单词 | composition |
释义 | compositionn. I. As an action. * generally. 1. The action of putting together or combining; the fact of being put together or combined; combination (of things as parts or elements of a whole). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > [noun] > action or fact of combining compositionc1386 combining1552 combination1604 coalition1605 systasis1605 combinement1606 integration1620 conflation1626 complexion1628 coincidence1647 integrating1654 complication1655 consolidationa1676 composure1715 join-worka1774 amalgamy1788 amalgamation1828 synthesizing1830 synthesisa1834 c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 221 By composiciouns Of Anglis. 1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 227 Such composition of glorious natures doth put life into busines. 1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. i. §14 Wee must consider..when the composition of things together in the understanding, doth depend upon the meer operation of the mind. 1682 N. Grew Of Mixture i. iii. §10 in Anat. Plants 226 The Composition of Atomes, in Bodies; is like that of Letters, in Words. 1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §31. 114 The instances of abridgement and composition of quotations. 2. The forming (of anything) by combination of various elements, parts, or ingredients; formation, constitution, construction, making up. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > construction building1297 performinga1425 facturec1425 constructionc1440 construingc1440 making-upa1525 compoundingc1529 composition1555 frame1558 compacting1561 composing1574 architecture1590 composure1609 fabric1611 compiling1624 compagination1646 confection1652 composal1700 constitutinga1713 constructure1712 constructing1788 confecting1863 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 310v One of the marueylous thynges that god vseth in the composition of man. 1656 tr. T. Hobbes Elements Philos. i. i. 7 Every Body..which is capable of composition and resolution. 1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 165 The Ingredients..imploy'd in the Composition of the Prepar'd Water. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xvi. 158 In the composition of a pudding, her judgment was infallible. 1821 J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. Syst. (1871) iii. 112 The substitution of the troy pound..for the composition of the bushel and gallon. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > [noun] > putting in order well-ordering1531 composition1598 composal1615 adjustment1644 classification1772 categorization1886 1598 F. Bacon Earthly Hope in Relig. Medit. (Arb.) 113 A state of minde which..is setled..out of a good gouernment and composition of the affections. 1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 21 In the gesture and composition of the body. 1704 J. Swift Disc. Mech. Operat. Spirit ii, in Tale of Tub 305 By what kind of Practices the Voice is best governed, towards the Composition and Improvement of the Spirit. 1855 F. W. Faber Growth in Holiness (ed. 2) xxiii. 427 Reverence and composition of body and outward demeanour. ** spec. 4. = synthesis n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical reasoning > [noun] > synthetic reasoning composition1570 genesis1588 synthesis1611 synthetism1832 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 9 Composition passeth from the cause to the effect. 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 9 A demonstration a priori, or composition is, when in reasoning, from the principles and first groundes, we passe..till after many reasons made, we come at the length to conclude that, which we first chiefly entend. And this kinde of demonstration vseth Euclide..for the most part. a1727 I. Newton Opticks (1730) iii. i. 380 As in Mathematicks, so in Natural Philosophy, the Investigation..by the Method of Analysis, ought ever to precede the Method of Composition. 1751 Chambers's Cycl. (ed. 7) Composition..is a method of reasoning wherein we proceed from some general self-evident truth to other particular and singular ones. b. Logic. fallacy of composition: see quots. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > logical argument > [noun] > logical fallacy > fallacy of composition fallacy of composition1725 1725 I. Watts Logick iii. iii. 479 The Sophism of Composition is when we infer any thing concerning Ideas in a compounded Sense, which is only true in a divided Sense..If any one should argue thus, Two and three are even and odd; five are two and three; therefore five are even and odd. 1864 F. C. Bowen Logic (1870) ix. 278 The sophism of Composition..An instance..is what may be called the Spendthrift's Fallacy: All of these contemplated expenditures (taken separately) are of trifling amount; Therefore all of them may be incurred (together) without ruining me. 5. Combination of arithmetical factors, ratios, forces, or elements, so as to produce a compound resultant: Thesaurus » Categories » Thesaurus » Categories » b. The multiplication or compounding of ratios; see compound v. 2c, compound adj. 2b. ΚΠ 1557 R. Record Whetstone of Witte sig. Bi Here must you vnderstande by composition, the multiplicacion of the partes of nombers together. 