commonern.

Brit.

/ˈkɒmənə/, U.S.

/ˈkɑmənər/

Forms: Middle English commyner, Middle English commynere, Middle English commynner, Middle English comouner, Middle English comounere, Middle English comounner, Middle English comwneris (plural), Middle English–1600s commener, Middle English–1500s cominer, Middle English–1500s comuner, Middle English–1500s comunere, Middle English–1500s comyner, Middle English–1500s comynere, Middle English–1600s comener, Middle English–1600s comoner, Middle English–1600s communer, Middle English– commoner, 1500s comenere, 1500s commonar (Scottish), 1500s commonour, 1500s–1600s comonar. Also (in senses 2, 4, and 6a) with capital initial.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: common v., -er suffix¹; common n.¹, -er suffix¹; common adj., -er suffix¹.

Etymology: Partly (i) < common v. + -er suffix¹, partly (ii) < common n.¹ + -er suffix¹, and partly (iii) < common adj. + -er suffix¹. In early use partly after Anglo-Norman commoner, comoner, communer, comuner, and Middle French communier (French communier) tenant having right of common (end of the 13th cent. or earlier), associate, partner (c1300 or earlier), freeman, burgess (early 14th cent. or earlier), person who is not of noble birth (early 14th cent. or earlier). In some senses perhaps also after post-classical Latin communarius (also communerius, communiarius) (ecclesiastical) official administering a common fund (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), municipal officer of a commune (13th cent.), tenant having right of common (14th cent. in British sources), member of a community or of a common council (in London) (frequently from 14th cent. in British sources), member of a commune (in Germany) (14th cent. in British and continental sources), student receiving ‘commons‘ (15th cent. in British sources).Specific forms. With the form commonour compare -our suffix. Specific senses. In sense 6 after commons n. 5. With sense 7 compare earlier common lawyer n.

†1. A person who shares or takes part in something; a sharer, a participant. Cf. common v. 1b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > sharing > [noun] > a sharer > in association with others

partnerc1300

commoner1357

fellowa1382

parti-fellowa1500

participant1543

communer1548

parting fellow1557

participator1639

J. Gaytryge Lay Folks' Catech. (York Min.) (1901) l. 9 He wold that som creatures..Were communers [?a1450 Lamb. commeneris] of that blisse that euermor lastes.

a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) l. 250 (MED) Comuners in þe kyngdom of heuyn.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 272 By the we are made comuner to the fruyte of lyfe.

1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iv. xvi. 196 Lewis..resolved to be a commoner with them in weal and wo.

2. A member of a community possessing civic rights and privileges; a citizen, a burgess. Also: a member of a town or city council; spec. one elected to the Court of Common Council, the main decision-making body of the City of London Corporation. Now historical except in Chief Commoner n. an official title of a senior member of the City of London Corporation (formerly given to the chairman of the City Lands Committee).

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > esp. as having civic rights

burgess?c1225

citizena1325

commoner1384

citinerc1450

in-burgess1479

burgher?1555

bourgeoisie1593

bourgeois1604

burgessdom1661

society > law > legal right > right of specific class, person, or place > [noun] > status or rights of being a citizen > one possessing

citizena1325

commoner1384

citinerc1450

free burgher1624

citoyen?1793

national1845

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > local government body > [noun] > member of local government council > town-councillor

portman1346–7

commoner1384

burgessc1390

common-councilmana1637

councilman1659

corporator1670

gownsman1675

counsel-house-man1697

town councillor1731

1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 23 Sir William Walworth & other suche worthy persones as aldermen & comuners weren in the contrarie opynion of the or[dinances of John] Norhampton.

1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 380 The xxiiij. and xlviij. comyners of the seid cite, chosen for good rewle of the same.

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. i. sig. Aij In the citie of London and other cities, they that be none aldermen, or sheriffes be called communers.

1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. iii. 53 The Stoickes would have the City of the whole world to be one, and all men to be commoners, and townesmen.

1690–1700 J. Goodfellow Pref. Order in Order of Hospitalls sig. Aiii^v Th'Aldermen, and the Commoners of this City [sc. London].

