agonizev.

Brit.

/ˈaɡənʌɪz/, U.S.

/ˈæɡəˌnaɪz/

Forms: 1500s agonyse, 1500s– agonise, 1500s– agonize.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French agonizer; Latin agonizare.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French agonizer, Middle French, French agoniser to struggle or exert oneself strenuously (especially in combat or in training for combat) (2nd half of the 14th cent.), to struggle against death, to be in the throes of death (1392), to suffer agony (15th cent.), (of a thought, emotion, etc.) to torment (someone) mentally (1496), to be anxious (1611 in Cotgrave), to heap insults upon (a person) (1743), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin agonizare (also agonizari) to struggle, fight (Vetus Latina), to suffer death pangs, especially in martyrdom (from 7th or 8th cent. in British sources) < ancient Greek ἀγωνίζεσθαι to contend for a prize, to struggle < ἀγων agon n. + -ίζεσθαι -ize suffix. Compare Catalan agonitzar (1653), Spanish agonizar (c1400), Portuguese agonizar (16th cent.), Italian agonizzare (2nd half of the 17th cent. or earlier).In Latin and the Romance languages transitive use is rare. Sense 2 may partly reflect association with agony n. and -ize suffix. Compare also Dutch agoniseren (2nd half of the 16th cent.), German agonisieren (1st half of the 16th cent. as agonizeren), both < French.

1. intransitive. To contend in the sporting arena, to wrestle (usually in figurative contexts: cf. sense 4); to struggle or exert oneself strenuously.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > make strenuous efforts > in face of difficulties

wring1470

warslea1500

contend?1518

agonize1570

wrestle1591

struggle1597

throe1615

pull1676

sprattle1786

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 693/1 Some geuer and benefactour to the popishe clergye, or mainteyner agonisyng for the dignities & liberties of y^e popishe churche.

1595 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1908) 5 360 Especially such as are fightinge & agonizinge for Godes glory and goode quarrelles.

1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Agonize, to play the Champion.

1713 Ld. Shaftesbury Notion Hist. Draught Judgm. Hercules i. 7 He agonizes, and with all his strength of Reason endeavours to overcome himself.

1843 Protestantism Endangered i. 21 It is the part of foolish children to contend for trifles, and it were folly to agonize for that which is base and valueless.

1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvi. 347 The nation agonizes this hour to recognize man as man.

1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xxxiv. 123 [Paul] most earnestly entreats the Romans..to agonise with him in their prayers to God.

1908 C. E. Bradt in D. McConaughy World Call to Men of Today xl. 249 No one ever had a true ideal who did not pray, strive, agonize to attain that ideal.

1946 R. Graves Poems 1938–45 25 When the pines agonized with flaws of wind And flowers glared up at her with frantic eyes.

1999 R. W. Floyd How to Pray ii. vi. 70 He contended for the faith just like an athlete agonizes to cross the finish line, stretching every nerve and muscle to that mark of completion.

2. transitive. To subject to physical or mental agony, to torture. Also intransitive with object implied.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > torture > [verb (transitive)]

bethrowOE

tintreghec1175

tormentc1290

pinse?c1335

anguisha1425

pincha1425

to put to (the) torture1551

agonize1570

torture1594

scorchc1595

flay1782

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > cause anguish to or torment [verb (transitive)]

quelmeOE

eatc1000

martyrOE

fretc1175

woundc1175

to-fret?c1225

gnawc1230

to-traya1250

torment1297

renda1333

anguish1340

grindc1350

wringc1374

debreakc1384

ofpinec1390

rivea1400

urn1488

reboil1528

whip1530

cruciate1532

pinch1548

spur-galla1555

agonize1570

rack1576

cut1582

excruciate1590

scorchc1595

discruciate1596

butcher1597

split1597

torture1598

lacerate1600

harrow1603

hell1614

to eat upa1616

arrow1628

martyrize1652

percruciate1656

tear1666

crucify1702

flay1782

wrench1798

kill1800

to cut up1843

1570 [implied in: J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 693/1 What poore lay man or lay woman, were their lyues neuer so Christian, their faith and confession neuer so pure, theyr death neuer so agonysing for the witnes of Christ.].

