration from the establishments of this type founded in the Netherlands by Johannes van den Bosch and his Society of Humanitarianism from 1818 onwards.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre

training school1712

training department1819

colony1821

training home1852

adult training school1853

training centre1864

skill centre1963

1821 W. H. Saunders Addr. Imperial Parl. abolishing Poor Laws 39 In forming colonies, the first grand object should be, to impress the poor with a conviction that they are about to have some stage in society, for which they may feel satisfied to submit to the regulations.

1856 Let. 30 Sept. in Class A: Corr. Brit. Commissioners relating to Slave Trade 72 in Parl. Papers (1857) XLIV. 1 An establishment should be formed to serve as a kind of model colony or farm, for the reception of future libertos, by which a succession of practical agricultural labourers might be supplied.

1896 J. A. Hobson Probl. Unemployed 131 The proposals for the establishment of farm colonies and other labour colonies. Various colonies of different types where the labour is chiefly employed in cultivation of the land exist already in England or on the continent.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 838/2 Labour colonies are of two kinds, voluntary and compulsory. The voluntary colonies..are managed by philanthropic societies.

2017 B. Arneil Domest. Colonies iii. 59 Booth established a 3200-acre farm labour colony at Hadleigh, Essex in 1891, along with five city colonies and eighteen labour bureaux in London, all designed to feed people into the farm colony.

b. A settlement or establishment for the accommodation or confinement of a group excluded or ostracized from the rest of the community, such as convicted criminals, those with a disease believed to be infectious, political dissidents, etc. Often with modifying word, e.g. leper colony (cf. leper n.² and adj. Compounds 1).

ΚΠ

1861 E. A. Beaufort Egyptian Sepulchres I. vii. 147 A short detour in returning brought us by the Leper colony, encamped among the caves of a wilder and less cultivated valley.

1878 National Repository May 443/1 A long and sad procession..of prisoners on their way to the felons' colony in Siberia.

1950 S. J. Perelman Swiss Family Perelman i. 9 Reports that we were actually bound for the leper colony at Molokai.

2003 Nation (N.Y.) 13 Oct. 26/1 The gulag, Stalin's network of forced-labor camps, prisons, colonies, exile villages.

7. Now chiefly South Asian. Originally and chiefly: a housing estate, esp. one constructed by an employer or organization for its workers. In later use also: any housing estate or residential community, esp. one surrounded by a closed perimeter of fences and walls. Frequently with modifying word, as housing colony, residential colony, staff colony, etc.

ΚΠ

1880 Staffs. Daily Sentinel 19 May Nowhere in England did so many working people possess their own houses... He pointed to..the suburbs of Hanley, where entirely new colonies had been created mostly by the members of building societies.

1885 Daily News 4 Nov. 5/6 The freehold ‘colonies’ [in the Potteries]..show no mean taste in architecture and decoration.

1886 Amer. Architect & Building News 1 May 207/2 A desire not to have the colonies extend too far away from the works, decided Herr Krupp not to adopt the cottage system for his houses.

1920 Times of India 24 Feb. 10/2 A school, a creche, a dispensary and a reading room will also be provided in this colony.

1981 Indian Jrnl. Industr. Relations 16 388 [Amenities] include provision of better toilets..in the staff colonies.

1997 V. Chandra Love & Longing in Bombay (1998) 134 Katekar was waiting at the end of the lane when he reached the Narayan Housing Colony.

2017 Daily Times (Pakistan) (Nexis) 8 Mar. The lands are reserved for the construction of schools, hospitals and residential colonies.

II. In scientific and technical senses.

8. Biology.

a. A group of animals of the same kind that establishes itself as an offshoot of another group or population, esp. in a new locality; esp. (in early use) a swarm of bees that separates from those in the original nest or hive and moves to a new location.In quot. 1774: a hydroid polyp formed as a bud or offshoot of a larger one.Originally a transferred use of sense 3 (cf. colonize v.). As used of bees, later displaced by sense 10a.

ΚΠ

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 181 They..doo..disdayne the gouernment..of the old Bee..when the swarmes be great and lusty, and that the old stagers are disposed to send abroade their Colonies [L. veteres emittere progeniem volunt in coloniam].

1655 S. Hartlib Reformed Common-wealth Bees 13 As soon as the Bees resolve to send out no more Colonies, they fall upon the Drones and kill them.

1760 Life & Adventures of Cat 6 The other species are as fond of forming colonies are we are.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. ii. 25 Every polypus has a new colony sprouting from its body; and these new ones, even while attached to the parent animal, become parents themselves, having a smaller colony also budding from them.

1815 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. I. viii. 230 Ants will sometimes plant their colonies in our kitchens (I have known the horse-ant, Formica rufa, do this).

1875 Overland Monthly 14 566/2 Here in the city of San Francisco is established a colony..of English sparrows.

1979 C. Milne Path through Trees II. iii. iii. 254 He..had had the idea of taking half a dozen of these caterpillars home with him in the hope that they might hatch and breed and so establish a colony there.

2008 Thames & Solent News (National Trust) Autumn 4/3 A small colony of an Italian snail, Papillifera papillaris, has been discovered for the first time in Britain at Cliveden in Buckinghamshire, more than 100 years after they arrived in the UK.

b. Originally: a group of plants belonging to one or more species that is colonizing or has colonized a new locality (now rare). Also more generally: a group of plants of one or more species living together in a locality.Originally a transferred use of sense 3. In some instances not wholly distinct from sense 10b.

ΚΠ

1834 H. Murray et al. Encycl. Geogr. ii. iii. i. 238 Many low perennial and herbaceous vegetables are overpowered by a colony of taller shrubs.

1874 J. T. Moggridge Contrib. Flora Mentone (ed. 3) §3. Plate XXIX Near Antibes, a whole colony of doubtful species grow in the meadows.

1916 F. E. Clements Plant Succession v. 79 In a primary area the reaction is exerted by each pioneer alone, and is then augmented by the family or colony.

1938 J. E. Weaver & F. E. Clements Plant Ecol. (ed. 2) iv. 103 As the individuals of a family become more numerous..adjacent families merge..such an initial community is called a colony.

1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants xv. 467 Shrubs may form a group of genets and what appears to be a single establishment may be a multiple colony.

2000 G. S. Hartshorn in M. G. Barbour & W. D. Billings N. Amer. Terrestr. Vegetation (ed. 2) 683/1 Cyathea does not support the dense colonies of epiphytic native plant species that often colonize the trunks of tree ferns.

2010 Daily Tel. 25 Mar. 22/3 Only two colonies of starved wood sedge exist, in Surrey and Somerset.

†9. A beehive in the form of a wooden box (as distinct from the older kind made of straw). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1675 London Gaz. No. 987/4 A new Invention for the Improvement of Bees, by certain Bee-houses and Colonies.