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements v. 111 BC/ AB < EF/ DE and therefore by composition AC/ AB < DF/ DE . 1695 W. Alingham Geom. Epitomiz'd 19 If A : B :: C : D then by composition of Reason it will be as A + B : B :: C + D : D. 1827 O. Gregory Hutton's Course Math. (ed. 9) I. 325. 1875 I. Todhunter Algebra for Schools xxvi. 224. d. Dynamics. composition of forces: see quots. So composition of velocities, etc. ΚΠ 1807 C. Hutton Course Math. (ed. 5) II. 137 Composition of Forces, is the uniting of two or more forces into one, which shall have the same effect; or the finding of one force that shall be equal to several others taken together, in any different directions. 1830 H. Kater & D. Lardner Treat. Mechanics v. 52 In the examples of the composition of forces..here given, the effects of the forces are the production of pressures, or to speak more correctly..the ‘composition of pressures’. 1863 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea I. iv. 70 The law which determines the composition of mechanic forces. ΚΠ 1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 5 The following ten laws..comprehend all the phenomena of the attraction of composition. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 304 The species of attraction called chemical attraction, is also [called]..the attraction of composition, or chemical affinity. 6. Grammar. a. The combination, according to certain rules or principles, of two (or more) words to form one compound word. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [noun] > compounding composition1530 compounding1841 parathesis1862 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 9 Whan soever..this worde ex commeth in the composicion of any worde in the frenche tong. 1574 A. Golding in J. Baret Aluearie To Rdr. To giue iust rules of Deriuation, And Composition. 1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 263 Σιδωνο, which is one member in the Composition [printed Conposition] of it, relates to the Phœnissæ. 1871 H. J. Roby Gram. Lat. Lang. §979 New words may be formed..by the junction of two or more separately intelligible words into one. This is called composition. The distinctive features of two words being compounded are the loss of their separate accents, and the possession of but one set of inflexions. b. The due arrangement of words into sentences, and of sentences into periods; the art of constructing sentences and of writing prose or verse. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > [noun] writingeOE penning1548 composition1553 characterizing1591 penship1622 scription1627 exaration1631 inkshed1672 scrivening1680 quill-driving1756 pen-and-inkage1894 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] construction1530 syntaxis1540 composition1553 syntaxa1637 syntaxa1684 consecution1871 word order1872 taxis1885 1388 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) Ecclus. Prol. And lackide compassioun of wordis [L. deficere in verborum compositione].] 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 88 b Composicion..is an apte joynyng together of wordes in suche order, that neither the eare shal espie any jerre, nor yet any man shalbe dulled with overlong drawing out of a sentance. 1667 J. Dryden Let. to Sir R. Howard in Annus Mirabilis 1666 Pref. The last line of the Stanza is to be consider'd in the composition of the first. 1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 36 Composition, properly so called, is the culmination of the exercises of speaking and reading, translation and re-translation. 1891 N.E.D. at Composition Mod. All candidates must pass in Latin prose composition. Greek Verse composition is no longer obligatory. 7. The composing of anything for oral delivery, or to be read; the practice or art of literary production. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > art or occupation of writer or author > [noun] bookcraftOE fayingc1200 pena1387 composition1577 penwork1596 book writing1600 pencraft1600 composure1601 authoragea1628 literature1663 authorism1702 authorship1710 letters?1710 authoring1742 authorcraft1746 penwomanship1776 penmanship1793 authorhood1832 creative writing1837 pen-and-inkeryc1909 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. Pref. My rash and retchlesse behauiour vsed in the composition of this volume. 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 31. ⁋7 Dryden, whose warmth of fancy, and haste of composition, very frequently hurried him into inaccuracies. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View Nature II The composition of such a series of history. 1809 S. T. Coleridge Friend 21 Sept. 88 Books of recent Composition. 1829 W. Scott Waverley (new ed.) I. Gen. Pref. p. ix I did not abandon the idea of fictitious composition in prose. 8. The action or art of disposing or arranging in due order the parts of a work of art, esp. of a drawing or painting, so as to form a harmonious whole. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > artistic treatment or style gusto1662 composition1695 style1706 expression1715 goût1717 handling1719 touching1743 conduct1758 rhetoric1851 treatment1856 1695 J. Dryden in tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy De Arte Graphica Pref. p xxxvi In the Composition of a Picture, the Painter is to take care that nothing enter into it, which is not proper..to the Subject. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture III. 14 b Composition is that Rule or Method in painting, whereby the several Parts in a Picture are joyned together in order to form a Whole. 1848 W. Stirling Ann. Artists Spain I. 126 Their colouring is Flemish, but in drawing and composition they display a knowledge of the Italian models. 1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 68 A successful attempt at composition, or the regular disposal of the subject in the space allotted. 1876 H. N. Humphreys Coin Coll. Man. xxvi. 399 Certain coins of Trajan exhibit the same style of composition as the decussis. 9. The action or art of composing music. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > composing music > [noun] composition1597 composure1601 melopoeia1721 composing1782 writing1782 1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 182 You lacke nothing of perfect musicians, but only vse to make you prompt and quicke in your compositions. 1795 W. Mason Ess. Eng. Church Music i. 58 To invent within the rules of legitimate composition. 1882 J. H. Shorthouse John Inglesant xxii Though devoted to secular..music, [he] brought to the performance and composition of it so much taste and correct feeling, that, etc. 10. Printing. The setting up of type; the composing of pages of matter for printing. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > preparatory processes > composing > [noun] composing1708 composition1832 typesetting1846 comping1888 type-work1910 1832 C. Babbage Econ. Machinery & Manuf. xx. 167 The printer usually charges for composition by the sheet. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > settling quarrels or disputes reckoning1488 composing1574 compounding1601 atonement1605 composure1640 compositiona1654 sopiting1659 resolution1890 alternative dispute resolution1980 a1654 J. Selden England's Epinomis ii. §19 in Tracts (1683) Quiet composition of seditious tumults. 12. The settling of a debt, liability, or claim, by some mutual arrangement; compounding. composition of felony: see compound v. 9. Cf. 22 – 25. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of > involving payment composition1601 commuting1659 compounding1769 1601 W. West 2nd Pt. Symboleography iv. 265 The said compl[ainant] hath or doth seeke to make any reasonable composition with the said defend[ant] for or touching the said debt. 1682 London Gaz. No. 1686/4 That the said Debts may be satisfied without Composition or Abatement. 1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 275 To come to Composition, and lose one half of the Debt to save the rest. a1734 R. North Lives of Norths (1826) II. 371 If he could not get in all that was due from the debtor, he got by composition, barter, or other means, as much as he could. 1780 E. Burke Speech Oeconomical Reformation 55 All sorts of accounts should be closed some time or other—by payment; by composition; or by oblivion. 1855 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity IV. ix. viii. 185 The composition for a life of wickedness by a gift to the priest. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. II. 248 A happy contrivance for the composition of felonies. II. The mode, with the resulting condition or state. 13. a. The manner in which a thing is composed, compounded, or made up; condition or state as resulting from, or constituted by, combination; constitution, make, with reference to ingredients. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [noun] shapec1050 composition1382 temperc1400 confectionc1420 temperament1471 frame?1520 compage1550 architecture1590 compacture1590 structure?1591 fabricaturec1600 constitution1601 membrature1606 composture1614 compositure1625 contexturea1639 composure1639 economy1644 fabric1644 conformation1646 composier1648 constructurea1652 compages1660 mechanism1662 compound1671 construction1707 componency1750 formation1774 make-up1821 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Exod. xxx. 32 Beside [1611 after] the composicioun of it ȝe shulen not make another. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. vii. 831 In composicioun þerof [sc. siluer] [ben] quiksiluer and white brymstone. 1715 J. T. Desaguliers tr. N. Gauger Fires Improv'd 152 Lapis Calaminaris, which enters into the Composition of the Brass. 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 51. ⁋11 The composition of this pudding she has however promised Clarinda, that..she shall be told. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics vii. 69 Having thus clearly established the composition of white light. 1881 J. Russell Haigs of Bemersyde i. 27 The elements of heroism and romance enter largely into the composition of the narrative. 1883 Eng. Illustr. Mag. Nov. 88/1 Confusion..between the composition of brass and bronze. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > [noun] composition1555 schematism1660 1555 R. Eden tr. V. Biringucci Pyrotechnia in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 329 Matters of hard compositions, as quarreys and stones. 1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia ii. 22 The rockes are of a composition like Mill stones. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > [noun] ordinancec1390 compositionc1400 order?a1425 rayc1440 ordination1531 dispose1603 divisiona1616 compositure1625 composure1628 method1640 tactics1650 allocation1656 rangement1674 schematism1701 arrangement1715 orderedness1724 groupment1837 c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. B.) 30 Þe brawne is made..as a bowe þat ys y-bent; & for þat kynde wolde kepe þys compositioun, he clothyde þe brawne wyþ a pannycle. 14.. Prose Legends in Anglia VIII. 148 Hir berynge and composicyone of chere. 1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 70 The Thumbe erect, the other Fingers gently bent in, is a convenient composition of the Hand for an exordium. 15. The state or quality of being composite. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > state of being composite > [noun] composition?1541 complication1666 compoundedness1697 complexity1734 compoundness1768 discreteness1862 compositeness1881 ?1541 R. Copland Formularie of Helpes of Woundes & Sores in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Tj The dysposycyons that make composycyons in woundes be sondry. 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 1v Pointes, for their simplicitie and lacke of composition, are..only the termes and endes of quantitie. 1609 Bible (Douay) I. Num. iv. 16 The incense of composition. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xv. 96 None of the distinct Ideas we have of either is without all manner of Composition. 1872 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) II. vi. ii. 6 Even in Compound Quantitative Reasoning itself there are degrees of composition. 16. Of persons: ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > [noun] naturec1275 kindc1300 complexion1398 habitudec1400 disposition1477 constitution1553 corporature1555 habit1576 composition1578 temper1601 composure1628 schesis1684 stamina1701 habitus1886 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 58 A good composition of the body laieth a good foundation of olde age. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 340 Mala constitutio, that is to say, an euil state or composition. b. Mental constitution, or constitution of mind and body combined; the combination of personal qualities that make any one what he is. (Now usually regarded as transferred from 13.) ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] heartOE erda1000 moodOE i-mindOE i-cundeOE costc1175 lundc1175 evena1200 kinda1225 custc1275 couragec1300 the manner ofc1300 qualityc1300 talentc1330 attemperancec1374 complexionc1386 dispositiona1387 propertyc1390 naturea1393 assay1393 inclinationa1398 gentlenessa1400 proprietya1400 habitudec1400 makingc1400 conditionc1405 habitc1405 conceitc1425 affecta1460 ingeny1477 engine1488 stomach?1510 mind?a1513 ingine1533 affection1534 vein1536 humour?1563 natural1564 facultyc1565 concept1566 frame1567 temperature1583 geniusa1586 bent1587 constitution1589 composition1597 character1600 tune1600 qualification1602 infusion1604 spirits1604 dispose1609 selfness1611 disposure1613 composurea1616 racea1616 tempera1616 crasisc1616 directiona1639 grain1641 turn1647 complexure1648 genie1653 make1674 personality1710 tonea1751 bearing1795 liver1800 make-up1821 temperament1821 naturalness1850 selfhood1854 Wesen1854 naturel1856 sit1857 fibre1864 character structure1873 mentality1895 mindset1909 psyche1910 where it's (he's, she's) at1967 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. i. 73 O how that name befits my composition! Old Gaunt indeede, and gaunt in being olde. View more context for this quotation 1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 31 The best Composition, and Temperature is, to have Opennesse in Fame and Opinion; Secrecy in Habit. 1697–8 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juv. (1789) 148 Some higher worlds, furnished with inhabitants of a better composition. 1701 J. Swift Disc. Contests Nobles & Commons v. 55 A sort of Instinct, or secret Composition of their Nature. 1823 C. Lamb Mod. Gallantry in Elia 184 Whatever there is of the man of business..in my composition. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 231 Persons..who have a touch of madness in their composition. 17. Artistic manner, style. a. The mode or style in which words and sentences are put together. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] writingc1350 mannerc1375 pena1387 langue?a1400 indite1501 rate1517 conveyance?1521 composition1532 turn1533 set1535 tune1537 style1577 composure1601 way1612 language1699 rhetoricity1921 1532 W. Thynne in Wks. Chaucer Ded. sig. Aijv/1 In whose [sc. Chaucer's] workes is..suche perfectyon in metre, the composycion so adapted. 1597 F. Thynne Names & Armes Chauncelors in Animaduersions (1875) p. xcix The tedious leng[t]he and the disordered compositione. 1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. xx. 241 To come to the stile and composition. 1870 Earl Stanhope Hist. Eng. II. xiii. 144 So superior was this speech in composition. 1873 J. Morley Rousseau II. 238 The author..might have been expected to look beyond composition. b. The arrangement of the parts of a literary work. rare. (Cf. sense 8.) ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > form or order of a work shape1357 form1551 methoda1586 structure1598 cast1774 composition1839 1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe IV. v. 418 The ordonnance or composition of the Paradise Lost is admirable... Every part succeeds in an order, noble, clear and natural. c. The (due) arrangement of the parts of a picture or other work of art (or of a natural scene). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > arrangement of parts order1563 composition1706 conduct1758 rhythm1776 componency1856 1706 J. Savage tr. R. de Piles Art of Painting 19 Composition, Design and Colouring..are the Essence of Painting. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. xvi. 160 They were drawn with seven oranges, a thing quite out of taste, no variety in life, no composition in the world. a1849 E. A. Poe Landscape Garden in Wks. (1864) IV. 341 What is technically termed the composition of a natural landscape. 1858 N. Hawthorne Fr. & Ital. Jrnls. I. 187 As regards the composition of the picture, I am not convinced of the propriety of its being in two so distinctly separate parts. 1860 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters V. 159 Composition may be best defined as the help of everything in the picture by everything else. d. Music. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > [noun] > due arrangement of piece composition1667 composurea1684 1667 S. Pepys Diary 12 Feb. (1974) VIII. 55 Himself..played..most admirably; and the composition most excellent. 1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music (ed. 2) I. Pref. p. xviii To Excellence of Style and Composition. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [noun] accordmentc1330 accorda1398 consonancya1398 unitya1398 accordancea1400 commoningc1400 convenience1413 correspondence1413 answeringc1425 conformityc1430 consonance1430 congruity1447 concordancec1450 consonantc1475 agreement1495 monochordc1500 conveniencya1513 agreeance1525 agreeableness1531 concinnity1531 congruence1533 harmony?1533 concent1563 tunableness1569 agreeing1575 answerableness1577 concert1578 consent1578 sympathy1578 concord1579 symphonia1579 correspondency1589 atone1595 coherence1597 respondence1598 symphony1598 sortance1600 coherency1603 respondency1603 symbolizing1605 coaptation1614 compositiona1616 sympathizing1632 comportance1648 compliance1649 syntax1649 concinneness1655 symmetry1655 homology1656 consistency1659 consentaneousness1660 consistence1670 comportment1675 harmoniousness1679 symbolism1722 congruousness1727 accordancy1790 sameness1790 consentaneity1798 consilience1840 chime1847 consensus1854 solidarity1874 synchromesh1966 concordancing1976 a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 1 There is no Composition in these newes, That giues them credit. View more context for this quotation III. The product. 19. a. quasi-concr. A condition consisting in the combination or union (material, practical, or ideal) of several things; a combination, aggregate, mixture. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > [noun] > a combination combination?1533 composition1556 composure1609 composture1614 compound1621 annexationa1626 conjugation1626 complexiona1637 composta1640 consistence1641 conferrumination1647 compositum1652 copulation1774 amalgam1790 amalgamation1828 combo1929 1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 3 Orontius defineth the worlde to be the perfect and entiere composition of all thinges. a1680 T. Brooks in C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David (1871) II. Ps. xxx. 5 All honey would harm us, all wormwood would undo us; a composition of both is the best way. 1744 G. Berkeley Siris (ESTC T72826) §58 Common soaps are compositions of lixivial salt and oil. 1762 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. iii. ii. 314 Every soil is a composition of different earths. 1784 J. Douglas Cook's Voy. Pacific II. iv. iii. 335 It is difficult to represent this sound by any composition of our letters. 1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing iv. 233 A composition of ultra-marine and vermillion. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues II. 30 Narrative is of three kinds, the simple, imitative, and a composition of the two. b. used of persons. (Cf. 16b.) ΚΠ 1790 T. Pennant Of London (1813) 133 Queen Elizabeth, as singular a composition as her father. 1850 R. W. Emerson Swedenborg in Representative Men iii. 100 He seemed, by the variety..of his powers, to be a composition of several persons. 20. a. concrete. A substance or preparation formed by combination or mixture of various ingredients.Applied in various trades to particular mixed substances used in the operations of the trade; e.g. stucco, plaster or cement made to serve the purposes of marble or stone; mixed metal made for a particular purpose; the mixture of which candles are made; the composite material of which printers' inking-rollers are made, etc. In these technical uses, frequently shortened to compo n.1 and adj. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [noun] > a mixture > a preparation made by mixing confectiona1387 mixtiona1398 composition1555 compose1581 commistion1609 concocture1612 compositum1652 concoctiona1851 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > plaster > [noun] > coarse lime-work1589 stuc1632 compositiona1719 stucco1734 compo1823 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 198v Mengle togyther..a blacke masse or composition..lyke vnto very blacke pytche. 