1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses (new ed.) i. sig. Fvii And seyng her thus agonized..he demaunded of her, the cause thereof.

1596 A. Copley Fig for Fortune 11 Th' injurious Gallant in his Commick-braue I agonize with vnexspected bale.

1599 T. Bilson Effect Certaine Serm. 19 Respect of his persecutors could thus agonize him.

a1618 J. Sylvester tr. G. Fracastoro Maidens Blush in tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Diuine Weekes & Wks. (1621) 823 Or whom some Serpents sting doth agonize.

1666 W. Austin Ἐπιλοίμια Ἔπη: Anat. Pestilence iii. 78 How often hath..Blow struck to kill or agonize the heart, Brought life and cure to some apostem'd part!

1740 I. Watts Ruin & Recovery of Mankind App. 328 If all these wide and dismal Scenes could be grasp'd in one View, by any Mortal of a tender and compassionate Make, perhaps it would agonize his better Powers into Confusion and Phrenzy.

a1791 F. Hopkinson Misc. Ess. & Occas. Writings (1792) III. 41 Death's cold pangs shall agonize no more.

1799 R. B. Sheridan Pizarro iv. ii The sharpest tortures that ever agonized the human frame.

a1853 F. W. Robertson Serm. (1876) 4th Ser. xvii. 220 This power of sin to agonize is traced to the law.

1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh vii. 281 I will not let thy hideous secret out To agonise the man I love.

1904 A. C. Bradley Shakespearean Trag. iv. 139 In doing this he [sc. Hamlet] is agonising his mother to no purpose.

1927 C. S. Churchill Let. 29 Jan. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) xiii. 307 It is a great fault in me that small things should have the power to harass & agonise me.

1976 Jrnl. Techn. Writing & Communication 6 7 Grant applications, he admitted, agonized his entire scientific life.

2001 B. Stableford Eleventh Hour (2002) xxxvi. 215 The impact of a hard stair-edge against his rib-cage agonised the nerves.

3. intransitive. To suffer agony physically; to writhe in pain or anguish; to experience the throes of death.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > suffer or cause type of pain [verb (intransitive)] > be severe > suffer agony or torment

smoke1548

agonize1601

1601 T. Lodge tr. Luis de Granada Flowers I. v. f. 33 These vnhappy wretches.., agonizing, and fighting alwaies with death.

1733 A. Pope Ess. Man i. 224 To smart and agonize at ev'ry pore.

1762 W. Falconer Shipwreck i. 4 While dying victims agonize in pain.

1810 T. Maurice Hist. Hindostan (1820) I. i. xiii. 519 The dreadful catastrophe in which nature agonized, and a world was destroyed.

1847 Friend 27 Mar. 212/1 The anatomist makes the writhing animal agonise under his torturing hand.

1887 G. Meredith Ballads & Poems 100 So the Empire built of scorn, Agonized, dissolved, and sank.

1922 Bookman Dec. 168/1 Mr. Gibson's dramatic narrative of four generations who are born and agonise and die in and about the lonely cottage of Krindlesyke on the bleak Northumbrian fells.

1952 S. Plath Jrnl. 15 May (2000) 104 We poor lustful humans, caged by mores, chained by circumstance, writhe and agonize with the appalling and demanding fire licking always at our loins.

2002 P. Nakitare I Shall Walk Alone (2008) iv. 67 As he agonised in pain and fought off the chill of the night, Mwache was very bitter about the suffering he was undergoing.