1712 J. Warder True Amazons 110 To keep Bees in Boxes or Colonies.

10.

a. Zoology. A group of animals, usually of the same species, which live or breed in close proximity, typically in relatively large numbers, and exhibit a degree of behavioural interaction or interdependence; (also) the nesting or roosting site of such a group.The term colony is applied to a wide range of animal communities, from the highly organized societies of eusocial insects to the gatherings of seals, bats, or birds for roosting or breeding (sometimes including more than one species). In some eusocial animals, individuals in a colony may show differentiation of function, but they remain physically separate individuals (in distinction from sense 10b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animals collectively > [noun] > group (of same species)

herdc1275

kennel1641

gang1657

colony1712

society1752

society1772

mores1911

1712 J. Warder True Amazons 111 For if your Boxes were exposed naked to the Beams of the Sun, it would melt the Honey and Wax too, and so ruin the Colony.

1791 R. Townley Jrnl. kept Isle of Man I. 53 Whilst there, we discovered (and dislodged from behind the pulpit) by much the largest colony of bats I ever saw.

1841 C. Dickens Barnaby Rudge i. 230 Colonies of sparrows chirped..in the eaves.

1850 R. Gordon-Cumming Five Years Hunter's Life S. Afr. I. v. 103 The whole ground was undermined with the holes of colonies of meercat or mouse-hunts.

1871 Appletons' Jrnl. 6 July 49/1 His entomological collection..had furnished a grand feast for a colony of termites.

1919 A. C. Bent Life Hist. N. Amer. Diving Birds 175 The [common] murres and Brünnich's murres were nesting in mixed colonies, arranged in long rows along the narrower ledges.

1953 N. Tinbergen Herring Gull's World ix. 82 Colour-ringed gulls returned to the colony for several seasons.

1998 Jrnl. Zool. 246 259 Inter-male aggressive encounters were examined at three grey seal breeding colonies that differed in topography, adult dispersion patterns and operational sex ratios.

2017 New Scientist 9 Sept. 16/4 When honeybees gather pollen as food for the entire colony, they pollinate plants.

b. Biology. An aggregate of individual organisms (of the same species) of any kind that are physically linked together to form a connected structure, with physiological interdependence and sometimes differentiation of function between the constituent individuals.In early use, not wholly distinct from sense 8a (cf. quot. 1774 at that sense).True colonies (as distinct from social assemblages of separate individuals, as in sense 10a; cf. social adj. 6b) are formed by a range of invertebrate animals such as ascidians, corals, siphonophores, and bryzoans, and also exist in plants and fungi; in many cases the constituent individuals are genetic clones.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > aggregate or colony

colony1808

triad1876

pseudoplasmodium1892

1808 J. Parkinson Org. Remains Former World II. ix. 49 When one area of its curious stellated fabric was completed, by the labour of its polypean inhabitants, another colony laid the foundation of another city on some part of the former surface.

1824 tr. J. V. F. Lamouroux Corallina Introd. p. vi Notwithstanding this involuntary attachment to the colony, each individual possessing a life peculiar to itself, and distinct from the rest of the colony, all the polypi of a Polypidom participate in its existence.

1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 725 [In the colonial Anthozoa] the zooids..then usually form a massive colony in which the individuals are united by a plentiful common basis or cœnosarc.

1979 D. Attenborough Life on Earth (1981) 26 Size, however, can be achieved in a different way—by grouping cells together in an organised colony. One species that has done this is Volvox.

1995 J. Eastman Bk. Swamp & Bog 226 These plants also reproduce from slender rhizomes that creep undergound, thus creating clonal colonies.

2014 E. Kolbert Sixth Extinction vii. 142 Bleached [coral] colonies stop growing and, if the damage is severe enough, die.

c. Biology. A discrete group or aggregate of cells or single-celled organisms, typically growing on a solid medium and often forming a clone.

ΚΠ

1873 Med. Rec. (N.Y.) 1 Jan. 227/1 The septic micrococcus first forms balls of granules on the layer of gelatine, where it is exposed to the air; then the greater number form colonies of bacteria.

1919 Papers Dept. Marine Biol. Carnegie Inst. 13 16 The giant tubercle cells have been shown to be pure colonies of endothelial macrophages.

1977 Ann. Internal Med. 86 569/2 Anaerobic bacteria were identified by colony morphology.

1988 F. Crick What Mad Pursuit (1990) xii. 127 Where a single phage had landed and infected a cell, a colony of phage will grow, killing the local bacteria as it does so.

2004 Philadelphia Inquirer 13 June e1/5 In Pennsylvania, the state's abortion-control law was interpreted by the Ridge administration to forbid the creation of human embryonic stem-cell colonies.

11. Geology. J. Barrande's term for: a group of fossil forms appearing exceptionally in a formation other than that of which they are characteristic. Now historical.

ΚΠ

1851 Rep. 20th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1850 Notices & Abstr. 98 M. Barrande has given the name of ‘colony’ to the peculiar fossils thus buried at great depths in the lower Silurian rocks—a denomination which at once indicates his opinion of their origin.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species x. 313 The so-called ‘colonies’ of M. Barrande, which intrude for a period in the midst of an older formation and then allow the pre-existing fauna to reappear.

2007 A. Carneiro in P. Jackson Four Cent. Geol. Trav. 122/2 The theory of colonies was a strong argument in favour of Darwinian evolution.

Compounds

C1. As a modifier, with the sense ‘of, relating to, or belonging to a colony (in various senses)’; = colonial adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [adjective] > relating to former British colonies

colony1637

provincial1676

colonial1766

colonial1776

1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan iii. xxxi. 186 Like the Colony servant in Virginea.

1661 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1893) II. 138 Colony prison.

1733 in J. H. Trumbull Public Rec. Colony of Connecticut (1873) VII. 461 Colony treasurer.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations II. iv. vii. 198 The colony trade has been continually increasing.

1780 E. Burke Speech Oeconomical Reformation 70 In the management of the colony politics.

1857 E. Stone Life Howland i. 33 Repairs of bridges on the great colony road.

1857 E. Stone Life Howland i. 33 The distinction of colony roads and town roads should cease.

1931 Hobbies Apr. 36/2 The best collection of English and colony stamps in the world.

1999 J. S. Jeffers Greco-Roman World of New Test. Era vi. 116 Colony citizens..were exempt from tribute and most forms of taxation.

2011 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 June 64/1 Essentially the colony period was seen as a prelude..to the achievement of independence by the thirteen mainland colonies from British imperial domination.

C2.

colony collapse disorder n. the sudden disappearance of the majority of worker bees in a colony; abbreviated CCD.The causes of the phenomenon are unclear, though many possible contributory factors have been proposed, such as viral or parasitic disease, pesticide poisoning, and stress from changes to the habitat.