1813 J. Feltham Picture of London (ed. 14) i. 54 The Court of Common-council consists of the lord-mayor, aldermen, and representatives of the several wards... They annually elect six aldermen and twelve commoners.

1864 Standard 13 Jan. 2/3 I have had the honour to hold the important position of chief commoner on this ancient corporation.

1968 B. Lehane Quest of Three Abbots ii. 32 As in other societies the commoners, freemen owning small plots of land, with sometimes slaves as part of their farming equipment, were the bole of the feudal tree.

2013 S. K. Cohn Pop. Protest in Late Medieval Eng. Towns ix. 189 Commoners of Norwich protested against the city elite in 1414 for abrogating the commoners' electoral prerogatives since 1404.

a. An ordinary person as distinguished from a member of the aristocracy or upper classes.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > [noun] > one of the common people

Jackc1390

fellowa1400

commonerc1400

populara1525

plebeianc1550

ungentle1562

Tom Tiler1582

roturier1586

vulgarity1646

little man1707

pleb1795

man of the people1799

the man in the street1831

snob1831

man1860

oickman1925

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. l. 325 Clerkes & knyȝtes and comuneres þat ben riche.

a1475 J. Shirley Death James (BL Add. 5467) in Miscellanea Scotica (1818) II. 7 (MED) The comoners of his land secretly clepid hym..a tirannous prynce, what for the outrageus imposicions..upon his poure subjectes and peple.

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. H.vij^v He dyned at a knyghtes bridale, and woulde not eate at the bridale of a communer.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 483 Proud & sumptuous dames, that are but commoners and artizans wiues.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 63 The supreme tribunal..must consist of both commoners and nobles.

1936 D. Carnegie How to win Friends & influence People (1981) vi. ii. 236 He became an Earl after she died; but, even while he was still a commoner, he persuaded Queen Victoria to elevate Mary Anne to the peerage.

2013 A. Casale Bone Dragon (2014) 53 They ran away to get married, like she was a princess and he was a commoner.

†b. figurative. A horse that is of mixed origin or descent, rather than one that is pure-bred. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1890 Standard 17 Mar. 3/7 If the prize goes to Epsom it will be by the aid of Ilex, for the outsider, Braceborough, is only a commoner, I fear.

1915 S. Playne et al. Southern India 338/2 Arab stallions should be mated with commoners, but thoroughbreds should serve all the others.

4. A member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (formerly England). Now rare except in First Commoner n.See also Great Commoner n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [noun] > Member of Parliament > member of House of Commons

commonerc1450

c1450 in H. Anstey Epistolae Academicae Oxon. (1898) I. 293 (MED) To the worshipfull commyners off þis present noble parlament.

1648 W. Prynne Plea for Lords 34 The Petitions of the Commoners (containing all Petitions of the Commons house for redresse of..injuries).

1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. xi. 140 The Messengers..one of the House of Peers and two Commoners.

1884 Liverpool Mercury 7 Nov. 5/2 For the sake of the House of Lords a protest will be made by the Tory commoners at every stage.

1998 Independent (Nexis) 5 Dec. 4 Tragic–comic recrimination between Tory Lords and Tory Commoners.

a. A person having the right to use common land for grazing animals, collecting wood or turf for fuel, fishing, etc. Cf. right of common. Now chiefly historical.

ΚΠ

c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 155 So þat foresaide comuners haue þere forsaide commune In conueniente tyme..þe saide telthes In oone ȝere schall Be sowe and In A-noþer ȝere lye leye.

1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 59^v For commons, these commoners crie, enclosing they may not abide.

a1625 H. Finch Law (1627) iv. xix. 314 A commoner whom another commoner wrongeth by putting in more beasts into the Common then hee should.

1740 G. Jacob Gen. Law Estates 241 Two different Commons lying contiguous and unfenced..it naturally followed that the Cattle of the several Commoners strayed into the Common of the other.

1839 W. B. Stonehouse Hist. Isle of Axholme 77 The original grant recognized this right of the Commoners.

1967 A. Everitt in J. Thirsk Agrarian Hist. Eng. & Wales IV. vii. 406 The fiercest opposition to the Tudor enclosure movement stemmed from poor commoners.

