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单词 composition
释义

compositionn.

/kɒmpəˈzɪʃən/
Forms: Also Middle English -icioun.
Etymology: < French composition, < Latin compositiōn-em , noun of action < compōnĕre ; see compone v. and compose n.
I. As an action.
* generally.
1. The action of putting together or combining; the fact of being put together or combined; combination (of things as parts or elements of a whole).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > [noun] > action or fact of combining
compositionc1386
combining1552
combination1604
coalition1605
systasis1605
combinement1606
integration1620
conflation1626
complexion1628
coincidence1647
integrating1654
complication1655
consolidationa1676
composure1715
join-worka1774
amalgamy1788
amalgamation1828
synthesizing1830
synthesisa1834
c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 221 By composiciouns Of Anglis.
1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 227 Such composition of glorious natures doth put life into busines.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. i. §14 Wee must consider..when the composition of things together in the understanding, doth depend upon the meer operation of the mind.
1682 N. Grew Of Mixture i. iii. §10 in Anat. Plants 226 The Composition of Atomes, in Bodies; is like that of Letters, in Words.
1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §31. 114 The instances of abridgement and composition of quotations.
2. The forming (of anything) by combination of various elements, parts, or ingredients; formation, constitution, construction, making up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > construction
building1297
performinga1425
facturec1425
constructionc1440
construingc1440
making-upa1525
compoundingc1529
composition1555
frame1558
compacting1561
composing1574
architecture1590
composure1609
fabric1611
compiling1624
compagination1646
confection1652
composal1700
constitutinga1713
constructure1712
constructing1788
confecting1863
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 310v One of the marueylous thynges that god vseth in the composition of man.
1656 tr. T. Hobbes Elements Philos. i. i. 7 Every Body..which is capable of composition and resolution.
1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 165 The Ingredients..imploy'd in the Composition of the Prepar'd Water.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xvi. 158 In the composition of a pudding, her judgment was infallible.
1821 J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. Syst. (1871) iii. 112 The substitution of the troy pound..for the composition of the bushel and gallon.
3. The putting (of things) into proper position, order, or relation to other things; orderly arrangement; ordering. Obsolete or archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > [noun] > putting in order
well-ordering1531
composition1598
composal1615
adjustment1644
classification1772
categorization1886
1598 F. Bacon Earthly Hope in Relig. Medit. (Arb.) 113 A state of minde which..is setled..out of a good gouernment and composition of the affections.
1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 21 In the gesture and composition of the body.
1704 J. Swift Disc. Mech. Operat. Spirit ii, in Tale of Tub 305 By what kind of Practices the Voice is best governed, towards the Composition and Improvement of the Spirit.
1855 F. W. Faber Growth in Holiness (ed. 2) xxiii. 427 Reverence and composition of body and outward demeanour.
** spec.
4. = synthesis n.
a. Philosophy. ‘Synthetic’ reasoning or demonstration; reasoning from the universal to the particular. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical reasoning > [noun] > synthetic reasoning
composition1570
genesis1588
synthesis1611
synthetism1832
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 9 Composition passeth from the cause to the effect.
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 9 A demonstration a priori, or composition is, when in reasoning, from the principles and first groundes, we passe..till after many reasons made, we come at the length to conclude that, which we first chiefly entend. And this kinde of demonstration vseth Euclide..for the most part.
a1727 I. Newton Opticks (1730) iii. i. 380 As in Mathematicks, so in Natural Philosophy, the Investigation..by the Method of Analysis, ought ever to precede the Method of Composition.
1751 Chambers's Cycl. (ed. 7) Composition..is a method of reasoning wherein we proceed from some general self-evident truth to other particular and singular ones.
b. Logic. fallacy of composition: see quots.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > logical argument > [noun] > logical fallacy > fallacy of composition
fallacy of composition1725
1725 I. Watts Logick iii. iii. 479 The Sophism of Composition is when we infer any thing concerning Ideas in a compounded Sense, which is only true in a divided Sense..If any one should argue thus, Two and three are even and odd; five are two and three; therefore five are even and odd.
1864 F. C. Bowen Logic (1870) ix. 278 The sophism of Composition..An instance..is what may be called the Spendthrift's Fallacy: All of these contemplated expenditures (taken separately) are of trifling amount; Therefore all of them may be incurred (together) without ruining me.
5. Combination of arithmetical factors, ratios, forces, or elements, so as to produce a compound resultant:
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a. Mathematics. The multiplication of factors to produce a ‘compound’ or composite number. Obsolete.