ΚΠ

2007 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD Working Group) in www.beekeeping.com (accessed 6 Jan. 2016) The following report references Fall Dwindle Disease. This name has been changed to Colony Collapse Disorder.

2011 T. Cole Open City (2012) xvii. 199 Moji said she'd read something about the phenomenon, that it was called colony collapse disorder.

2016 Buffalo News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 1 Jan. c25 It's unfortunate that it took colony collapse disorder for many people to catch on, but people are generally valuing honey bees and pollinator gardens are in.

colony counter n. Microbiology a device used in laboratories to count or aid in counting colonies of cells growing on a gel growth medium.

ΚΠ

1890 Odontographic Jrnl. Oct. 178 In making a comparative count of colonies of bacteria two things are desirable—an Esmarch tube and a colony counter.

1949 Jrnl. Hygiene 47 274/1 After 24 hr. at 37° C. the number of colonies was counted with the aid of an automatic colony counter.

2003 A. E. Yousef & C. Carlstrom Food Microbiol. i. i. 9 Colony counters..provide background lighting and magnification so that small colonies are not missed.

colony-forming unit n. Microbiology a viable cell or group of cells that is capable of forming a colony (see sense 10c); abbreviated CFU.Colony-forming units are used to estimate the number of viable cells in a sample because it is usually unclear whether a single colony arose from one cell or a group of cells.

ΚΠ

1938 Jrnl. Hygiene 38 745 In mixtures containing small inocula, fallaciously large degrees of bactericidal power are unlikely to occur as the result of mechanical aggregation of colony forming units.

2000 N. Y. Farkye in R. K. Robinson et al. Encycl. Food Microbiol. 383/1 The viable cell population used for cheese-making ranges from 10⁵ to 10⁷ colony forming units (cfu) per millilitre.

colony-stimulating factor n. Biochemistry any of a group of secreted glycoproteins that bind to the surface of haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and induce them to divide and differentiate into a specific type of blood cell; abbreviated CSF.

ΚΠ

1967 Jrnl. Cell. Physiol. 69 86/2 Different sera containing different levels of colony stimulating factor(s).

1990 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 17 Oct. c3/1 Clinical trials suggest that colony stimulating factors can help cancer patients recover more quickly from chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants.

2000 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 181 1148 Thirty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients..were randomized to receive either placebo or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; 0.3 mg/ML 3 times a week) for 12 weeks.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022).