2015 Bristol Post (Nexis) 23 June 4 The property..conferred on its owner the rights to be a ‘commoner’ of Durdham Down, with the right to graze sheep on the Down.

†b. figurative. A person or animal having shared access to or reliance on the natural world. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1691 J. Hartcliffe Treat. Virtues 261 The first Commoners of the Earth did employ their Heads about getting the necessary supports of Life.

1703 N. Rowe Fair Penitent ii. ii. 22 The Birds, great Nature's happy Commoners.

1781 S. Johnson Fenton in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets VI. 2 He was driven out a commoner of Nature..and reduced to pick up a livelihood uncertain and fortuitous.

a. Chiefly at Oxford and Cambridge Universities: an undergraduate without a scholarship or financial support from his or her college; an ordinary student or undergraduate. Cf. pensioner n. 5.Such commoners would originally have paid for commons (commons n. 5a). There were previously several grades of student at these universities (e.g. noblemen, battelers, servitors), most of which are now obsolete.See also fellow commoner n. 3a, gentleman-commoner n.In quot. 1606 in figurative context.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > learner > college or university student > [noun] > one not receiving allowance

pensioner1573

commoner?a1578

?a1578 (a1547) T. Heywood Dial. Wit & Folly (1846) 17 Thys ys some yowng schooleman, a fresh comonar.

1606 Returne from Parnassus; or, Scourge of Simony iv. ii. sig. G^v One of the Diuels fellow commoners, one that sizeth in the Deuils butteries.

1671 J. Glanvill Further Discov. Stubbe 31 Being not related to any Foundation in Oxford, but living there as a Commoner.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1728 I. 24 He..went to Oxford, and was entered a Commoner of Pembroke College.

1844 A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold I. i. 2 Having entered as a commoner, and afterwards become a scholar of the college.

1887 T. A. Trollope What I Remember I. iii. 77 At Winchester there were..a hundred and thirty private pupils of the head master, or ‘commoners’.

2000 Times (Nexis) 19 Dec. Mr Paul Murphy, Secretary of State for Wales, Commoner of the College, 1967–1970.

†b. A person who pays for or eats shared food provisions or commons (commons n. 5a); a boarder. Obsolete.figurative in quot. 1654.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > temporary inhabitant > [noun] > in another's house > lodger

boarder1530

inmake1536

inmate1589

quarterer1595

commoner1598

tabler1598

by-settel1612

lodgera1616

inquilinea1641

pensioner1673

pensionnairea1794

Artful Dodger1839

paying guest1853

roomer1859

star boarder1875

pension-boarder1898

latchkey1905

PG1925

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating in specific conditions > [noun] > eating in company > boarder or commoner

commoner1598

tabler1598

convictor1648

mealer1880

1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Dozzenante, a commoner or boorder with others as schollers are.

1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 554 The Prodigalls fellow Commoners, the Swine.

†7. A lawyer specializing in common law; (also Scottish) an arbitrator. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > legal knowledge or skill > one learned in the law > in specific branches or kinds of law

civiliana1425

civilistc1550

common lawyer1552

Justinianist1588

tenurist1588

commoner1591

feudist1607

criminalista1631

criminista1631

Romanist1647

pundit1661

antecessor1753

constitutionalist1766

civil1776

publicist1795

codist1831

theologo-jurista1843

internationalist1855

Sabinian1862

Pandectist1895

1591 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 55 That Mr Jhonn Prestoun and Mr Henry Balfour, assessouris, be commoneris for the toun anent the difference betuix the town and the Kirk of Leyth.

1600 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 270 [The council] ordanis Henrie Nesbett, Jhonn Moresoun, Patrik Sandelands commoners for the guid toun in the debatabill matter..tuiching the dam.

1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir iii. sig. H^v Har. [The devil] hates a ciuill Lawyer, as a souldier does peace. Spung. How a commoner? Har. Loues him from the teeth outward.