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b. The multiplication or compounding of ratios; see compound v. 2c, compound adj. 2b.
c. In a proportion, the substitution of the sum of the first and second terms for the first (or second), and of the sum of the third and fourth for the third (or fourth) Obsolete; now expressed by componendo.
ΚΠ
1557 R. Record Whetstone of Witte sig. Bi Here must you vnderstande by composition, the multiplicacion of the partes of nombers together.
1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements v. 111 BC/ AB < EF/ DE and therefore by composition AC/ AB < DF/ DE .
1695 W. Alingham Geom. Epitomiz'd 19 If A : B :: C : D then by composition of Reason it will be as A + B : B :: C + D : D.
1827 O. Gregory Hutton's Course Math. (ed. 9) I. 325.
1875 I. Todhunter Algebra for Schools xxvi. 224.
d. Dynamics. composition of forces: see quots. So composition of velocities, etc.
ΚΠ
1807 C. Hutton Course Math. (ed. 5) II. 137 Composition of Forces, is the uniting of two or more forces into one, which shall have the same effect; or the finding of one force that shall be equal to several others taken together, in any different directions.
1830 H. Kater & D. Lardner Treat. Mechanics v. 52 In the examples of the composition of forces..here given, the effects of the forces are the production of pressures, or to speak more correctly..the ‘composition of pressures’.
1863 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea I. iv. 70 The law which determines the composition of mechanic forces.
e. Chemistry. Chemical combination. attraction of composition: a name for chemical affinity. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 5 The following ten laws..comprehend all the phenomena of the attraction of composition.
1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 304 The species of attraction called chemical attraction, is also [called]..the attraction of composition, or chemical affinity.
6. Grammar.
a. The combination, according to certain rules or principles, of two (or more) words to form one compound word.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [noun] > compounding
composition1530
compounding1841
parathesis1862
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 9 Whan soever..this worde ex commeth in the composicion of any worde in the frenche tong.
1574 A. Golding in J. Baret Aluearie To Rdr. To giue iust rules of Deriuation, And Composition.
1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 263 Σιδωνο, which is one member in the Composition [printed Conposition] of it, relates to the Phœnissæ.
1871 H. J. Roby Gram. Lat. Lang. §979 New words may be formed..by the junction of two or more separately intelligible words into one. This is called composition. The distinctive features of two words being compounded are the loss of their separate accents, and the possession of but one set of inflexions.
b. The due arrangement of words into sentences, and of sentences into periods; the art of constructing sentences and of writing prose or verse.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > [noun]
writingeOE
penning1548
composition1553
characterizing1591
penship1622
scription1627
exaration1631
inkshed1672
scrivening1680
quill-driving1756
pen-and-inkage1894
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun]
construction1530
syntaxis1540
composition1553
syntaxa1637
syntaxa1684
consecution1871
word order1872
taxis1885
1388 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) Ecclus. Prol. And lackide compassioun of wordis [L. deficere in verborum compositione].]
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 88 b Composicion..is an apte joynyng together of wordes in suche order, that neither the eare shal espie any jerre, nor yet any man shalbe dulled with overlong drawing out of a sentance.
1667 J. Dryden Let. to Sir R. Howard in Annus Mirabilis 1666 Pref. The last line of the Stanza is to be consider'd in the composition of the first.
1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 36 Composition, properly so called, is the culmination of the exercises of speaking and reading, translation and re-translation.
1891 N.E.D. at Composition Mod. All candidates must pass in Latin prose composition. Greek Verse composition is no longer obligatory.
7. The composing of anything for oral delivery, or to be read; the practice or art of literary production.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > art or occupation of writer or author > [noun]
bookcraftOE
fayingc1200
pena1387
composition1577
penwork1596
book writing1600
pencraft1600
composure1601
authoragea1628
literature1663
authorism1702
authorship1710
letters?1710
authoring1742
authorcraft1746
penwomanship1776
penmanship1793
authorhood1832
creative writing1837
pen-and-inkeryc1909
1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. Pref. My rash and retchlesse behauiour vsed in the composition of this volume.
1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 31. ⁋7 Dryden, whose warmth of fancy, and haste of composition, very frequently hurried him into inaccuracies.
1794 R. J. Sulivan View Nature II The composition of such a series of history.
1809 S. T. Coleridge Friend 21 Sept. 88 Books of recent Composition.
1829 W. Scott Waverley (new ed.) I. Gen. Pref. p. ix I did not abandon the idea of fictitious composition in prose.
8. The action or art of disposing or arranging in due order the parts of a work of art, esp. of a drawing or painting, so as to form a harmonious whole.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > artistic treatment or style
gusto1662
composition1695
style1706
expression1715
goût1717
handling1719
touching1743
conduct1758
rhetoric1851
treatment1856
1695 J. Dryden in tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy De Arte Graphica Pref. p xxxvi In the Composition of a Picture, the Painter is to take care that nothing enter into it, which is not proper..to the Subject.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture III. 14 b Composition is that Rule or Method in painting, whereby the several Parts in a Picture are joyned together in order to form a Whole.