单词	colony
释义	colonyn. Brit. /ˈkɒləni/, U.S. /ˈkɑləni/ Forms: Middle English colane, Middle English colonye, 1500s–1600s collony, 1500s–1600s colonie, 1600s– colony; also Scottish pre-1700 colone, pre-1700 colony. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French colonie; Latin colōnia. Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French colonie territory administered by a foreign ruler (1308 in Old French), settlement of Roman citizens in newly conquered or hostile territory, colonists collectively (both a1359 in Bersuire's translation of Livy), (in ancient Greek history) independent city-state established in another country by emigrants (1534 in the passage translated in quot. 1550 at sense 2), population of a conquered country (1579), animal population (1767), group of emigrés (1792), group of fossil forms (1850), penal colony (1859), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin colōnia land attached to a farm, settlement of citizens sent from Rome, people making up such a settlement, comparable settlement founded by a state other than Rome, swarming of bees, in post-classical Latin also settlement in a new country (1533 in Peter Martyr, denoting Spanish colonies in South America such as Santa María la Antigua del Darién) < colōnus farmer, cultivator, planter, settler in a new country (see colon n.³) + -ia -y suffix³.Foreign-language parallels. Compare Spanish colonia (early 12th cent.), Portuguese colônia (1553), Italian colonia (end of the 13th cent. with reference to an ancient Roman settlement, 1550 (in the passage translated in quot. 1555 at sense 3b) with reference to early modern settlements). The Latin noun was also borrowed into other Germanic languages, albeit at much later dates; compare e.g. Dutch kolonie (early 17th cent.), German Kolonie (end of the 16th cent. as colonie ). Notes on the semantic development. On uses of classical Latin colōnia denoting a settlement of Roman citizens see note at sense 1. Among the nine Roman colōniae in Britain were London, Bath, Chester, and Lincoln. Roman writers further used their word colōnia to translate ancient Greek ἀποικία , denoting a settlement of ἄποικοι , literally ‘people from home’, i.e. a body of emigrants who settled abroad as an independent self-governed πόλις or state (see further note at sense 2). Later, in Hellenistic Greek, it was apparently felt that the ἀποικία was not properly equivalent to the Roman colōnia , which was therefore used untranslated as κολωνία (Acts 16:12). In English, the Wycliffite Bible used the word colony in Acts 16:12 (compare quot. c1384 at sense 1a) but this was not adopted by the 16th-cent. translations of the Bible. The wider use of the word to denote contemporary settlements in a new country developed in the first half of the 16th cent., earliest in Latin and Italian writers (see notes on Latin and Italian uses above, and compare translations of such works in quots. 1555 at sense 3b, 1555 at sense 3b). Specific senses. In the specific use in geology (see sense 11) after French colonie (1850 in this sense: J. Barrande Graptolites de Bohème. Extrait du système silurien du centre de la Bohème 17, the work reviewed in quot. 1851). I. A human settlement or territory controlled by a foreign power, and related senses. 1. Roman History. Senses derived from Latin colonia. a. A settlement of Roman citizens (especially veteran soldiers), esp. in newly conquered or hostile territory; the territory secured by such a settlement. Also: a town or city with the same rank or privileges as a settlement of this type.Under the Republic, there were two distinct types of colonia. The earliest, the coloniae ciuium Romanorum (Roman colonies) were small towns, typically on the coast, and had a senate of their own, though their settlers retained Roman citizenship. The coloniae Latinae (Latin colonies) were large military strongholds, located within or on the edge of enemy territory, the settlers of which became citizens of an independent state (while retaining the right to return to Rome as citizens). In the later years of the Republic, colonies were increasingly established with the aim of providing land and occupation for veteran soldiers and others, without necessarily fulfilling a strategic purpose, although as the Empire expanded, they could serve both as a military presence and a Romanizing influence in newly acquired territory. After the middle of the 3rd cent. CE, no new colonies were founded, but existing cities could still be granted the status of a colonia, with enhanced privileges, tax exemptions, etc., associated with it.Outside of direct translations and specialist contexts, now not clearly distinguished from contextual use of sense 3b. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [noun] > colony > Roman colonyc1384 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xvi. 12 To Philippis, that is the firste part of Macedonye, the citee colonye [1526 Tyndale a free citie, 1560 Geneva whose inhabitants came from Rome to dwell there, 1582 Rheims a colónia, 1611 King James a Colonie; L. colonia, Gk. κολωνία]. c1540 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. i. ii. 16 Fra þe begynnyng of lavyne to þe begynnyng of Alba þe colony and pendikillis þareof war xxx ȝeris. 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Among the Romans..the place to which they were sent was called by the name of Colonie. 1698 Answer to Mr. Molyneux 152 They [sc. Roman colonists]..were subject to be call'd home, if the Romans thought fit to dissolve the Colony. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 21 Bestowed on the rising city the title of Colony, the first and most favoured daughter of ancient Rome. 1861 H. Jenkins Colchester Castle 10 Many a gay and scattered villa, belonging to the chief functionaries of the colony, soon rose within the circuit of the legionary camp. 1915 Classical Philol. 10 367 The Roman colonies were first of all sent out for purposes of defense; the Latin colonies served as military outposts and as centers of Roman influence. 1959 T. Hammerton Tunisia Unveiled iv. 90 In the third century ( a.d.) here stood a rich and prosperous city with the rank of Colony. 2003 Times 10 Nov. (Passport to Italy suppl.) 9/2 When the Salassi [sc. a Gallic tribe] had been sorted, the Roman legionaries founded a colony, Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, which today is called Aosta. †b. A farm or landed estate. Also occasionally: the inhabitants of such a settlement. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] townOE wick1086 farm1414 gainery1424 farmhold1471 room?a1513 farm place1526 colony1566 labouring1604 podere1605 fund1694 location1813 bowery1842 ranch1865 1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. iii. f. 7^v [The siege of Rome by Porsenna.] The rurall people abandonyng their colonies, fledde for rescue into the citie. 1613 T. Heywood Brazen Age ii. ii The Collonies into the Citties flye, And till immur'd, they thinke themselues not safe. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Colonie..Also a Grange or Farm, where husbandry is kept. 1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella Of Husbandry xi. i. 455 Neither ought he to go out of the bounds of his own colony or farm. 2. Ancient Greek History. An independent city-state established in another country by emigrants.The Greek settlements most usually referred to as colonies in English are those which are called ἀποικίαι in ancient Greek. These were mostly established in a period of colonization in and around the Mediterranean and Black Sea between the middle of the 8th and the early 6th cent. BCE. Although independent and self-governing, they were typically founded from a mother city (μητρόπολις) with which they retained ceremonial ties, and conventionally distinguished from the more informally established (and typically smaller) ἐμπόριᾰ or foreign trading posts.Outside of direct translations and specialist contexts, now not clearly distinguished from contextual use of sense 3b. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > collectively > in ancient times colony1550 coloniate1866 1550 T. Nicolls tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War i. i. f. xv All the countrey came to so greate increase of people, that the lande coulde not nouryshe them, but were constrayned to sende parte into Ionum, and there to make Colonies, that is to saye, townes peopled with theyr nation [Fr. colonies, cest a dire des villes peuplees de leur gens; Gk. ἀποικίας]. 1611 Bible (King James) Wisd. xii. 7 That the land..might receiue a worthy colonie [Gk. ἀποικιαν, Coverd. be a dwellinge] of Gods children. View more context for this quotation a1727 I. Newton Chronol. Anc. Kingdoms Amended (1728) i. 126 The Greeks began..to send Colonies into Sicily. 