comelingn.

Brit.

/ˈkʌmlɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈkəmlɪŋ/

Forms:

α. Middle English comelinge, Middle English comelyng, Middle English comelynge, Middle English comlyng, Middle English comlynge, Middle English commeling, Middle English commelyng, Middle English commlyng, Middle English cumbling (northern), Middle English cumelyng, Middle English cumling, Middle English cumlinge, Middle English cumlyng, Middle English cumlynge, Middle English komelyng, Middle English komelynge, Middle English komlyng, Middle English kumeling, Middle English 1600s cumeling, Middle English–1500s comling, Middle English– comeling; English regional 1800s cumlin (Yorkshire); Scottish pre-1700 cumlyne, 1800s cumlin.

β. Middle English kemelyng, Middle English kymlynge, 1800s kimling (English regional (Dorset)); N.E.D. (1891) also records a form early Middle English kymeling.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old High German komeling stranger (also -kumiling , in zuokumiling ; Middle High German komelinc newcomer) < the Germanic base of come n.¹ or come v. + the Germanic base of -ling suffix¹.In Germanic, -ling suffix¹ was not normally combined with verbs (examples appear to be very rare and allow of alternative explanations). With the possible derivation from come n.¹, compare Old Icelandic komumaðr newcomer, guest < koma arrival. A wider currency of the word in West Germanic languages is suggested by derivatives (from prefixed verbs) that are likely ultimately to have been modelled on unprefixed forms cognate with comeling n.; compare e.g. Old Frisian neikumeling descendant (compare neikuma to follow), Middle Dutch nacomelinc descendant (Dutch nakomeling ; compare Old Dutch nākuman to follow), toecomelinc stranger (compare toecomen : see tocome v.), Middle Low German tokomelink stranger (compare tokomen : see tocome v.). Compare also German Ankömmling newcomer, Nachkömmling descendant, etc., and (after various prefixed forms in German) Swedish ankomling newcomer, stranger (18th cent.), efterkomling descendant (17th cent.), Danish afkomling descendant (19th cent.). Compare new comeling n., out-comeling n. Compare Old English cuma and the Germanic parallels cited at comer n. In α. forms showing levelling of the stem vowel to that of come v. (compare β. forms at come n.¹ and discussion at that entry). Earlier currency is implied by post-classical Latin cumelingus, kimelingus stray animal (frequently from early 13th cent. in British sources; < Middle English).

†1. An animal that joins a new herd, or attaches itself to a strange person or place. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).

ΚΠ

c1273 in W. Illingworth Rotuli Hundredorum (1818) II. 118 (MED) Willelmus, Episcopas Bathoniensis, capit et retinet averia de astraura quae dicunt wayf vel cumeling.

a1315 in Festgabe f. Wendelin Foerster (1902) 208 (MED) Weyf: Auer chatel que home weyue par defaute de garaunt, ou kemelyng.

1367 in J. L. Fisher Medieval Farming Gloss. (1968) 8/2 Comelyng [stray].

1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Cumlin, any animal that attaches itself to a person or place of its own accord.

2. A newcomer; a new or recent arrival; a stranger; a foreigner. Occasionally attributive. Now archaic.In quot. a1387: an import.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > migrant > [noun] > immigrant

comelinga1325

incomer1526

income1555

comer1581

adventivea1626

transplanteea1687

immigrantc1787

importation1787

migrant1795

immigrator1836

importee1858

metic1904

wog1966

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 834 Neg ilc burge hadde ise louereding; Sum was king and sum kumeling.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 581 Þou wost now vorsake Mi doȝter..& to a kumeling [c1425 Harl. kemelyng, a1450 London Univ. kymlynge] take.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Wisd. xix. 10 In the comeling wonyng of hem [a1425 L.V. in the dwellyng of hem among Egipcians].

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 161 Þe langage of Normandie is comlynge of anoþer londe.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 1385 I am a commelyng towarde þe, And pilgrym, als alle my faders was.

c1480 (a1400) St. Peter 649 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 26 He wes bot a cumlyne.

1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) i. iv. 6/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I These new comlings began to molest the homelings.

1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) ii. ix. 177/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I When the comeling Saxons [1577 the Saxons] had once obteined the superioritie of the kingdom.

a1641 J. Smyth Berkeley MSS (1883) I. 334 All such Estrays and Cumelings..found, upon the Abbots demesnes.

1719 King of Pirates 45 On Board..were all the Men I brought with me, the 15 Comelings, and the rest made up out of our old Number.

1815 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 402 I was glad to hear..that the new comeling had proved to be of the more worthy gender.

1862 G. P. Marsh Orig. & Hist. Eng. Lang. iv. 139 A settled animosity between the home-born and the comeling.

a1897 G. E. Dartnell in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1898) I. 710/1 Years of residence in the Isle [of Portland] are of no avail: you are still spoken of as a mere kimling.

1901 C. S. Fearenside Matriculation Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) ii. 24 A considerable intermixture of blood took place between the homeling Britons and the comeling English.

1918 ‘S. Eagle’ Bks. in Gen. (1919) 270 He was almost a comeling at the House of Lords.