1848 W. Stirling Ann. Artists Spain I. 126 Their colouring is Flemish, but in drawing and composition they display a knowledge of the Italian models.
1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 68 A successful attempt at composition, or the regular disposal of the subject in the space allotted.
1876 H. N. Humphreys Coin Coll. Man. xxvi. 399 Certain coins of Trajan exhibit the same style of composition as the decussis.
9. The action or art of composing music.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > composing music > [noun]
composition1597
composure1601
melopoeia1721
composing1782
writing1782
1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 182 You lacke nothing of perfect musicians, but only vse to make you prompt and quicke in your compositions.
1795 W. Mason Ess. Eng. Church Music i. 58 To invent within the rules of legitimate composition.
1882 J. H. Shorthouse John Inglesant xxii Though devoted to secular..music, [he] brought to the performance and composition of it so much taste and correct feeling, that, etc.
10. Printing. The setting up of type; the composing of pages of matter for printing.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > preparatory processes > composing > [noun]
composing1708
composition1832
typesetting1846
comping1888
type-work1910
1832 C. Babbage Econ. Machinery & Manuf. xx. 167 The printer usually charges for composition by the sheet.
11. The composing or settling (of differences, etc.). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > settling quarrels or disputes
reckoning1488
composing1574
compounding1601
atonement1605
composure1640
compositiona1654
sopiting1659
resolution1890
alternative dispute resolution1980
a1654 J. Selden England's Epinomis ii. §19 in Tracts (1683) Quiet composition of seditious tumults.
12. The settling of a debt, liability, or claim, by some mutual arrangement; compounding. composition of felony: see compound v. 9. Cf. 22 25.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of > involving payment
composition1601
commuting1659
compounding1769
1601 W. West 2nd Pt. Symboleography iv. 265 The said compl[ainant] hath or doth seeke to make any reasonable composition with the said defend[ant] for or touching the said debt.
1682 London Gaz. No. 1686/4 That the said Debts may be satisfied without Composition or Abatement.
1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 275 To come to Composition, and lose one half of the Debt to save the rest.
a1734 R. North Lives of Norths (1826) II. 371 If he could not get in all that was due from the debtor, he got by composition, barter, or other means, as much as he could.
1780 E. Burke Speech Oeconomical Reformation 55 All sorts of accounts should be closed some time or other—by payment; by composition; or by oblivion.
1855 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity IV. ix. viii. 185 The composition for a life of wickedness by a gift to the priest.
1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. II. 248 A happy contrivance for the composition of felonies.
II. The mode, with the resulting condition or state.
13.
a. The manner in which a thing is composed, compounded, or made up; condition or state as resulting from, or constituted by, combination; constitution, make, with reference to ingredients.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [noun]
shapec1050
composition1382
temperc1400
confectionc1420
temperament1471
frame?1520
compage1550
architecture1590
compacture1590
structure?1591
fabricaturec1600
constitution1601
membrature1606
composture1614
compositure1625
contexturea1639
composure1639
economy1644
fabric1644
conformation1646
composier1648
constructurea1652
compages1660
mechanism1662
compound1671
construction1707
componency1750
formation1774
make-up1821
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Exod. xxx. 32 Beside [1611 after] the composicioun of it ȝe shulen not make another.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. vii. 831 In composicioun þerof [sc. siluer] [ben] quiksiluer and white brymstone.
1715 J. T. Desaguliers tr. N. Gauger Fires Improv'd 152 Lapis Calaminaris, which enters into the Composition of the Brass.
1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 51. ⁋11 The composition of this pudding she has however promised Clarinda, that..she shall be told.
1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics vii. 69 Having thus clearly established the composition of white light.
1881 J. Russell Haigs of Bemersyde i. 27 The elements of heroism and romance enter largely into the composition of the narrative.
1883 Eng. Illustr. Mag. Nov. 88/1 Confusion..between the composition of brass and bronze.
b. Structure, consistency. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > [noun]
composition1555
schematism1660
1555 R. Eden tr. V. Biringucci Pyrotechnia in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 329 Matters of hard compositions, as quarreys and stones.
1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia ii. 22 The rockes are of a composition like Mill stones.