1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) I. 387 From the Greek colonies in Europe, Africa, and Asia. 1847 G. Grote Hist. Greece IV. ii. xxvii. 39 Thêra was the mother-city [of the colony Kyrênê], herself a colony from Lacedæmon. 1913 H. B. Cotterill Anc. Greece iii. 115 No colony was founded without consulting the great Greek oracle at Delphi and procuring an oekist (founder appointed by some Greek mother-city). 1979 Bull. Cleveland Mus. Art 66 50/2 Athenian vases were exported to the Greek colonies and emporia throughout the Mediterranean and from the Black Sea to the Straits of Gibraltar. 2020 A. Kotsonas & J. Mokrišová in I. S. Lemos & A. Kotsonas Compan. Archaeol. Early Greece & Mediterranean I. 231 Pithekoussai..is identified as a Euboean foundation in ancient literature.., but is often denied the status of a colony because..it is not explicitly called an apoikia..[and] it had a population of mixed ethnic background. 3. a. A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country.Not always clearly distinguished from sense 3b. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > colony colonyc1550 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [noun] > colony colonyc1550 habitation1555 plantation1609 settlement1697 c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) x. 64 To preue that scotland vas ane colone of ingland quhen it vas fyrst inhabit. 1602 W. Warner Epitome Hist. Eng. in Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) 353 Seuerall parts or Colonies, hild, deuisiuely, by seauenteene different peoples. a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) iii. iii. 100 They have liv'd long In the English Colonie. 1752 J. S. Dodd Ess. Nat. Hist. Herring 49 The Herrings and the white Fish are caught no where but upon their [sc. the People of Great Britain's] Coasts, or the Coasts of their Colonies. 1784 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations (ed. 3) III. (Index) at Portugal Lost its manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile colonies. 1845 B. Mayer in Jrnl. Charles Carroll of Carrollton 1776 69 An army of four thousand regulars and six thousand provincials..were to descend into the heart of the French colony by the St. Lawrence. 1889 Illustr. Austral. News (Melbourne) 2 Dec. 18 The Australian portion of the..telegraph lines commences at Port Darwin, the most northern portion of South Australia, and runs through the entire centre of that colony to Adelaide. 1915 Economist 18 Dec. (Suppl.) 22/2 The vast colony of Angola..stretches south of the Congo from the 6th to the 18th degree. 1995 India Q. 51 21 The ‘Guest Worker’ system in Germany was different from the settlement of nationals from the former colonies of European countries. 2010 C. R. Schenk Decline of Sterling ii. 39 Dishonouring these debts would undermine..Britain's strategic and moral leadership of the Commonwealth at a time of decolonisation in India, a strategically important colony. b. A settlement in a new country; a body of people who settle in a new locality, forming a community subject to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed, consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > collectively colony1555 plantation1636 swarm1659 settlement1697 settlerdom1863 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 252 Which thynge they [sc. Christian Princes] myght easely brynge to passe by assignynge colonies [It. colonie] to inhabite dyuers places of that hemispherie, in lyke maner as dyd the Romanes in prouinces newely subdued. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxii. 118 Colonies sent from England, to plant Virginia, etc. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall iii. 46 The Earth, whereof all things are but a colonie. 1775 E. Burke Speech Resol. for Concil. Colonies 30 The Colonies..complain, that they are taxed in a Parliament, in which they are not represented. 1786 A. Dalrymple Serious Admon. Intended Thief-colony Botany Bay 17 Perhaps no other Nation has energy enough to establish a Colony there, particularly if we discountenance and obstruct them. 1863 Clonmel Chron. 14 Nov. In Sierra Leone, we have a colony of freed slaves—all Protestants—numbering 50,000. 1883 J. R. Seeley Expansion of Eng. 38 By a colony we understand a community which is not merely derivative, but which remains politically connected in a relation of dependence with the parent community. 1912 Financial Times 19 July 15/4 The taunt that in founding new colonies, German energy was mainly directed towards building substantial administrative offices..and attending to the aesthetic side of administration no longer holds good. 1973 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 1 Aug. 6/3 The instrument of Confederation was an act of Imperial Parliament, not an agreement between the colonies... [It] was virtually forced upon the reluctant Maritime colonies. 2006 P. D. Aaron Myst. in Hist. 178 A few weeks after Drake, Lane, and the rest of the colony set sail for England, a relief party sent by Raleigh arrived. c. Usually in form the Colonies (also with lower-case initial). (a) All the (former) British settlements and their territories abroad; the overseas possessions of the British Empire, esp. those (such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) with a large number of inhabitants of British birth or descent. Now either historical or with ironic or depreciative allusion to the former colonial status of the places so denoted. ΚΠ c1615 F. Bacon Advice to G. Villiers in Lett. (1872) VI. i. 22 The King will appoint Commissioners in the nature of a Council, who may superintend the works of this nature, and regulate what concerns the colonies. 1700 Let. to S.C.M. Member of Parl. from Inhabitant of Barbadoes 7 It has been always esteemed in England a very great Injustice to misapply any Fund, and no doubt the same Liberty and Justice extends it self to the Colonies. 1758 S. Johnson Idler 16 Dec. 289 A ship stored for a voyage to the Colonies. 1849 R. Cobden Speeches 69 Now, don't give faith to the idea..that self-government for the colonies is the same thing as dismemberment of the empire. 1888 Daily News 4 Jan. 2/3 Since our last telegram heavy rains have been general in the colonies. 1908 Daily Mail 6 Nov. 6/6 Our young men who go to the Colonies are apt to be what is vulgarly called ‘cocky,’ and the young Colonial, being somewhat of the same temperament, is inclined to resent the new chum from the old country who gives himself airs. 1987 K. Lette Girls' Night Out (1989) 204 ‘Known in the colonies, no doubt, for its pencils,’ the Shakespearean actor chortles. ‘Any lead in yours?’ you ask sweetly. 2018 ‘Akala’ Natives (2019) i. 7 No one told my grandparents and others over there in the colonies that most white Britons were actually poor. (b) The (former) British settlements and their territories in North America, esp. the thirteen that ratified the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and thereby became founding states of the US (also more fully (the) thirteen colonies). Now historical.The Thirteen Colonies were: Province of New Hampshire, Province of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, Province of Pennsylvania, Delaware Colony, Province of Maryland, Colony of Virginia, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, and Province of Georgia. ΚΠ 1650 E. Williams Virgo Triumphans To Parl. sig. B3^v The apparent danger all the Colonies may be in if this be not possessed by the English, to prevent the Spaniard, who already hath seated himself on the North of Florida, and on the back of Virginia. 1747 W. Douglass Summary State Brit. Settlements N.-Amer. I. iv. 217 In the Colonies their Revenue-Acts are generally annual. 1780 C. Polhill Refl. Short Hist. Opposition 19 Our Frigates are decaying, and our veteran Troops mouldering away, in a fruitless and unprogressive War against the Colonies. 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. vii. 423 Violent measures, by which the King hoped to curb the colonies. 1882 E. A. Freeman Lect. Amer. Audiences ii. iv. 320 The word provincial was, with a near approach to accuracy, often applied to your Thirteen Colonies, while they were still dependencies of Great Britain. 1948 Catholic Hist. Rev. 34 373 The American reader will appreciate the book more when he realizes that the British postal system was that of the colonies before independence. 1972 J. L. Dillard Black Eng. iii. 74 Wolof..seems to have a special lingua franca status among West African languages, in the thirteen colonies. 