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 130v We put it [squilla]..into drinkes or spicye composiciones. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 272 Medicinable compositions. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 43 That diaphanous Composition, Glass. 1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 164 An Ingredient of the Composition, with which the Egyptians embalm'd the Bodies. a1719 J. Addison in Wks. (1869) I. 524 Vast pillars of stone, cased over with a composition, that looks the most like marble of any thing I can imagine. 1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing II. ii. iii. iv. 187 The solution of tin called by dyers Composition. 1832 D. Brewster Lett. Nat. Magic iv. 69 Some compositions..which diffused noisome odours. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [noun] > a structure machine1545 framework1578 compact1600 fabrication1602 machination1605 compound1607 structure1612 compilement1624 fabric1633 contignation1635 artifice1700 mechanism1712 creel1788 composition1793 arrangement1800 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §94 The much greater tonnage of the stone..than was necessary in the compositions of my predecessors. 21. An intellectual production. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > sentence reasona1398 sentence1447 composition1627 1627 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. (rev. ed.) xiii. 180 Marking carefully both parts of the Composition or Sentence, both antecedent and consequent. b. A train of ideas put into words; a literary production. In school and college language, one written as an exercise in the putting of ideas into prose or verse. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] i-writeOE bookOE writOE workOE pagine?c1225 lettrurec1330 dite1340 inditing1340 writing1340 scripta1350 dittya1387 stylea1400 scriptiona1425 framec1475 invention1484 piece1533 ditement1556 paperwork1577 composition1603 confection1605 composure?1606 page?1606 the written word1619 performance1665 literature1852 society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > as an exercise composition1603 exercise1678 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 95 Some compositions of his owne penning. 1716 J. Perry State of Russia (title page) To these are added some new compositions. 1734 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juveniles (1789) 159 Considerable benefit..to be derived from devotional compositions. 1774 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry I. Diss. ii. sig. d2 Aldhelm's Latin compositions..were deemed extraordinary performances. 1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 75 Compositions of a similar nature to the tales of a Thousand and One Nights. 1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 45 I deny that I make verses or address compositions to him. c. A work of art (esp. a drawing or painting), consisting of several elements artistically combined. ΚΠ 1774 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. vi, in Wks. (1798) I. 177 The capricious compositions of Tintoret. 1875 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life (ed. 2) ii. i. 49 A study in colour of every separate thing that was to form part of the composition. d. transferred to natural scenery. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > [noun] > a picture metingOE portraiturea1393 picture?a1425 piece1503 portrait1560 pictural1590 composure?1606 transumpt1629 composition1753 delineation1772 depictment1816 vraisemblance1857 piccy1865 pic1884 pitcher1915 pictorial1949 1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty 12 Compositions in nature and art. 1879 O. N. Rood Mod. Chromatics v. 61 The presence of clouds breaks up the symmetry of these natural chromatic compositions. e. A musical production, a piece of music. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > [noun] workOE musica1586 composure?1606 composition1667 writings1672 morceau1748 op.1784 piece1825 opusc1840 confection1844 number1865 oeuvre1889 1667 S. Pepys Diary 12 Feb. (1974) VIII. 55 The whole composition is certainly most excellent. 1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music IV. 282 One of Handel's compositions. 1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda I. i. v. 82 Herr Klesmer played a composition of his own, a fantasia. 22. A mutual agreement or arrangement between two parties, a contract. archaic or Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > agreement > [noun] > an agreement forewardOE accordc1275 covenant1297 end1297 form1297 frettec1330 conjurationc1374 treatc1380 bargainc1386 contractc1386 comenaunt1389 compositionc1405 treaty1427 pact1429 paction1440 reconventionc1449 treatisea1464 hostage1470 packa1475 trystc1480 bond (also band) of manrent1482 covenance1484 concordance1490 patisement1529 capitulation1535 conventmenta1547 convenience1551 compact1555 negotiation1563 sacrament1563 match1569 consortship1592 after-agreementa1600 combourgeoisie1602 convention1603 comburghership1606 transaction1611 end-makingc1613 obligement1627 bare contract1641 stipulation1649 accompackmentc1650 rue-bargaina1657 concordat1683 minute1720 tacka1758 understanding1803 meet1804 it's a go1821 deal1863 whizz1869 stand-in1870 gentlemen's agreement1880 meeting of minds1883 c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 848 And telle he moste his tale as was resoun By forward and by composicioun. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxv. 92 Laomedon made a composicion with phebus and neptunus..by the whiche he promysed theym..a toune full of golde. 1657 Ford's Most Famous Hist. Parismus (new ed.) ii. xxxii. 264 As he was making composition with Parismenos for their transportation. 1712 J. Arbuthnot Law is Bottomless-pit ix. 17 My Curse on..all my Posterity, if ever they come to any Composition with my Lord Strutt. 1839 W. B. Stonehouse Hist. Isle of Axholme 403 In the reign of Edward the Second..a composition was made between Sir John de Mowbray, and the Abbot of Selby. 23. a. An agreement for the settlement of political differences; a treaty, etc. archaic. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > treaty composition1387 treaty1430 treatisea1464 tract1501 convention1603 1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Rolls) VIII. 57 Pope Gregorye..sent to þe kynges of Engelond and of Scotlond..þat þe composicioun schulde be stedfastliche i-holde. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 497 That the realmes of England & of Fraunce..were of late..ioyned together in an eternall league and composition. 1649 G. Langbaine Answer Vniv. Oxford 21 By..severall Charters confirmed by Act of Parliament, and speciall Compositions with the Citty. 1860 J. L. Motley Hist. Netherlands (1868) I. vi. 290 To send a mission of mediation to Spain, for the purpose of..bringing about some honourable composition. b. A mutual agreement for cessation of hostilities, a truce; an agreement for submission or surrender on particular terms; capitulation; terms of surrender. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defeat > [noun] > surrender deliverancea1387 appointmenta1513 composition1523 dedition1523 rendering1523 surrender?a1525 fall1535 render1548 rendry1600 rendition1601 capitulation1604 recapitulation1641 reddition1641 surrendering1648 capitulating1734 society > armed hostility > peace > pacification > peace treaty > [noun] accordc1275 peacec1325 concordc1425 treaty1430 corda1500 composition1523 pacification1548 assurance1577 accommodation1624 convention1780 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cviii. 130 I desyre you that we may abyde in composicyon, that ye make vs no warr, nor we to you, the space of a moneth. 1627 W. Duncomb tr. V. d'Audiguier Tragi-comicall Hist. our Times iii. 44 Reyne Berk having held out three moneths against the attempts of the besiegers..yeelded upon composition. 1685 London Gaz. No. 2075/3 General Schultz has taken Caschaw by Composition. 1761–2 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) III. xl. 368 Henry..entered into a composition with them; and..granted them peace on the most advantageous conditions. 24. An agreement or arrangement involving surrender or sacrifice of some kind on one side or on both; a compromise. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of midsc1485 temper?1523 composition1597 temperature1598 temperament1604 medium1719 compromise1797 come-between1877 trade-off1909 wash1976 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxii. 142 Content to deliuer vp the bookes of God by composition, to the end their owne liues might be spared. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. 6 The French speech..was fain at last to come to a composition with the English tongue. 1747 S. Richardson Clarissa I. xii. 70 It will probably end in a composition, never to have either. 1826 Q. Rev. 33 296 This singular composition between taste and principle. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 265 With the Elector of Saxony a composition was made..Instead of the four hundred thousand rixdollars which he had demanded, he consented to accept one hundred thousand and the Garter. 25. a. An agreement for the payment (or the payment by agreement) of a sum of money, in lieu of the discharge of some other obligation, or in a different way from that required by the original contract; a compounding; spec. an agreement by which a creditor accepts a certain proportion of a debt, in satisfaction, from an insolvent debtor.The fines paid by Royalists under the Commonwealth were called Compositions of Delinquents. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding redemptiona1513 composition1570 commutation money1650 commutationa1707 the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > compromise > [noun] > instance of > involving payment > instance of composition1570 1570 Act 13 Eliz. c. 18 Comynaltie and cityzens shall have the said Ground..for such Composition as they shall make with the Lorde, Owners and Occupiers. 1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 344 Towardes the composition which they shall make with their creditors. 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. i. 12 Such Summes of mony, as shall grow or come, by reason of any such compositions or Fines. 1667 S. Pepys Diary 10 Sept. (1974) VIII. 431 There is no such thing like to be as a composition with my Lady Castlemayne [8 Sept., Lady Castlemaine is compounding for a pension]. a1675 B. Whitelocke Memorials Eng. Affairs (1682) anno 1645 161/1 Orders..about Compositions of Delinquents. 