14. Position in relation to other parts; disposition, arrangement, posture. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > [noun]
ordinancec1390
compositionc1400
order?a1425
rayc1440
ordination1531
dispose1603
divisiona1616
compositure1625
composure1628
method1640
tactics1650
allocation1656
rangement1674
schematism1701
arrangement1715
orderedness1724
groupment1837
c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. B.) 30 Þe brawne is made..as a bowe þat ys y-bent; & for þat kynde wolde kepe þys compositioun, he clothyde þe brawne wyþ a pannycle.
14.. Prose Legends in Anglia VIII. 148 Hir berynge and composicyone of chere.
1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 70 The Thumbe erect, the other Fingers gently bent in, is a convenient composition of the Hand for an exordium.
15. The state or quality of being composite.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > state of being composite > [noun]
composition?1541
complication1666
compoundedness1697
complexity1734
compoundness1768
discreteness1862
compositeness1881
?1541 R. Copland Formularie of Helpes of Woundes & Sores in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Tj The dysposycyons that make composycyons in woundes be sondry.
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 1v Pointes, for their simplicitie and lacke of composition, are..only the termes and endes of quantitie.
1609 Bible (Douay) I. Num. iv. 16 The incense of composition.
1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xv. 96 None of the distinct Ideas we have of either is without all manner of Composition.
1872 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) II. vi. ii. 6 Even in Compound Quantitative Reasoning itself there are degrees of composition.
16. Of persons:
a. Constitution of body. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > [noun]
naturec1275
kindc1300
complexion1398
habitudec1400
disposition1477
constitution1553
corporature1555
habit1576
composition1578
temper1601
composure1628
schesis1684
stamina1701
habitus1886
1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 58 A good composition of the body laieth a good foundation of olde age.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 340 Mala constitutio, that is to say, an euil state or composition.
b. Mental constitution, or constitution of mind and body combined; the combination of personal qualities that make any one what he is. (Now usually regarded as transferred from 13.)
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun]
heartOE
erda1000
moodOE
i-mindOE
i-cundeOE
costc1175
lundc1175
evena1200
kinda1225
custc1275
couragec1300
the manner ofc1300
qualityc1300
talentc1330
attemperancec1374
complexionc1386
dispositiona1387
propertyc1390
naturea1393
assay1393
inclinationa1398
gentlenessa1400
proprietya1400
habitudec1400
makingc1400
conditionc1405
habitc1405
conceitc1425
affecta1460
ingeny1477
engine1488
stomach?1510
mind?a1513
ingine1533
affection1534
vein1536
humour?1563
natural1564
facultyc1565
concept1566
frame1567
temperature1583
geniusa1586
bent1587
constitution1589
composition1597
character1600
tune1600
qualification1602
infusion1604
spirits1604
dispose1609
selfness1611
disposure1613
composurea1616
racea1616
tempera1616
crasisc1616
directiona1639
grain1641
turn1647
complexure1648
genie1653
make1674
personality1710
tonea1751
bearing1795
liver1800
make-up1821
temperament1821
naturalness1850
selfhood1854
Wesen1854
naturel1856
sit1857
fibre1864
character structure1873
mentality1895
mindset1909
psyche1910
where it's (he's, she's) at1967
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. i. 73 O how that name befits my composition! Old Gaunt indeede, and gaunt in being olde. View more context for this quotation
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 31 The best Composition, and Temperature is, to have Opennesse in Fame and Opinion; Secrecy in Habit.
1697–8 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juv. (1789) 148 Some higher worlds, furnished with inhabitants of a better composition.
1701 J. Swift Disc. Contests Nobles & Commons v. 55 A sort of Instinct, or secret Composition of their Nature.
1823 C. Lamb Mod. Gallantry in Elia 184 Whatever there is of the man of business..in my composition.
1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 231 Persons..who have a touch of madness in their composition.
17. Artistic manner, style.
a. The mode or style in which words and sentences are put together.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun]
writingc1350
mannerc1375
pena1387
langue?a1400
indite1501
rate1517
conveyance?1521
composition1532
turn1533
set1535
tune1537
style1577
composure1601
way1612
language1699
rhetoricity1921
1532 W. Thynne in Wks. Chaucer Ded. sig. Aijv/1 In whose [sc. Chaucer's] workes is..suche perfectyon in metre, the composycion so adapted.
1597 F. Thynne Names & Armes Chauncelors in Animaduersions (1875) p. xcix The tedious leng[t]he and the disordered compositione.
1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. xx. 241 To come to the stile and composition.