2000 A. Mason in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 129/2 Congregationalism was the leading church of New England, the legal establishment in some of the colonies. 4. A group living within, but distinguished from, the wider community; the place were such a group lives. a. A group of people of the same status, occupation, interest, etc., living permanently or temporarily among others. ΚΠ 1598 Bp. J. Hall Virgidemiarum: 3 Last Bks. v. i. 59 Were he as Furius, he would defie, Such pilfring slips of Pety land-lordrye. And might dislodge whole Collonyes of poore, And lay their roofe quite leuell with their floore. 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 32 A colony of criticall Zenos should they sinnow their sillogisticall cluster-fistes in one bundle to confute and disproue mouing. 1631 B. Jonson New Inne v. v. 98 Iuglers, and Gipseys,..Colonies of beggars, Tumblers, Ape-carriers. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 31. ¶3 To furnish us every Year with a Colony of Musicians. 1854 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes I. xxxv. 346 The broad-hatted,..velvet-jacketted, jovial colony of the artists. 1900 Amer. Lumberman 13 Jan. 32/1 Another important..concern is added to the city's colony of lumbermen. 1981 G. De Gregorio Joe DiMaggio xv. 222 It was only natural that he should take a place among the city's colony of celebrities. 2017 R. W. Cherny Victor Arnautoff & Politics of Art (e-book ed.) iv Though he maintained some contact with the city's Russian community, he threw himself fully into the life of the city's art colony. b. spec. A number of people of one nationality, race, ethnicity, or religion living in a foreign city or country, especially in one quarter or district. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > type of inhabitant generally > [noun] > distinct group within population colony1815 1815 L. Simond Jrnl. Tour Great Brit. II. 259 This one [sc.a no thoroughfare lane or court in London] is inhabited by a colony of Irish labourers, who fill every cellar and every garret, a family in each room. 1837 Handbk. Travellers in Southern Germany xiv. 319/1 There is a large colony of Jews here, who are settled in a quarter by themselves, in a back street. 1906 Charities & Commons 1 Sept. 533/1 In spite of the fact that New York's Italian colony numbers but few rich men, half of the required amount was raised in a fortnight. 1937 M. J. Seth Armenians in India (2005) iv. 196 There was an important Armenian colony at the Imperial City [sc. Delhi] in the early part of the 18th century. 2011 Independent 20 June (Viewspaper section) 7/2 Some of the English-language papers based in France seem to cater for this vocal minority, giving the impression of a colony of whingeing Brits suffering under what I'd call Gaston's law, which decrees that inveterate Francophobes always choose to buy their second home in France. c. The district or quarter of a town, city, etc., in which a number of people with a shared status (esp. a common nationality, race, ethnicity, or religion) live. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > inhabited by similar people quarter1798 colony1854 ghetto1892 1854 Ragged School Union Mag. Jan. 30 Oxford Street, Bedford, and Bloomsbury Squares have their ‘Rookery’ in Church Lane, St. Giles; Manchester and Portman Squares have their ‘Irish Colony’ in Calmel Buildings. 1889 Philadelphia Real Estate Rec. 11 Sept. 427/2 Many pits have..been found.., which may have been used..for the refuse of the slaughter houses in the butchers' colony, which from Saxon times existed close by in Moorgate street. 1890 A. Neubauer in M. Burrows Collectanea (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. iv. 285 The Dominicans came to Oxford in 1221, and established themselves in the very heart of the Jewish colony, on a tenement close to St. Edwards. 1906 N.Y. Times 24 Dec. 9/2 The Harlem Federation..has opened a settlement house in the heart of the Jewish colony on the upper east side. 1971 Swimming Pool Weekly 6 Sept. 28/3 Cultural highlights will involve a trip to the city's art colony in Sullivan Park. 2009 M. Dash First Family i. 38 [They] had become New Yorkers and now felt quite at home amid the teeming streets of the Italian colony. 5. A group of people living temporarily or permanently in one place (often away from the rest of the community) in order to pursue a particular lifestyle or pursuit, live under a particular political or religious system, etc.; the place where such a community is established. Frequently with modifying word, as in artists' colony, nudist colony, etc.In early use chiefly with reference to religious communities. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > type of inhabitant generally > [noun] > distinct group within population > separate from rest of community colony1656 society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [noun] > one who is separated or isolated > stranger or outsider > collective or group unthede?c1225 unledec1275 those (that are) without1525 colony1656 alienated1818 out-group1906 1656 Most Excellent & Rare Disc. Way to Kingdome 96 Those large Colonies of Monks, whose hypocrisie and craft is as open to all, as the holiness and simplicity of their Authours. 1743 Life St. Patrick 33 Pursuing his studies..among a Colony of Hermits and Monks, in some Islands of the Tuscan Sea. 1847 Hogg's Weekly Instructor 5 285 A thriving colony of Moravian brethren..who live in the communitarian style, and labour together for their common benefit. 1889 E. Dowson Let. 5 Mar. (1967) 46 A colony à la Thoreau, of ‘Hobby Horse’ people and a few elect outsiders each with a ‘belovèd’..where there will be leisure only for art and unrestrained sexual intercourse. 1929 M. Parmelee Nudity in Mod. Life xv. 231 While gymnosophists are not necessarily socialists or communists, these colonies furnish excellent opportunities for experiments along communistic lines. 1935 C. Odets Waiting for Lefty in Six Plays (1939) 30 What's the boss class tryin' to do—make a nudist colony outa us? 1969 Guardian 14 Aug. 9/2 The growth of colony holidays for children. 2000 H. Topliss Earth, Fire, Water, Air Introd. 1 At Moly, which had been established as an artists' colony in 1927 by the French cubist painter Albert Gleizes and his wife, she took up her life's work. 2019 New Yorker 21 Jan. 35/2 The family moved to Roosevelt Island, as part of a social experiment to establish an economically diverse colony on ‘Welfare Island.’ 6. a. A settlement or establishment (esp. a farm) in which persons, esp. those who are otherwise unemployed or unemployable, are engaged to work or are trained for some occupation, trade, etc. Now historical.Many of the farming and labour colonies founded in the 19th cent. to house and train people (esp. the urban poor) who could not support themselves were based upon or took their inspiration from the establishments of this type founded in the Netherlands by Johannes van den Bosch and his Society of Humanitarianism from 1818 onwards. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre training school1712 training department1819 colony1821 training home1852 adult training school1853 training centre1864 skill centre1963 1821 W. H. Saunders Addr. Imperial Parl. abolishing Poor Laws 39 In forming colonies, the first grand object should be, to impress the poor with a conviction that they are about to have some stage in society, for which they may feel satisfied to submit to the regulations. 1856 Let. 30 Sept. in Class A: Corr. Brit. Commissioners relating to Slave Trade 72 in Parl. Papers (1857) XLIV. 1 An establishment should be formed to serve as a kind of model colony or farm, for the reception of future libertos, by which a succession of practical agricultural labourers might be supplied. 1896 J. A. Hobson Probl. Unemployed 131 The proposals for the establishment of farm colonies and other labour colonies. Various colonies of different types where the labour is chiefly employed in cultivation of the land exist already in England or on the continent. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 838/2 Labour colonies are of two kinds, voluntary and compulsory. The voluntary colonies..are managed by philanthropic societies. 2017 B. Arneil Domest. Colonies iii. 59 Booth established a 3200-acre farm labour colony at Hadleigh, Essex in 1891, along with five city colonies and eighteen labour bureaux in London, all designed to feed people into the farm colony. b. A settlement or establishment for the accommodation or confinement of a group excluded or ostracized from the rest of the community, such as convicted criminals, those with a disease believed to be infectious, political dissidents, etc. Often with modifying word, e.g. leper colony (cf. leper n.