†8. A female prostitute. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > a prostitute

meretrixOE

whoreOE

soiled dovea1250

common womanc1330

putec1384

bordel womanc1405

putaina1425

brothelc1450

harlot?a1475

public womanc1510

naughty pack?1529

draba1533

cat1535

strange woman1535

stew1552

causey-paikera1555

putanie?1566

drivelling1570

twigger1573

punka1575

hackney1579

customer1583

commodity1591

streetwalker1591

traffic1591

trug1591

hackster1592

polecat1593

stale1593

mermaid1595

medlar1597

occupant1598

Paphian1598

Winchester goose1598

pagan1600

hell-moth1602

aunt1604

moll1604

prostitution1605

community1606

miss1606

night-worm1606

bat1607

croshabell1607

prostitute1607

pug1607

venturer1607

nag1608

curtal1611

jumbler1611

land-frigate1611

walk-street1611

doll-common1612

turn-up1612

barber's chaira1616

commonera1616

public commonera1616

trader1615

venturea1616

stewpot1616

tweak1617

carry-knave1623

prostibule1623

fling-dusta1625

mar-taila1625

night-shadea1625

waistcoateera1625

night trader1630

coolera1632

meretrician1631

painted ladya1637

treadle1638

buttock1641

night-walker1648

mob?1650

lady (also girl, etc.) of the game1651

lady of pleasure1652

trugmullion1654

fallen woman1659

girlc1662

high-flyer1663

fireship1665

quaedama1670

small girl1671

visor-mask1672

vizard-mask1672

bulker1673

marmalade-madam1674

town miss1675

town woman1675

lady of the night1677

mawks1677

fling-stink1679

Whetstone whore1684

man-leech1687

nocturnal1693

hack1699

strum1699

fille de joie1705

market-dame1706

screw1725

girl of (the) town1733

Cytherean1751

street girl1764

monnisher1765

lady of easy virtue1766

woman (also lady) of the town1766

kennel-nymph1771

chicken1782

stargazer1785

loose fish1809

receiver general1811

Cyprian1819

mollya1822

dolly-mop1834

hooker1845

charver1846

tail1846

horse-breaker1861

professional1862

flagger1865

cocodette1867

cocotte1867

queen's woman1871

common prostitute1875

joro1884

geisha1887

horizontal1888

flossy1893

moth1896

girl of the pavement1900

pross1902

prossie1902

pusher1902

split-arse mechanic1903

broad1914

shawl1922

bum1923

quiff1923

hustler1924

lady of the evening1924

prostie1926

working girl1928

prostisciutto1930

maggie1932

brass1934

brass nail1934

mud kicker1934

scupper1935

model1936

poule de luxe1937

pro1937

chromo1941

Tom1941

pan-pan1949

twopenny upright1958

scrubber1959

slack1959

yum-yum girl1960

Suzie Wong1962

mattress1964

jamette1965

ho1966

sex worker1971

pavement princess1976

parlour girl1979

crack whore1990

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) v. iii. 197 O behold this Ring,..He gaue it to a Commoner a'th Campe If I be one.

1695 W. Congreve Love for Love i. i. 11 What think you of that Noble Commoner, Mrs. Drab?

Compounds

First Commoner n. (a title for) the Speaker of the British House of Commons (see speaker n. 3a).Also more fully First Commoner of the Land (and variants).

ΘΚΠ

procurator of parliament1399

speakerc1400

Speaker of (the) Parliamenta1464

First Commoner1759

1759 Acct. Constit. & Present State Great Brit. 142 The speaker, being the first commoner of the land, is the mouth of the house.

1843 W. C. Townsend Hist. House Commons I. 50 This office..seemed well adapted to be held, as it were in commendam, by the first commoner of England.

1882 Fraser's Mag. Apr. 519 Similar conversations are still carried on between the Sovereign and the First Commoner as to the progress of business.

1908 A. E. Steinthal tr. J. Redlich Procedure House of Commons 137 As ‘first commoner’ in the realm his place is immediately after the peers.