1870 Earl Stanhope Hist. Eng. II. xiii. 144 So superior was this speech in composition.
1873 J. Morley Rousseau II. 238 The author..might have been expected to look beyond composition.
b. The arrangement of the parts of a literary work. rare. (Cf. sense 8.)
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > form or order of a work
shape1357
form1551
methoda1586
structure1598
cast1774
composition1839
1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe IV. v. 418 The ordonnance or composition of the Paradise Lost is admirable... Every part succeeds in an order, noble, clear and natural.
c. The (due) arrangement of the parts of a picture or other work of art (or of a natural scene).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > arrangement of parts
order1563
composition1706
conduct1758
rhythm1776
componency1856
1706 J. Savage tr. R. de Piles Art of Painting 19 Composition, Design and Colouring..are the Essence of Painting.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xvi. 160 They were drawn with seven oranges, a thing quite out of taste, no variety in life, no composition in the world.
a1849 E. A. Poe Landscape Garden in Wks. (1864) IV. 341 What is technically termed the composition of a natural landscape.
1858 N. Hawthorne Fr. & Ital. Jrnls. I. 187 As regards the composition of the picture, I am not convinced of the propriety of its being in two so distinctly separate parts.
1860 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters V. 159 Composition may be best defined as the help of everything in the picture by everything else.
d. Music.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > [noun] > due arrangement of piece
composition1667
composurea1684
1667 S. Pepys Diary 12 Feb. (1974) VIII. 55 Himself..played..most admirably; and the composition most excellent.
1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music (ed. 2) I. Pref. p. xviii To Excellence of Style and Composition.
18. Consistency, congruity. Obsolete. rare. Cf. 22.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [noun]
accordmentc1330
accorda1398
consonancya1398
unitya1398
accordancea1400
commoningc1400
convenience1413
correspondence1413
answeringc1425
conformityc1430
consonance1430
congruity1447
concordancec1450
consonantc1475
agreement1495
monochordc1500
conveniencya1513
agreeance1525
agreeableness1531
concinnity1531
congruence1533
harmony?1533
concent1563
tunableness1569
agreeing1575
answerableness1577
concert1578
consent1578
sympathy1578
concord1579
symphonia1579
correspondency1589
atone1595
coherence1597
respondence1598
symphony1598
sortance1600
coherency1603
respondency1603
symbolizing1605
coaptation1614
compositiona1616
sympathizing1632
comportance1648
compliance1649
syntax1649
concinneness1655
symmetry1655
homology1656
consistency1659
consentaneousness1660
consistence1670
comportment1675
harmoniousness1679
symbolism1722
congruousness1727
accordancy1790
sameness1790
consentaneity1798
consilience1840
chime1847
consensus1854
solidarity1874
synchromesh1966
concordancing1976
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 1 There is no Composition in these newes, That giues them credit. View more context for this quotation
III. The product.
19.
a. quasi-concr. A condition consisting in the combination or union (material, practical, or ideal) of several things; a combination, aggregate, mixture.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > [noun] > a combination
combination?1533
composition1556
composure1609
composture1614
compound1621
annexationa1626
conjugation1626
complexiona1637
composta1640
consistence1641
conferrumination1647
compositum1652
copulation1774
amalgam1790
amalgamation1828
combo1929
1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 3 Orontius defineth the worlde to be the perfect and entiere composition of all thinges.
a1680 T. Brooks in C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David (1871) II. Ps. xxx. 5 All honey would harm us, all wormwood would undo us; a composition of both is the best way.
1744 G. Berkeley Siris (ESTC T72826) §58 Common soaps are compositions of lixivial salt and oil.
1762 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. iii. ii. 314 Every soil is a composition of different earths.
1784 J. Douglas Cook's Voy. Pacific II. iv. iii. 335 It is difficult to represent this sound by any composition of our letters.
1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing iv. 233 A composition of ultra-marine and vermillion.
1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues II. 30 Narrative is of three kinds, the simple, imitative, and a composition of the two.
b. used of persons. (Cf. 16b.)
ΚΠ
1790 T. Pennant Of London (1813) 133 Queen Elizabeth, as singular a composition as her father.
1850 R. W. Emerson Swedenborg in Representative Men iii. 100 He seemed, by the variety..of his powers, to be a composition of several persons.