4. intransitive (a) To struggle mentally or spiritually; to experience great mental anguish. (b) In weakened sense: to worry intensely, to struggle to reach a decision; (also, now somewhat dated) to strain for effect. With over, about.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > manifestation of emotion > manifest itself [verb (intransitive)] > exhibit emotion

agonize1602

flow1677

gush1864

breast-beat1931

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > worry > be worried [verb (intransitive)]

to annoy of?c1400

fret1551

moil1567

ferret1807

worrit1854

worry1860

whittle1880

fidget1884

agonize1915

to worry (oneself), be worried, sick1952

to stress out1983

stress1988

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > form judgement, decide [verb (intransitive)] > with difficulty

agonize1973

angst1989

1602 W. Leygh Sovles Solace 60 in W. Harrison Deaths Advantage (ed. 2) The cup of bitter affliction whereof he tasted, agonizing in the garden.

1706 J. Evelyn Silva (ed. 4) iii. iii. 219 That's nothing for Age to the Olive, under which our blessed Saviour Agonized.

1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 352 The poor forsee famine, and consequential disease: the humane tacksmen agonize over distresses, that inability, not want of inclination, deprives them of the power of remedying.

a1817 T. Dwight Theol. (1818) II. xxxiii. 26 Can human perfection be the result of a benevolence,..which agonizes over imagined sufferers in Japan, but can neither see, nor hear, real ones at its own door.

1872 G. MacDonald Wilfrid Cumbermede I. xv. 246 I might agonize in words for a day and I should not express the delight.

1915 H. de Sélincourt Realms of Day iii. 21 She refused to agonise over what she might have said or over what impression her actual words would be likely to make upon his mind.

1920 Reedy's Mirror 19 Aug. 648/4 When Lady Isobel agonized over whether she would or wouldn't elope with the villainous Sir Thomas, [etc.].

1942 Life 11 May 24/3 So it was high time for the people of the United States to..quit agonizing about their future interest in baseball.