2018 Times (Nexis) 23 May 23 The First Commoner of the Land is intent on showing that he cares about ordinary people.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	commoner
释义	commonern. Brit. /ˈkɒmənə/, U.S. /ˈkɑmənər/ Forms: Middle English commyner, Middle English commynere, Middle English commynner, Middle English comouner, Middle English comounere, Middle English comounner, Middle English comwneris (plural), Middle English–1600s commener, Middle English–1500s cominer, Middle English–1500s comuner, Middle English–1500s comunere, Middle English–1500s comyner, Middle English–1500s comynere, Middle English–1600s comener, Middle English–1600s comoner, Middle English–1600s communer, Middle English– commoner, 1500s comenere, 1500s commonar (Scottish), 1500s commonour, 1500s–1600s comonar. Also (in senses 2, 4, and 6a) with capital initial. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: common v., -er suffix¹; common n.¹, -er suffix¹; common adj., -er suffix¹. Etymology: Partly (i) < common v. + -er suffix¹, partly (ii) < common n.¹ + -er suffix¹, and partly (iii) < common adj. + -er suffix¹. In early use partly after Anglo-Norman commoner, comoner, communer, comuner, and Middle French communier (French communier) tenant having right of common (end of the 13th cent. or earlier), associate, partner (c1300 or earlier), freeman, burgess (early 14th cent. or earlier), person who is not of noble birth (early 14th cent. or earlier). In some senses perhaps also after post-classical Latin communarius (also communerius, communiarius) (ecclesiastical) official administering a common fund (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), municipal officer of a commune (13th cent.), tenant having right of common (14th cent. in British sources), member of a community or of a common council (in London) (frequently from 14th cent. in British sources), member of a commune (in Germany) (14th cent. in British and continental sources), student receiving ‘commons‘ (15th cent. in British sources).Specific forms. With the form commonour compare -our suffix. Specific senses. In sense 6 after commons n. 5. With sense 7 compare earlier common lawyer n. †1. A person who shares or takes part in something; a sharer, a participant. Cf. common v. 1b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > sharing > [noun] > a sharer > in association with others partnerc1300 commoner1357 fellowa1382 parti-fellowa1500 participant1543 communer1548 parting fellow1557 participator1639 J. Gaytryge Lay Folks' Catech. (York Min.) (1901) l. 9 He wold that som creatures..Were communers [?a1450 Lamb. commeneris] of that blisse that euermor lastes. a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) l. 250 (MED) Comuners in þe kyngdom of heuyn. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 272 By the we are made comuner to the fruyte of lyfe. 1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iv. xvi. 196 Lewis..resolved to be a commoner with them in weal and wo. 2. A member of a community possessing civic rights and privileges; a citizen, a burgess. Also: a member of a town or city council; spec. one elected to the Court of Common Council, the main decision-making body of the City of London Corporation. Now historical except in Chief Commoner n. an official title of a senior member of the City of London Corporation (formerly given to the chairman of the City Lands Committee). ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > town- or city-dweller > [noun] > esp. as having civic rights burgess?c1225 citizena1325 commoner1384 citinerc1450 in-burgess1479 burgher?1555 bourgeoisie1593 bourgeois1604 burgessdom1661 society > law > legal right > right of specific class, person, or place > [noun] > status or rights of being a citizen > one possessing citizena1325 commoner1384 citinerc1450 free burgher1624 citoyen?1793 national1845 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > local government body > [noun] > member of local government council > town-councillor portman1346–7 commoner1384 burgessc1390 common-councilmana1637 councilman1659 corporator1670 gownsman1675 counsel-house-man1697 town councillor1731 1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 23 Sir William Walworth & other suche worthy persones as aldermen & comuners weren in the contrarie opynion of the or[dinances of John] Norhampton. 