20.
a. concrete. A substance or preparation formed by combination or mixture of various ingredients.Applied in various trades to particular mixed substances used in the operations of the trade; e.g. stucco, plaster or cement made to serve the purposes of marble or stone; mixed metal made for a particular purpose; the mixture of which candles are made; the composite material of which printers' inking-rollers are made, etc. In these technical uses, frequently shortened to compo n.1 and adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [noun] > a mixture > a preparation made by mixing
confectiona1387
mixtiona1398
composition1555
compose1581
commistion1609
concocture1612
compositum1652
concoctiona1851
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > plaster > [noun] > coarse
lime-work1589
stuc1632
compositiona1719
stucco1734
compo1823
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 198v Mengle togyther..a blacke masse or composition..lyke vnto very blacke pytche.
1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 130v We put it [squilla]..into drinkes or spicye composiciones.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 272 Medicinable compositions.
1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 43 That diaphanous Composition, Glass.
1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 164 An Ingredient of the Composition, with which the Egyptians embalm'd the Bodies.
a1719 J. Addison in Wks. (1869) I. 524 Vast pillars of stone, cased over with a composition, that looks the most like marble of any thing I can imagine.
1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing II. ii. iii. iv. 187 The solution of tin called by dyers Composition.
1832 D. Brewster Lett. Nat. Magic iv. 69 Some compositions..which diffused noisome odours.
b. A structure. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [noun] > a structure
machine1545
framework1578
compact1600
fabrication1602
machination1605
compound1607
structure1612
compilement1624
fabric1633
contignation1635
artifice1700
mechanism1712
creel1788
composition1793
arrangement1800
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §94 The much greater tonnage of the stone..than was necessary in the compositions of my predecessors.
21. An intellectual production.
a. A sentence formed by due arrangement of words. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > sentence
reasona1398
sentence1447
composition1627
1627 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. (rev. ed.) xiii. 180 Marking carefully both parts of the Composition or Sentence, both antecedent and consequent.
b. A train of ideas put into words; a literary production. In school and college language, one written as an exercise in the putting of ideas into prose or verse.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun]
i-writeOE
bookOE
writOE
workOE
pagine?c1225
lettrurec1330
dite1340
inditing1340
writing1340
scripta1350
dittya1387
stylea1400
scriptiona1425
framec1475
invention1484
piece1533
ditement1556
paperwork1577
composition1603
confection1605
composure?1606
page?1606
the written word1619
performance1665
literature1852
society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > as an exercise
composition1603
exercise1678
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 95 Some compositions of his owne penning.
1716 J. Perry State of Russia (title page) To these are added some new compositions.
1734 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juveniles (1789) 159 Considerable benefit..to be derived from devotional compositions.
1774 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry I. Diss. ii. sig. d2 Aldhelm's Latin compositions..were deemed extraordinary performances.
1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 75 Compositions of a similar nature to the tales of a Thousand and One Nights.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 45 I deny that I make verses or address compositions to him.
c. A work of art (esp. a drawing or painting), consisting of several elements artistically combined.
ΚΠ
1774 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. vi, in Wks. (1798) I. 177 The capricious compositions of Tintoret.
1875 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life (ed. 2) ii. i. 49 A study in colour of every separate thing that was to form part of the composition.
d. transferred to natural scenery.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > [noun] > a picture
metingOE
portraiturea1393
picture?a1425
piece1503
portrait1560
pictural1590
composure?1606
transumpt1629
composition1753
delineation1772
depictment1816
vraisemblance1857
piccy1865
pic1884
pitcher1915
pictorial1949
1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty 12 Compositions in nature and art.
1879 O. N. Rood Mod. Chromatics v. 61 The presence of clouds breaks up the symmetry of these natural chromatic compositions.
e. A musical production, a piece of music.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > [noun]
workOE
musica1586
composure?1606
composition1667
writings1672
morceau1748
op.1784
piece1825
opusc1840
confection1844
number1865
oeuvre1889
1667 S. Pepys Diary 12 Feb. (1974) VIII. 55 The whole composition is certainly most excellent.
1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music IV. 282 One of Handel's compositions.
1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda I. i. v. 82 Herr Klesmer played a composition of his own, a fantasia.
22. A mutual agreement or arrangement between two parties, a contract. archaic or Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > agreement > [noun] > an agreement
forewardOE
accordc1275
covenant1297
end1297
form1297
frettec1330
conjurationc1374
treatc1380
bargainc1386
contractc1386
comenaunt1389
compositionc1405
treaty1427
pact1429
paction1440
reconventionc1449
treatisea1464
hostage1470
packa1475
trystc1480
bond (also band) of manrent1482
covenance1484
concordance1490
patisement1529
capitulation1535
conventmenta1547
convenience1551
compact1555
negotiation1563
sacrament1563
match1569
consortship1592
after-agreementa1600
combourgeoisie1602
convention1603
comburghership1606
transaction1611
end-makingc1613
obligement1627
bare contract1641
stipulation1649
accompackmentc1650
rue-bargaina1657
concordat1683
minute1720
tacka1758
understanding1803
meet1804
it's a go1821
deal1863
whizz1869
stand-in1870
gentlemen's agreement1880
meeting of minds1883
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 848 And telle he moste his tale as was resoun By forward and by composicioun.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxv. 92 Laomedon made a composicion with phebus and neptunus..by the whiche he promysed theym..a toune full of golde.