² and adj. Compounds 1). ΚΠ 1861 E. A. Beaufort Egyptian Sepulchres I. vii. 147 A short detour in returning brought us by the Leper colony, encamped among the caves of a wilder and less cultivated valley. 1878 National Repository May 443/1 A long and sad procession..of prisoners on their way to the felons' colony in Siberia. 1950 S. J. Perelman Swiss Family Perelman i. 9 Reports that we were actually bound for the leper colony at Molokai. 2003 Nation (N.Y.) 13 Oct. 26/1 The gulag, Stalin's network of forced-labor camps, prisons, colonies, exile villages. 7. Now chiefly South Asian. Originally and chiefly: a housing estate, esp. one constructed by an employer or organization for its workers. In later use also: any housing estate or residential community, esp. one surrounded by a closed perimeter of fences and walls. Frequently with modifying word, as housing colony, residential colony, staff colony, etc. ΚΠ 1880 Staffs. Daily Sentinel 19 May Nowhere in England did so many working people possess their own houses... He pointed to..the suburbs of Hanley, where entirely new colonies had been created mostly by the members of building societies. 1885 Daily News 4 Nov. 5/6 The freehold ‘colonies’ [in the Potteries]..show no mean taste in architecture and decoration. 1886 Amer. Architect & Building News 1 May 207/2 A desire not to have the colonies extend too far away from the works, decided Herr Krupp not to adopt the cottage system for his houses. 1920 Times of India 24 Feb. 10/2 A school, a creche, a dispensary and a reading room will also be provided in this colony. 1981 Indian Jrnl. Industr. Relations 16 388 [Amenities] include provision of better toilets..in the staff colonies. 1997 V. Chandra Love & Longing in Bombay (1998) 134 Katekar was waiting at the end of the lane when he reached the Narayan Housing Colony. 2017 Daily Times (Pakistan) (Nexis) 8 Mar. The lands are reserved for the construction of schools, hospitals and residential colonies. II. In scientific and technical senses. 8. Biology. a. A group of animals of the same kind that establishes itself as an offshoot of another group or population, esp. in a new locality; esp. (in early use) a swarm of bees that separates from those in the original nest or hive and moves to a new location.In quot. 1774: a hydroid polyp formed as a bud or offshoot of a larger one.Originally a transferred use of sense 3 (cf. colonize v.). As used of bees, later displaced by sense 10a. ΚΠ 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 181 They..doo..disdayne the gouernment..of the old Bee..when the swarmes be great and lusty, and that the old stagers are disposed to send abroade their Colonies [L. veteres emittere progeniem volunt in coloniam]. 1655 S. Hartlib Reformed Common-wealth Bees 13 As soon as the Bees resolve to send out no more Colonies, they fall upon the Drones and kill them. 1760 Life & Adventures of Cat 6 The other species are as fond of forming colonies are we are. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. ii. 25 Every polypus has a new colony sprouting from its body; and these new ones, even while attached to the parent animal, become parents themselves, having a smaller colony also budding from them. 1815 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. I. viii. 230 Ants will sometimes plant their colonies in our kitchens (I have known the horse-ant, Formica rufa, do this). 1875 Overland Monthly 14 566/2 Here in the city of San Francisco is established a colony..of English sparrows. 1979 C. Milne Path through Trees II. iii. iii. 254 He..had had the idea of taking half a dozen of these caterpillars home with him in the hope that they might hatch and breed and so establish a colony there. 2008 Thames & Solent News (National Trust) Autumn 4/3 A small colony of an Italian snail, Papillifera papillaris, has been discovered for the first time in Britain at Cliveden in Buckinghamshire, more than 100 years after they arrived in the UK. b. Originally: a group of plants belonging to one or more species that is colonizing or has colonized a new locality (now rare). Also more generally: a group of plants of one or more species living together in a locality.Originally a transferred use of sense 3. In some instances not wholly distinct from sense 10b. ΚΠ 1834 H. Murray et al. Encycl. Geogr. ii. iii. i. 238 Many low perennial and herbaceous vegetables are overpowered by a colony of taller shrubs. 1874 J. T. Moggridge Contrib. Flora Mentone (ed. 3) §3. Plate XXIX Near Antibes, a whole colony of doubtful species grow in the meadows. 1916 F. E. Clements Plant Succession v. 79 In a primary area the reaction is exerted by each pioneer alone, and is then augmented by the family or colony. 1938 J. E. Weaver & F. E. Clements Plant Ecol. (ed. 2) iv. 103 As the individuals of a family become more numerous..adjacent families merge..such an initial community is called a colony. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants xv. 467 Shrubs may form a group of genets and what appears to be a single establishment may be a multiple colony. 2000 G. S. Hartshorn in M. G. Barbour & W. D. Billings N. Amer. Terrestr. Vegetation (ed. 2) 683/1 Cyathea does not support the dense colonies of epiphytic native plant species that often colonize the trunks of tree ferns. 2010 Daily Tel. 25 Mar. 22/3 Only two colonies of starved wood sedge exist, in Surrey and Somerset. †9. A beehive in the form of a wooden box (as distinct from the older kind made of straw). Obsolete. ΚΠ 1675 London Gaz. No. 987/4 A new Invention for the Improvement of Bees, by certain Bee-houses and Colonies. 1712 J. Warder True Amazons 110 To keep Bees in Boxes or Colonies. 10. a. Zoology. A group of animals, usually of the same species, which live or breed in close proximity, typically in relatively large numbers, and exhibit a degree of behavioural interaction or interdependence; (also) the nesting or roosting site of such a group.The term colony is applied to a wide range of animal communities, from the highly organized societies of eusocial insects to the gatherings of seals, bats, or birds for roosting or breeding (sometimes including more than one species). In some eusocial animals, individuals in a colony may show differentiation of function, but they remain physically separate individuals (in distinction from sense 10b). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animals collectively > [noun] > group (of same species) herdc1275 kennel1641 gang1657 colony1712 society1752 society1772 mores1911 1712 J. Warder True Amazons 111 For if your Boxes were exposed naked to the Beams of the Sun, it would melt the Honey and Wax too, and so ruin the Colony. 1791 R. Townley Jrnl. kept Isle of Man I. 53 Whilst there, we discovered (and dislodged from behind the pulpit) by much the largest colony of bats I ever saw. 1841 C. Dickens Barnaby Rudge i. 230 Colonies of sparrows chirped..in the eaves. 1850 R. Gordon-Cumming Five Years Hunter's Life S. Afr. I. v. 103 The whole ground was undermined with the holes of colonies of meercat or mouse-hunts. 1871 Appletons' Jrnl. 6 July 49/1 His entomological collection..had furnished a grand feast for a colony of termites. 1919 A. C. Bent Life Hist. N. Amer. Diving Birds 175 The [common] murres and Brünnich's murres were nesting in mixed colonies, arranged in long rows along the narrower ledges. 1953 N. Tinbergen Herring Gull's World ix. 82 Colour-ringed gulls returned to the colony for several seasons. 1998 Jrnl. Zool. 246 259 Inter-male aggressive encounters were examined at three grey seal breeding colonies that differed in topography, adult dispersion patterns and operational sex ratios. 2017 New Scientist 9 Sept. 16/4 When honeybees gather pollen as food for the entire colony, they pollinate plants. b. Biology. An aggregate of individual organisms (of the same species) of any kind that are physically linked together to form a connected structure, with physiological interdependence and sometimes differentiation of function between the constituent individuals.In early use, not wholly distinct from sense 8a (cf. quot. 1774 at that sense).True colonies (as distinct from social assemblages of separate individuals, as in sense 10a; cf. social adj. 6b) are formed by a range of invertebrate animals such as ascidians, corals, siphonophores, and bryzoans, and also exist in plants and fungi; in many cases the constituent individuals are genetic clones. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > aggregate or colony colony1808 triad1876 pseudoplasmodium1892 1808 J. Parkinson Org. Remains Former World II. ix. 49 When one area of its curious stellated fabric was completed, by the labour of its polypean inhabitants, another colony laid the foundation of another city on some part of the former surface. 