1761–2 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. lii. 92 Compositions were openly made with recusants, and the popish religion became a regular part of the revenue. 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. II. xviii. 703 The Irish admitted the composition or fine for murder. 1891 N.E.D. at Composition Mod. He is not a bankrupt; he was insolvent, but succeeded in making a composition with his creditors. b. A sum of money paid in settlement of, or by way of compounding for, some claim or liability; e.g. the proportion of a debt paid, according to agreement, by an insolvent debtor. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding > sum paid composition1581 society > trade and finance > payment > payment of debt > [noun] > partial payment composition1581 1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (1588) iv. xvi. 578 Then is the partie to redeeme his libertie with some portion of money..which composition is properly called his Fine or his Raunsome. 1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. iv. 84 [He] made them pay at once an hundred and eighteen thousand pounds as a composition for their Estates. 1769 W. Robertson View State of Europe Proofs in Hist. Charles V I. 278 Fixing by law the fine or composition to be paid for each different crime. 1864 Reader 11 June 749 Members, paying £1 annually, with an entrance fee of £1, or a life composition of £10. 1888 Times 13 Oct. 12/1 An offer was submitted of a composition of 5s. 6d. in the pound. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. (In sense 20.) composition-candle n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > made from animal fat > made from stearin or stearic acid composite candle1845 stearic candle1852 composition-candle1861 1861 J. A. Symonds Let. 4 May (1967) I. 289 I..have laid in several volumes of De Quincey & 2 long composition candles. c1865 H. Letheby in J. Wylde Circle of Sci. I. 95/2 Fats..employed in the manufacture of composition-candles. composition-nail n. ΚΠ 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Composition-nails, those which are made of mixed metal..largely used for nailing on copper sheathing, are erroneously called copper nails. composition-tube n. ΚΠ 1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 78 Some..of the pipe usually employed, or of that more pliable composition tube, employed by the makers of beer engines. composition-wall n. ΚΠ 1816 M. Keating Trav. Eur. & Afr. I. 242 He rammed the victims of his malignant and drunken caprices..into his composition-walls: for he too was an architect. b. (In sense 25.) composition-fish n. (see quot.) ΚΠ 1614 Eng. Way to Wealth in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 241 His Majesty's serjeant-cater hath yearly gratis, out of every ship and bark, one hundred of the choicest and fairest lings..and they call them composition-fish. composition-money n. ΚΠ 1596 E. Spenser View State Ireland 91 Counting their composition-money therewithall. composition-rent n. ΚΠ 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia (1821) iii. 257 The great charge..for her Majestie out of euery Plough land within the Province, called the composition rent. 1795 Hull Advertiser 25 July 1/1 The Estate is discharged of Tithes in kind, and subject only to a moderate composition Rent in lieu thereof. C2. composition-action n. (see composition-pedal n.). ΚΠ 1880 C. A. Edwards Organs ii. xiii. 116 In large two-manual instruments it is..necessary to have well arranged composition actions. composition-cloth n. a waterproof material made from long flax, used for trunk-covers, etc. composition-deed n. a deed effecting a composition (see 25) between a debtor and creditors. Categories » composition-face n. Crystallography = composition-plane n. composition-metal n. a kind of brass composed of copper, zinc, etc., used for the sheathing of ships. composition-pedal n. a pedal in an organ which acts on a number of stops at once, a combination-pedal. ΚΠ 1880 Hopkins in Grove Dict. Music I. 383 A ‘double-action’ composition pedal will not only draw out a given number of stops..suppose the first four—but will draw in all but the same four. Categories » composition-plane n. Crystallography the common plane or base between the two parts of a twin crystal. composition roller n. Printing an inking-roller usually consisting of a metal core coated with a mixture of gelatine, glycerine, and molasses. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > parts of printers or presses > [noun] > ink-roller roller1662 composition roller1825 ink-roller1825 rider1878 waver1882 inker1884 ink-cylinder1894 1825 T. C. Hansard Typographia Index ii Composition Rollers, for inking, attempted by Lord Stanhope. 1928 J. C. Oswald Hist. Printing xxvi. 341 A London printer named Forster..evolved in 1810 a metal roller covered with a composition that distributed printing ink successfully. Baxter is the name of the inventor of composition rollers cast in molds. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset 270 Composition roller, an inking roller of gelatin and glue; very susceptible to moisture. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.1382 |
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