1657 Ford's Most Famous Hist. Parismus (new ed.) ii. xxxii. 264 As he was making composition with Parismenos for their transportation.
1712 J. Arbuthnot Law is Bottomless-pit ix. 17 My Curse on..all my Posterity, if ever they come to any Composition with my Lord Strutt.
1839 W. B. Stonehouse Hist. Isle of Axholme 403 In the reign of Edward the Second..a composition was made between Sir John de Mowbray, and the Abbot of Selby.
23.
a. An agreement for the settlement of political differences; a treaty, etc. archaic.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > treaty
composition1387
treaty1430
treatisea1464
tract1501
convention1603
1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Rolls) VIII. 57 Pope Gregorye..sent to þe kynges of Engelond and of Scotlond..þat þe composicioun schulde be stedfastliche i-holde.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 497 That the realmes of England & of Fraunce..were of late..ioyned together in an eternall league and composition.
1649 G. Langbaine Answer Vniv. Oxford 21 By..severall Charters confirmed by Act of Parliament, and speciall Compositions with the Citty.
1860 J. L. Motley Hist. Netherlands (1868) I. vi. 290 To send a mission of mediation to Spain, for the purpose of..bringing about some honourable composition.
b. A mutual agreement for cessation of hostilities, a truce; an agreement for submission or surrender on particular terms; capitulation; terms of surrender.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defeat > [noun] > surrender
deliverancea1387
appointmenta1513
composition1523
dedition1523
rendering1523
surrender?a1525
fall1535
render1548
rendry1600
rendition1601
capitulation1604
recapitulation1641
reddition1641
surrendering1648
capitulating1734
society > armed hostility > peace > pacification > peace treaty > [noun]
accordc1275
peacec1325
concordc1425
treaty1430
corda1500
composition1523
pacification1548
assurance1577
accommodation1624
convention1780
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cviii. 130 I desyre you that we may abyde in composicyon, that ye make vs no warr, nor we to you, the space of a moneth.
1627 W. Duncomb tr. V. d'Audiguier Tragi-comicall Hist. our Times iii. 44 Reyne Berk having held out three moneths against the attempts of the besiegers..yeelded upon composition.
1685 London Gaz. No. 2075/3 General Schultz has taken Caschaw by Composition.
1761–2 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) III. xl. 368 Henry..entered into a composition with them; and..granted them peace on the most advantageous conditions.
24. An agreement or arrangement involving surrender or sacrifice of some kind on one side or on both; a compromise.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of
midsc1485
temper?1523
composition1597
temperature1598
temperament1604
medium1719
compromise1797
come-between1877
trade-off1909
wash1976
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxii. 142 Content to deliuer vp the bookes of God by composition, to the end their owne liues might be spared.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. 6 The French speech..was fain at last to come to a composition with the English tongue.
1747 S. Richardson Clarissa I. xii. 70 It will probably end in a composition, never to have either.
1826 Q. Rev. 33 296 This singular composition between taste and principle.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 265 With the Elector of Saxony a composition was made..Instead of the four hundred thousand rixdollars which he had demanded, he consented to accept one hundred thousand and the Garter.
25.
a. An agreement for the payment (or the payment by agreement) of a sum of money, in lieu of the discharge of some other obligation, or in a different way from that required by the original contract; a compounding; spec. an agreement by which a creditor accepts a certain proportion of a debt, in satisfaction, from an insolvent debtor.The fines paid by Royalists under the Commonwealth were called Compositions of Delinquents.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding
redemptiona1513
composition1570
commutation money1650
commutationa1707
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of > involving payment > instance of
composition1570
1570 Act 13 Eliz. c. 18 Comynaltie and cityzens shall have the said Ground..for such Composition as they shall make with the Lorde, Owners and Occupiers.
1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 344 Towardes the composition which they shall make with their creditors.
1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. i. 12 Such Summes of mony, as shall grow or come, by reason of any such compositions or Fines.
1667 S. Pepys Diary 10 Sept. (1974) VIII. 431 There is no such thing like to be as a composition with my Lady Castlemayne [8 Sept., Lady Castlemaine is compounding for a pension].
a1675 B. Whitelocke Memorials Eng. Affairs (1682) anno 1645 161/1 Orders..about Compositions of Delinquents.