1824 tr. J. V. F. Lamouroux Corallina Introd. p. vi Notwithstanding this involuntary attachment to the colony, each individual possessing a life peculiar to itself, and distinct from the rest of the colony, all the polypi of a Polypidom participate in its existence. 1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 725 [In the colonial Anthozoa] the zooids..then usually form a massive colony in which the individuals are united by a plentiful common basis or cœnosarc. 1979 D. Attenborough Life on Earth (1981) 26 Size, however, can be achieved in a different way—by grouping cells together in an organised colony. One species that has done this is Volvox. 1995 J. Eastman Bk. Swamp & Bog 226 These plants also reproduce from slender rhizomes that creep undergound, thus creating clonal colonies. 2014 E. Kolbert Sixth Extinction vii. 142 Bleached [coral] colonies stop growing and, if the damage is severe enough, die. c. Biology. A discrete group or aggregate of cells or single-celled organisms, typically growing on a solid medium and often forming a clone. ΚΠ 1873 Med. Rec. (N.Y.) 1 Jan. 227/1 The septic micrococcus first forms balls of granules on the layer of gelatine, where it is exposed to the air; then the greater number form colonies of bacteria. 1919 Papers Dept. Marine Biol. Carnegie Inst. 13 16 The giant tubercle cells have been shown to be pure colonies of endothelial macrophages. 1977 Ann. Internal Med. 86 569/2 Anaerobic bacteria were identified by colony morphology. 1988 F. Crick What Mad Pursuit (1990) xii. 127 Where a single phage had landed and infected a cell, a colony of phage will grow, killing the local bacteria as it does so. 2004 Philadelphia Inquirer 13 June e1/5 In Pennsylvania, the state's abortion-control law was interpreted by the Ridge administration to forbid the creation of human embryonic stem-cell colonies. 11. Geology. J. Barrande's term for: a group of fossil forms appearing exceptionally in a formation other than that of which they are characteristic. Now historical. ΚΠ 1851 Rep. 20th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1850 Notices & Abstr. 98 M. Barrande has given the name of ‘colony’ to the peculiar fossils thus buried at great depths in the lower Silurian rocks—a denomination which at once indicates his opinion of their origin. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species x. 313 The so-called ‘colonies’ of M. Barrande, which intrude for a period in the midst of an older formation and then allow the pre-existing fauna to reappear. 2007 A. Carneiro in P. Jackson Four Cent. Geol. Trav. 122/2 The theory of colonies was a strong argument in favour of Darwinian evolution. Compounds C1. As a modifier, with the sense ‘of, relating to, or belonging to a colony (in various senses)’; = colonial adj. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [adjective] > relating to former British colonies colony1637 provincial1676 colonial1766 colonial1776 1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan iii. xxxi. 186 Like the Colony servant in Virginea. 1661 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1893) II. 138 Colony prison. 1733 in J. H. Trumbull Public Rec. Colony of Connecticut (1873) VII. 461 Colony treasurer. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations II. iv. vii. 198 The colony trade has been continually increasing. View more context for this quotation 1780 E. Burke Speech Oeconomical Reformation 70 In the management of the colony politics. 1857 E. Stone Life Howland i. 33 Repairs of bridges on the great colony road. 1857 E. Stone Life Howland i. 33 The distinction of colony roads and town roads should cease. 1931 Hobbies Apr. 36/2 The best collection of English and colony stamps in the world. 1999 J. S. Jeffers Greco-Roman World of New Test. Era vi. 116 Colony citizens..were exempt from tribute and most forms of taxation. 2011 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 June 64/1 Essentially the colony period was seen as a prelude..to the achievement of independence by the thirteen mainland colonies from British imperial domination. C2. colony collapse disorder n. the sudden disappearance of the majority of worker bees in a colony; abbreviated CCD.The causes of the phenomenon are unclear, though many possible contributory factors have been proposed, such as viral or parasitic disease, pesticide poisoning, and stress from changes to the habitat. ΚΠ 2007 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD Working Group) in www.beekeeping.com (accessed 6 Jan. 2016) The following report references Fall Dwindle Disease. This name has been changed to Colony Collapse Disorder. 2011 T. Cole Open City (2012) xvii. 199 Moji said she'd read something about the phenomenon, that it was called colony collapse disorder. 2016 Buffalo News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 1 Jan. c25 It's unfortunate that it took colony collapse disorder for many people to catch on, but people are generally valuing honey bees and pollinator gardens are in. colony counter n. Microbiology a device used in laboratories to count or aid in counting colonies of cells growing on a gel growth medium. ΚΠ 1890 Odontographic Jrnl. Oct. 178 In making a comparative count of colonies of bacteria two things are desirable—an Esmarch tube and a colony counter. 1949 Jrnl. Hygiene 47 274/1 After 24 hr. at 37° C. the number of colonies was counted with the aid of an automatic colony counter. 2003 A. E. Yousef & C. Carlstrom Food Microbiol. i. i. 9 Colony counters..provide background lighting and magnification so that small colonies are not missed. colony-forming unit n. Microbiology a viable cell or group of cells that is capable of forming a colony (see sense 10c); abbreviated CFU.Colony-forming units are used to estimate the number of viable cells in a sample because it is usually unclear whether a single colony arose from one cell or a group of cells. ΚΠ 1938 Jrnl. Hygiene 38 745 In mixtures containing small inocula, fallaciously large degrees of bactericidal power are unlikely to occur as the result of mechanical aggregation of colony forming units. 2000 N. Y. Farkye in R. K. Robinson et al. Encycl. Food Microbiol. 383/1 The viable cell population used for cheese-making ranges from 10⁵ to 10⁷ colony forming units (cfu) per millilitre. colony-stimulating factor n. Biochemistry any of a group of secreted glycoproteins that bind to the surface of haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and induce them to divide and differentiate into a specific type of blood cell; abbreviated CSF. ΚΠ 1967 Jrnl. Cell. Physiol. 69 86/2 Different sera containing different levels of colony stimulating factor(s). 1990 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 17 Oct. c3/1 Clinical trials suggest that colony stimulating factors can help cancer patients recover more quickly from chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants. 2000 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 181 1148 Thirty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients..were randomized to receive either placebo or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; 0.3 mg/ML 3 times a week) for 12 weeks. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022). † colonyv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: colony n. Etymology: < colony n. Compare earlier colonize v. Obsolete. transitive. To settle in or occupy (a place) as colonists; to establish a colony in; to colonize. In earliest use figurative. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > colonizing > colonize (a place) [verb (transitive)] inhabit1390 planta1513 colonizea1626 colony1649 seat1684 settle1702 colonialize1971 1649 H. King Groane at Funerall Charles I 4 Such black Attendants Colonied Thy Cell, But for thy Presence, Car'sbrooke had been Hell. 1655 R. Fanshawe tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad iv. ix. 76 The noble Island (which was colonied [Port. habitavam] Sometime by Tryians) was not wanting here, Who, on their Banners in those days of yore The famous Pillars of Alcides bore. ?1790 G. H. Maynard Contin. Hist. Jews i. in tr. Josephus Wks. (new ed.) 556 The old religion was abolished in this province, which he had colonied with new inhabitants. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022). < n.c1384v.1649
随便看	complotting complottingly complusment complutense complutensian complutensian polyglot compluvia compluvium compluviums comply comply away comply with complying complyingly compo compo pack compo rations compo tea compoer compolitize componderate compone componed componency component

colonyn.

Compounds

† colonyv.