2003 K. Hunter Scabbard's Song v. 173 When any comelings—strangers—enter the region I rush to this cave.

Derivatives

† comelingness n. Obsolete the state of being a stranger or foreigner.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [noun] > visitor > the state of being

comelingnessa1425

a1425 (c1384) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Ezek. xx. 38 I shal lede out hem fro the loond of her cumlyngnes [L.V. a1425 dwelling; L. incolatus].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	comeling
释义	comelingn. Brit. /ˈkʌmlɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈkəmlɪŋ/ Forms: α. Middle English comelinge, Middle English comelyng, Middle English comelynge, Middle English comlyng, Middle English comlynge, Middle English commeling, Middle English commelyng, Middle English commlyng, Middle English cumbling (northern), Middle English cumelyng, Middle English cumling, Middle English cumlinge, Middle English cumlyng, Middle English cumlynge, Middle English komelyng, Middle English komelynge, Middle English komlyng, Middle English kumeling, Middle English 1600s cumeling, Middle English–1500s comling, Middle English– comeling; English regional 1800s cumlin (Yorkshire); Scottish pre-1700 cumlyne, 1800s cumlin. β. Middle English kemelyng, Middle English kymlynge, 1800s kimling (English regional (Dorset)); N.E.D. (1891) also records a form early Middle English kymeling. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old High German komeling stranger (also -kumiling , in zuokumiling ; Middle High German komelinc newcomer) < the Germanic base of come n.¹ or come v. + the Germanic base of -ling suffix¹.In Germanic, -ling suffix¹ was not normally combined with verbs (examples appear to be very rare and allow of alternative explanations). With the possible derivation from come n.¹, compare Old Icelandic komumaðr newcomer, guest < koma arrival. A wider currency of the word in West Germanic languages is suggested by derivatives (from prefixed verbs) that are likely ultimately to have been modelled on unprefixed forms cognate with comeling n.; compare e.g. Old Frisian neikumeling descendant (compare neikuma to follow), Middle Dutch nacomelinc descendant (Dutch nakomeling ; compare Old Dutch nākuman to follow), toecomelinc stranger (compare toecomen : see tocome v.), Middle Low German tokomelink stranger (compare tokomen : see tocome v.). Compare also German Ankömmling newcomer, Nachkömmling descendant, etc., and (after various prefixed forms in German) Swedish ankomling newcomer, stranger (18th cent.), efterkomling descendant (17th cent.), Danish afkomling descendant (19th cent.). Compare new comeling n., out-comeling n. Compare Old English cuma and the Germanic parallels cited at comer n. In α. forms showing levelling of the stem vowel to that of come v. (compare β. forms at come n.¹ and discussion at that entry). Earlier currency is implied by post-classical Latin cumelingus, kimelingus stray animal (frequently from early 13th cent. in British sources; < Middle English). †1. An animal that joins a new herd, or attaches itself to a strange person or place. Obsolete (Scottish in later use). ΚΠ c1273 in W. Illingworth Rotuli Hundredorum (1818) II. 118 (MED) Willelmus, Episcopas Bathoniensis, capit et retinet averia de astraura quae dicunt wayf vel cumeling. a1315 in Festgabe f. Wendelin Foerster (1902) 208 (MED) Weyf: Auer chatel que home weyue par defaute de garaunt, ou kemelyng. 1367 in J. L. Fisher Medieval Farming Gloss. (1968) 8/2 Comelyng [stray]. 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Cumlin, any animal that attaches itself to a person or place of its own accord. 2. A newcomer; a new or recent arrival; a stranger; a foreigner. Occasionally attributive. Now archaic.In quot. a1387: an import. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > migrant > [noun] > immigrant comelinga1325 incomer1526 income1555 comer1581 adventivea1626 transplanteea1687 immigrantc1787 importation1787 migrant1795 immigrator1836 importee1858 metic1904 wog1966 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 834 Neg ilc burge hadde ise louereding; Sum was king and sum kumeling. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 581 Þou wost now vorsake Mi doȝter..& to a kumeling [c1425 Harl. kemelyng, a1450 London Univ. kymlynge] take. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Wisd. xix. 10 In the comeling wonyng of hem [a1425 L.V. in the dwellyng of hem among Egipcians]. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 161 Þe langage of Normandie is comlynge of anoþer londe. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 1385 I am a commelyng towarde þe, And pilgrym, als alle my faders was. c1480 (a1400) St. Peter 649 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 26 He wes bot a cumlyne. 1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) i. iv. 6/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I These new comlings began to molest the homelings. 1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) ii. ix. 177/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I When the comeling Saxons [1577 the Saxons] had once obteined the superioritie of the kingdom. a1641 J. Smyth Berkeley MSS (1883) I. 334 All such Estrays and Cumelings..found, upon the Abbots demesnes. 1719 King of Pirates 45 On Board..were all the Men I brought with me, the 15 Comelings, and the rest made up out of our old Number. 1815 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 402 I was glad to hear..that the new comeling had proved to be of the more worthy gender. 1862 G. P. Marsh Orig. & Hist. Eng. Lang. iv. 139 A settled animosity between the home-born and the comeling. a1897 G. E. Dartnell in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1898) I. 710/1 Years of residence in the Isle [of Portland] are of no avail: you are still spoken of as a mere kimling. 1901 C. S. Fearenside Matriculation Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) ii. 24 A considerable intermixture of blood took place between the homeling Britons and the comeling English. 1918 ‘S. Eagle’ Bks. in Gen. (1919) 270 He was almost a comeling at the House of Lords. 2003 K. Hunter Scabbard's Song v. 173 When any comelings—strangers—enter the region I rush to this cave. Derivatives † comelingness n. Obsolete the state of being a stranger or foreigner. ΘΚΠ society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [noun] > visitor > the state of being comelingnessa1425 a1425 (c1384) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Ezek. xx. 38 I shal lede out hem fro the loond of her cumlyngnes [L.V. a1425 dwelling; L. incolatus]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1273
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