1761–2 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. lii. 92 Compositions were openly made with recusants, and the popish religion became a regular part of the revenue.
1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. II. xviii. 703 The Irish admitted the composition or fine for murder.
1891 N.E.D. at Composition Mod. He is not a bankrupt; he was insolvent, but succeeded in making a composition with his creditors.
b. A sum of money paid in settlement of, or by way of compounding for, some claim or liability; e.g. the proportion of a debt paid, according to agreement, by an insolvent debtor.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding > sum paid
composition1581
society > trade and finance > payment > payment of debt > [noun] > partial payment
composition1581
1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (1588) iv. xvi. 578 Then is the partie to redeeme his libertie with some portion of money..which composition is properly called his Fine or his Raunsome.
1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. iv. 84 [He] made them pay at once an hundred and eighteen thousand pounds as a composition for their Estates.
1769 W. Robertson View State of Europe Proofs in Hist. Charles V I. 278 Fixing by law the fine or composition to be paid for each different crime.
1864 Reader 11 June 749 Members, paying £1 annually, with an entrance fee of £1, or a life composition of £10.
1888 Times 13 Oct. 12/1 An offer was submitted of a composition of 5s. 6d. in the pound.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
a. (In sense 20.)
composition-candle n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > made from animal fat > made from stearin or stearic acid
composite candle1845
stearic candle1852
composition-candle1861
1861 J. A. Symonds Let. 4 May (1967) I. 289 I..have laid in several volumes of De Quincey & 2 long composition candles.
c1865 H. Letheby in J. Wylde Circle of Sci. I. 95/2 Fats..employed in the manufacture of composition-candles.
composition-nail n.
ΚΠ
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Composition-nails, those which are made of mixed metal..largely used for nailing on copper sheathing, are erroneously called copper nails.
composition-tube n.
ΚΠ
1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 78 Some..of the pipe usually employed, or of that more pliable composition tube, employed by the makers of beer engines.
composition-wall n.
ΚΠ
1816 M. Keating Trav. Eur. & Afr. I. 242 He rammed the victims of his malignant and drunken caprices..into his composition-walls: for he too was an architect.
b. (In sense 25.)
composition-fish n. (see quot.)
ΚΠ
1614 Eng. Way to Wealth in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 241 His Majesty's serjeant-cater hath yearly gratis, out of every ship and bark, one hundred of the choicest and fairest lings..and they call them composition-fish.
composition-money n.
ΚΠ
1596 E. Spenser View State Ireland 91 Counting their composition-money therewithall.
composition-rent n.
ΚΠ
1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia (1821) iii. 257 The great charge..for her Majestie out of euery Plough land within the Province, called the composition rent.
1795 Hull Advertiser 25 July 1/1 The Estate is discharged of Tithes in kind, and subject only to a moderate composition Rent in lieu thereof.
C2.
composition-action n. (see composition-pedal n.).
ΚΠ
1880 C. A. Edwards Organs ii. xiii. 116 In large two-manual instruments it is..necessary to have well arranged composition actions.
composition-cloth n. a waterproof material made from long flax, used for trunk-covers, etc.
composition-deed n. a deed effecting a composition (see 25) between a debtor and creditors.
Categories »
composition-face n. Crystallography = composition-plane n.
composition-metal n. a kind of brass composed of copper, zinc, etc., used for the sheathing of ships.
composition-pedal n. a pedal in an organ which acts on a number of stops at once, a combination-pedal.
ΚΠ
1880 Hopkins in Grove Dict. Music I. 383 A ‘double-action’ composition pedal will not only draw out a given number of stops..suppose the first four—but will draw in all but the same four.
Categories »
composition-plane n. Crystallography the common plane or base between the two parts of a twin crystal.
composition roller n. Printing an inking-roller usually consisting of a metal core coated with a mixture of gelatine, glycerine, and molasses.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > parts of printers or presses > [noun] > ink-roller
roller1662
composition roller1825
ink-roller1825
rider1878
waver1882
inker1884
ink-cylinder1894
1825 T. C. Hansard Typographia Index ii Composition Rollers, for inking, attempted by Lord Stanhope.
1928 J. C. Oswald Hist. Printing xxvi. 341 A London printer named Forster..evolved in 1810 a metal roller covered with a composition that distributed printing ink successfully. Baxter is the name of the inventor of composition rollers cast in molds.
1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset 270 Composition roller, an inking roller of gelatin and glue; very susceptible to moisture.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online September 2021).
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