1973 Times 24 May 8/6 Mr Hoover had troubles of his own while the White House was agonizing over the Pentagon Papers.

2007 J. Rosen Supreme Court 14 He has a self-dramatizing tendency that leads him to agonize about cases, in public and private.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	agonize
释义	agonizev. Brit. /ˈaɡənʌɪz/, U.S. /ˈæɡəˌnaɪz/ Forms: 1500s agonyse, 1500s– agonise, 1500s– agonize. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French agonizer; Latin agonizare. Etymology: < (i) Middle French agonizer, Middle French, French agoniser to struggle or exert oneself strenuously (especially in combat or in training for combat) (2nd half of the 14th cent.), to struggle against death, to be in the throes of death (1392), to suffer agony (15th cent.), (of a thought, emotion, etc.) to torment (someone) mentally (1496), to be anxious (1611 in Cotgrave), to heap insults upon (a person) (1743), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin agonizare (also agonizari) to struggle, fight (Vetus Latina), to suffer death pangs, especially in martyrdom (from 7th or 8th cent. in British sources) < ancient Greek ἀγωνίζεσθαι to contend for a prize, to struggle < ἀγων agon n. + -ίζεσθαι -ize suffix. Compare Catalan agonitzar (1653), Spanish agonizar (c1400), Portuguese agonizar (16th cent.), Italian agonizzare (2nd half of the 17th cent. or earlier).In Latin and the Romance languages transitive use is rare. Sense 2 may partly reflect association with agony n. and -ize suffix. Compare also Dutch agoniseren (2nd half of the 16th cent.), German agonisieren (1st half of the 16th cent. as agonizeren), both < French. 1. intransitive. To contend in the sporting arena, to wrestle (usually in figurative contexts: cf. sense 4); to struggle or exert oneself strenuously. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > make strenuous efforts > in face of difficulties wring1470 warslea1500 contend?1518 agonize1570 wrestle1591 struggle1597 throe1615 pull1676 sprattle1786 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 693/1 Some geuer and benefactour to the popishe clergye, or mainteyner agonisyng for the dignities & liberties of y^e popishe churche. 1595 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1908) 5 360 Especially such as are fightinge & agonizinge for Godes glory and goode quarrelles. 1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Agonize, to play the Champion. 1713 Ld. Shaftesbury Notion Hist. Draught Judgm. Hercules i. 7 He agonizes, and with all his strength of Reason endeavours to overcome himself. 1843 Protestantism Endangered i. 21 It is the part of foolish children to contend for trifles, and it were folly to agonize for that which is base and valueless. 1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvi. 347 The nation agonizes this hour to recognize man as man. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xxxiv. 123 [Paul] most earnestly entreats the Romans..to agonise with him in their prayers to God. 1908 C. E. Bradt in D. McConaughy World Call to Men of Today xl. 249 No one ever had a true ideal who did not pray, strive, agonize to attain that ideal. 1946 R. Graves Poems 1938–45 25 When the pines agonized with flaws of wind And flowers glared up at her with frantic eyes. 1999 R. W. Floyd How to Pray ii. vi. 70 He contended for the faith just like an athlete agonizes to cross the finish line, stretching every nerve and muscle to that mark of completion. 2. transitive. To subject to physical or mental agony, to torture. Also intransitive with object implied. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > torture > [verb (transitive)] bethrowOE tintreghec1175 tormentc1290 pinse?c1335 anguisha1425 pincha1425 to put to (the) torture1551 agonize1570 torture1594 scorchc1595 flay1782 the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > cause anguish to or torment [verb (transitive)] quelmeOE eatc1000 martyrOE fretc1175 woundc1175 to-fret?c1225 gnawc1230 to-traya1250 torment1297 renda1333 anguish1340 grindc1350 wringc1374 debreakc1384 ofpinec1390 rivea1400 urn1488 reboil1528 whip1530 cruciate1532 pinch1548 spur-galla1555 agonize1570 rack1576 cut1582 excruciate1590 scorchc1595 discruciate1596 butcher1597 split1597 torture1598 lacerate1600 harrow1603 hell1614 to eat upa1616 arrow1628 martyrize1652 percruciate1656 tear1666 crucify1702 flay1782 wrench1798 kill1800 to cut up1843 1570 [implied in: J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 693/1 What poore lay man or lay woman, were their lyues neuer so Christian, their faith and confession neuer so pure, theyr death neuer so agonysing for the witnes of Christ.]. 1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses (new ed.) i. sig. Fvii And seyng her thus agonized..he demaunded of her, the cause thereof. 1596 A. Copley Fig for Fortune 11 Th' injurious Gallant in his Commick-braue I agonize with vnexspected bale. 1599 T. Bilson Effect Certaine Serm. 19 Respect of his persecutors could thus agonize him. a1618 J. Sylvester tr. G. Fracastoro Maidens Blush in tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Diuine Weekes & Wks. (1621) 823 Or whom some Serpents sting doth agonize. 