1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 380 The xxiiij. and xlviij. comyners of the seid cite, chosen for good rewle of the same. 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. i. sig. Aij In the citie of London and other cities, they that be none aldermen, or sheriffes be called communers. 1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. iii. 53 The Stoickes would have the City of the whole world to be one, and all men to be commoners, and townesmen. 1690–1700 J. Goodfellow Pref. Order in Order of Hospitalls sig. Aiii^v Th'Aldermen, and the Commoners of this City [sc. London]. 1813 J. Feltham Picture of London (ed. 14) i. 54 The Court of Common-council consists of the lord-mayor, aldermen, and representatives of the several wards... They annually elect six aldermen and twelve commoners. 1864 Standard 13 Jan. 2/3 I have had the honour to hold the important position of chief commoner on this ancient corporation. 1968 B. Lehane Quest of Three Abbots ii. 32 As in other societies the commoners, freemen owning small plots of land, with sometimes slaves as part of their farming equipment, were the bole of the feudal tree. 2013 S. K. Cohn Pop. Protest in Late Medieval Eng. Towns ix. 189 Commoners of Norwich protested against the city elite in 1414 for abrogating the commoners' electoral prerogatives since 1404. 3. a. An ordinary person as distinguished from a member of the aristocracy or upper classes. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > [noun] > one of the common people Jackc1390 fellowa1400 commonerc1400 populara1525 plebeianc1550 ungentle1562 Tom Tiler1582 roturier1586 vulgarity1646 little man1707 pleb1795 man of the people1799 the man in the street1831 snob1831 man1860 oickman1925 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. l. 325 Clerkes & knyȝtes and comuneres þat ben riche. a1475 J. Shirley Death James (BL Add. 5467) in Miscellanea Scotica (1818) II. 7 (MED) The comoners of his land secretly clepid hym..a tirannous prynce, what for the outrageus imposicions..upon his poure subjectes and peple. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. H.vij^v He dyned at a knyghtes bridale, and woulde not eate at the bridale of a communer. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 483 Proud & sumptuous dames, that are but commoners and artizans wiues. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 63 The supreme tribunal..must consist of both commoners and nobles. 1936 D. Carnegie How to win Friends & influence People (1981) vi. ii. 236 He became an Earl after she died; but, even while he was still a commoner, he persuaded Queen Victoria to elevate Mary Anne to the peerage. 2013 A. Casale Bone Dragon (2014) 53 They ran away to get married, like she was a princess and he was a commoner. †b. figurative. A horse that is of mixed origin or descent, rather than one that is pure-bred. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1890 Standard 17 Mar. 3/7 If the prize goes to Epsom it will be by the aid of Ilex, for the outsider, Braceborough, is only a commoner, I fear. 1915 S. Playne et al. Southern India 338/2 Arab stallions should be mated with commoners, but thoroughbreds should serve all the others. 4. A member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (formerly England). Now rare except in First Commoner n.See also Great Commoner n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [noun] > Member of Parliament > member of House of Commons commonerc1450 c1450 in H. Anstey Epistolae Academicae Oxon. (1898) I. 293 (MED) To the worshipfull commyners off þis present noble parlament. 1648 W. Prynne Plea for Lords 34 The Petitions of the Commoners (containing all Petitions of the Commons house for redresse of..injuries). 1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. xi. 140 The Messengers..one of the House of Peers and two Commoners. 1884 Liverpool Mercury 7 Nov. 5/2 For the sake of the House of Lords a protest will be made by the Tory commoners at every stage. 1998 Independent (Nexis) 5 Dec. 4 Tragic–comic recrimination between Tory Lords and Tory Commoners. 5. a. A person having the right to use common land for grazing animals, collecting wood or turf for fuel, fishing, etc. Cf. right of common. Now chiefly historical. ΚΠ c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 155 So þat foresaide comuners haue þere forsaide commune In conueniente tyme..þe saide telthes In oone ȝere schall Be sowe and In A-noþer ȝere lye leye. 1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 59^v For commons, these commoners crie, enclosing they may not abide. a1625 H. Finch Law (1627) iv. xix. 314 A commoner whom another commoner wrongeth by putting in more beasts into the Common then hee should. 1740 G. Jacob Gen. Law Estates 241 Two different Commons lying contiguous and unfenced..it naturally followed that the Cattle of the several Commoners strayed into the Common of the other. 1839 W. B. Stonehouse Hist. Isle of Axholme 77 The original grant recognized this right of the Commoners. 1967 A. Everitt in J. Thirsk Agrarian Hist. Eng. & Wales IV. vii. 406 The fiercest opposition to the Tudor enclosure movement stemmed from poor commoners. 2015 Bristol Post (Nexis) 23 June 4 The property..conferred on its owner the rights to be a ‘commoner’ of Durdham Down, with the right to graze sheep on the Down. †b. figurative. A person or animal having shared access to or reliance on the natural world. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1691 J. Hartcliffe Treat. Virtues 261 The first Commoners of the Earth did employ their Heads about getting the necessary supports of Life. 1703 N. Rowe Fair Penitent ii. ii. 22 The Birds, great Nature's happy Commoners. 1781 S. Johnson Fenton in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets VI. 2 He was driven out a commoner of Nature..and reduced to pick up a livelihood uncertain and fortuitous. 6. a. Chiefly at Oxford and Cambridge Universities: an undergraduate without a scholarship or financial support from his or her college; an ordinary student or undergraduate. Cf. pensioner n. 5.Such commoners would originally have paid for commons (commons n. 5a). There were previously several grades of student at these universities (e.g. noblemen, battelers, servitors), most of which are now obsolete.See also fellow commoner n. 3a, gentleman-commoner n.In quot. 1606 in figurative context. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > college or university student > [noun] > one not receiving allowance pensioner1573 commoner?a1578 ?a1578 (a1547) T. Heywood Dial. Wit & Folly (1846) 17 Thys ys some yowng schooleman, a fresh comonar. 1606 Returne from Parnassus; or, Scourge of Simony iv. ii. sig. G^v One of the Diuels fellow commoners, one that sizeth in the Deuils butteries. 1671 J. Glanvill Further Discov. Stubbe 31 Being not related to any Foundation in Oxford, but living there as a Commoner. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1728 I. 24 He..went to Oxford, and was entered a Commoner of Pembroke College. 1844 A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold I. i. 2 Having entered as a commoner, and afterwards become a scholar of the college. 1887 T. A. Trollope What I Remember I. iii. 77 At Winchester there were..a hundred and thirty private pupils of the head master, or ‘commoners’. 2000 Times (Nexis) 19 Dec. Mr Paul Murphy, Secretary of State for Wales, Commoner of the College, 1967–1970. †b. A person who pays for or eats shared food provisions or commons (commons n. 5a); a boarder. Obsolete.figurative in quot. 1654. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > temporary inhabitant > [noun] > in another's house > lodger boarder1530 inmake1536 inmate1589 quarterer1595 commoner1598 tabler1598 by-settel1612 lodgera1616 inquilinea1641 pensioner1673 pensionnairea1794 Artful Dodger1839 paying guest1853 roomer1859 star boarder1875 pension-boarder1898 latchkey1905 PG1925 the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating in specific conditions > [noun] > eating in company > boarder or commoner commoner1598 tabler1598 convictor1648 mealer1880 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Dozzenante, a commoner or boorder with others as schollers are. 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 554 The Prodigalls fellow Commoners, the Swine. †7. A lawyer specializing in common law; (also Scottish) an arbitrator. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > legal knowledge or skill > one learned in the law > in specific branches or kinds of law civiliana1425 civilistc1550 common lawyer1552 Justinianist1588 tenurist1588 commoner1591 feudist1607 criminalista1631 criminista1631 Romanist1647 pundit1661 antecessor1753 constitutionalist1766 civil1776 publicist1795 codist1831 theologo-jurista1843 internationalist1855 Sabinian1862 Pandectist1895 1591 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 55 That Mr Jhonn Prestoun and Mr Henry Balfour, assessouris, be commoneris for the toun anent the difference betuix the town and the Kirk of Leyth. 