1666 W. Austin Ἐπιλοίμια Ἔπη: Anat. Pestilence iii. 78 How often hath..Blow struck to kill or agonize the heart, Brought life and cure to some apostem'd part! 1740 I. Watts Ruin & Recovery of Mankind App. 328 If all these wide and dismal Scenes could be grasp'd in one View, by any Mortal of a tender and compassionate Make, perhaps it would agonize his better Powers into Confusion and Phrenzy. a1791 F. Hopkinson Misc. Ess. & Occas. Writings (1792) III. 41 Death's cold pangs shall agonize no more. 1799 R. B. Sheridan Pizarro iv. ii The sharpest tortures that ever agonized the human frame. a1853 F. W. Robertson Serm. (1876) 4th Ser. xvii. 220 This power of sin to agonize is traced to the law. 1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh vii. 281 I will not let thy hideous secret out To agonise the man I love. 1904 A. C. Bradley Shakespearean Trag. iv. 139 In doing this he [sc. Hamlet] is agonising his mother to no purpose. 1927 C. S. Churchill Let. 29 Jan. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) xiii. 307 It is a great fault in me that small things should have the power to harass & agonise me. 1976 Jrnl. Techn. Writing & Communication 6 7 Grant applications, he admitted, agonized his entire scientific life. 2001 B. Stableford Eleventh Hour (2002) xxxvi. 215 The impact of a hard stair-edge against his rib-cage agonised the nerves. 3. intransitive. To suffer agony physically; to writhe in pain or anguish; to experience the throes of death. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > suffer or cause type of pain [verb (intransitive)] > be severe > suffer agony or torment smoke1548 agonize1601 1601 T. Lodge tr. Luis de Granada Flowers I. v. f. 33 These vnhappy wretches.., agonizing, and fighting alwaies with death. 1733 A. Pope Ess. Man i. 224 To smart and agonize at ev'ry pore. 1762 W. Falconer Shipwreck i. 4 While dying victims agonize in pain. 1810 T. Maurice Hist. Hindostan (1820) I. i. xiii. 519 The dreadful catastrophe in which nature agonized, and a world was destroyed. 1847 Friend 27 Mar. 212/1 The anatomist makes the writhing animal agonise under his torturing hand. 1887 G. Meredith Ballads & Poems 100 So the Empire built of scorn, Agonized, dissolved, and sank. 1922 Bookman Dec. 168/1 Mr. Gibson's dramatic narrative of four generations who are born and agonise and die in and about the lonely cottage of Krindlesyke on the bleak Northumbrian fells. 1952 S. Plath Jrnl. 15 May (2000) 104 We poor lustful humans, caged by mores, chained by circumstance, writhe and agonize with the appalling and demanding fire licking always at our loins. 2002 P. Nakitare I Shall Walk Alone (2008) iv. 67 As he agonised in pain and fought off the chill of the night, Mwache was very bitter about the suffering he was undergoing. 4. intransitive (a) To struggle mentally or spiritually; to experience great mental anguish. (b) In weakened sense: to worry intensely, to struggle to reach a decision; (also, now somewhat dated) to strain for effect. With over, about. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > manifestation of emotion > manifest itself [verb (intransitive)] > exhibit emotion agonize1602 flow1677 gush1864 breast-beat1931 the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > worry > be worried [verb (intransitive)] to annoy of?c1400 fret1551 moil1567 ferret1807 worrit1854 worry1860 whittle1880 fidget1884 agonize1915 to worry (oneself), be worried, sick1952 to stress out1983 stress1988 the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > form judgement, decide [verb (intransitive)] > with difficulty agonize1973 angst1989 1602 W. Leygh Sovles Solace 60 in W. Harrison Deaths Advantage (ed. 2) The cup of bitter affliction whereof he tasted, agonizing in the garden. 1706 J. Evelyn Silva (ed. 4) iii. iii. 219 That's nothing for Age to the Olive, under which our blessed Saviour Agonized. 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 352 The poor forsee famine, and consequential disease: the humane tacksmen agonize over distresses, that inability, not want of inclination, deprives them of the power of remedying. a1817 T. Dwight Theol. (1818) II. xxxiii. 26 Can human perfection be the result of a benevolence,..which agonizes over imagined sufferers in Japan, but can neither see, nor hear, real ones at its own door. 1872 G. MacDonald Wilfrid Cumbermede I. xv. 246 I might agonize in words for a day and I should not express the delight. 1915 H. de Sélincourt Realms of Day iii. 21 She refused to agonise over what she might have said or over what impression her actual words would be likely to make upon his mind. 1920 Reedy's Mirror 19 Aug. 648/4 When Lady Isobel agonized over whether she would or wouldn't elope with the villainous Sir Thomas, [etc.]. 1942 Life 11 May 24/3 So it was high time for the people of the United States to..quit agonizing about their future interest in baseball. 1973 Times 24 May 8/6 Mr Hoover had troubles of his own while the White House was agonizing over the Pentagon Papers. 2007 J. Rosen Supreme Court 14 He has a self-dramatizing tendency that leads him to agonize about cases, in public and private. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < v.1570
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