1600 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 270 [The council] ordanis Henrie Nesbett, Jhonn Moresoun, Patrik Sandelands commoners for the guid toun in the debatabill matter..tuiching the dam. 1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir iii. sig. H^v Har. [The devil] hates a ciuill Lawyer, as a souldier does peace. Spung. How a commoner? Har. Loues him from the teeth outward. †8. A female prostitute. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > a prostitute meretrixOE whoreOE soiled dovea1250 common womanc1330 putec1384 bordel womanc1405 putaina1425 brothelc1450 harlot?a1475 public womanc1510 naughty pack?1529 draba1533 cat1535 strange woman1535 stew1552 causey-paikera1555 putanie?1566 drivelling1570 twigger1573 punka1575 hackney1579 customer1583 commodity1591 streetwalker1591 traffic1591 trug1591 hackster1592 polecat1593 stale1593 mermaid1595 medlar1597 occupant1598 Paphian1598 Winchester goose1598 pagan1600 hell-moth1602 aunt1604 moll1604 prostitution1605 community1606 miss1606 night-worm1606 bat1607 croshabell1607 prostitute1607 pug1607 venturer1607 nag1608 curtal1611 jumbler1611 land-frigate1611 walk-street1611 doll-common1612 turn-up1612 barber's chaira1616 commonera1616 public commonera1616 trader1615 venturea1616 stewpot1616 tweak1617 carry-knave1623 prostibule1623 fling-dusta1625 mar-taila1625 night-shadea1625 waistcoateera1625 night trader1630 coolera1632 meretrician1631 painted ladya1637 treadle1638 buttock1641 night-walker1648 mob?1650 lady (also girl, etc.) of the game1651 lady of pleasure1652 trugmullion1654 fallen woman1659 girlc1662 high-flyer1663 fireship1665 quaedama1670 small girl1671 visor-mask1672 vizard-mask1672 bulker1673 marmalade-madam1674 town miss1675 town woman1675 lady of the night1677 mawks1677 fling-stink1679 Whetstone whore1684 man-leech1687 nocturnal1693 hack1699 strum1699 fille de joie1705 market-dame1706 screw1725 girl of (the) town1733 Cytherean1751 street girl1764 monnisher1765 lady of easy virtue1766 woman (also lady) of the town1766 kennel-nymph1771 chicken1782 stargazer1785 loose fish1809 receiver general1811 Cyprian1819 mollya1822 dolly-mop1834 hooker1845 charver1846 tail1846 horse-breaker1861 professional1862 flagger1865 cocodette1867 cocotte1867 queen's woman1871 common prostitute1875 joro1884 geisha1887 horizontal1888 flossy1893 moth1896 girl of the pavement1900 pross1902 prossie1902 pusher1902 split-arse mechanic1903 broad1914 shawl1922 bum1923 quiff1923 hustler1924 lady of the evening1924 prostie1926 working girl1928 prostisciutto1930 maggie1932 brass1934 brass nail1934 mud kicker1934 scupper1935 model1936 poule de luxe1937 pro1937 chromo1941 Tom1941 pan-pan1949 twopenny upright1958 scrubber1959 slack1959 yum-yum girl1960 Suzie Wong1962 mattress1964 jamette1965 ho1966 sex worker1971 pavement princess1976 parlour girl1979 crack whore1990 a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) v. iii. 197 O behold this Ring,..He gaue it to a Commoner a'th Campe If I be one. View more context for this quotation 1695 W. Congreve Love for Love i. i. 11 What think you of that Noble Commoner, Mrs. Drab? Compounds First Commoner n. (a title for) the Speaker of the British House of Commons (see speaker n. 3a).Also more fully First Commoner of the Land (and variants). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [noun] > Member of Parliament > speaker of Commons procurator of parliament1399 speakerc1400 Speaker of (the) Parliamenta1464 First Commoner1759 1759 Acct. Constit. & Present State Great Brit. 142 The speaker, being the first commoner of the land, is the mouth of the house. 1843 W. C. Townsend Hist. House Commons I. 50 This office..seemed well adapted to be held, as it were in commendam, by the first commoner of England. 1882 Fraser's Mag. Apr. 519 Similar conversations are still carried on between the Sovereign and the First Commoner as to the progress of business. 1908 A. E. Steinthal tr. J. Redlich Procedure House of Commons 137 As ‘first commoner’ in the realm his place is immediately after the peers. 2018 Times (Nexis) 23 May 23 The First Commoner of the Land is intent on showing that he cares about ordinary people. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1357
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