algorismn.

Brit.

/ˈalɡərɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈælɡəˌrɪzəm/

Forms:

α. Middle English algram, Middle English augrime, Middle English augryme, Middle English avgrin, Middle English awgrym, Middle English–1500s augrym, Middle English–1700s augrim, 1500s agrime, 1500s agrum, 1500s agrym, 1500s agryme, 1500s algrysme, 1500s augrisme, 1500s augrum, 1500s aulgrym, 1500s aulgryme, 1600s algrim, 1600s algrism.

β. Middle English algarism, Middle English algarysme, Middle English algorym, Middle English–1500s algorysme, Middle English–1600s algorisme, 1500s algarosme, 1500s aulgorism, 1500s aulgorisme, 1500s aulgoryme, 1600s algurisme, 1600s– algorism.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: French algorism , algorisme , augorisme ; Latin algorismus ; algorithm n..

Etymology: In sense 1 < (i) Anglo-Norman algorism, (with vocalization of -l- ) augorime, (with elision of unstressed medial vowel) augrim, augrime and Old French, Middle French algorisme, (with vocalization of -l- ), augorisme, Middle French algorime method of calculation using Arabic numerals (early 13th cent.), arithmetic (c1400 or earlier), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin algorismus Arabic numerical notation (from 12th cent. in British sources; also in continental sources; also as augorismus (a1274, a1349 in British sources), algarismus (first half of the 15th cent. in British sources)), use as common noun of the personal name Algorismus , Algoarismus , Alghoarismus , Alchoarismus (all from 12th cent. in British and continental sources) < Arabic al-Ḵwārizmī (also al-Ḵwārazmī , al-Ḵuwārizmī , al-Ḵuwārazmī ), surname of the mathematician Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Mūsā (fl. 800–47: see note below). In sense 2 an alteration of algorithm n. (compare algorithm n. 2) after -ism suffix. Compare Spanish algorismo (a1425; a1276 as †alguarismo ), Portuguese algarismo (16th cent.; also †algorismo ), Italian †algorismo (end of the 13th cent.), and also Middle High German, early modern German algorismus , all denoting a type of arithmetic. Compare also Spanish guarismo cipher (probably early 17th cent. in this sense; earlier in senses ‘arithmetic’ (c1350) and ‘code, secret language’ (late 16th cent.); shortened < alguarismo ). Compare later algorithm n. and the foreign-language parallels cited at that entry. Al-Ḵwārizmī's Arabic surname, which literally means ‘the native of Khorezm’, is < Arabic al the + Ḵwārizm (also Ḵwārazm ), the Arabic name of the town of Khorezm (now Khiva in Uzbekistan) + -ī -i suffix². He is best known for his treatise on algebra (see algebra n.), but also wrote a (now lost) work on the decimal numeral system, which was translated into Latin in several versions. A particularly influential version was John of Seville's translation Liber Alghoarismi de practica arismetrice; a British version, attributed to Adelard of Bath, is entitled Liber Algorismi de numero Indorum; both of these date from the first half of the 12th cent. It was this latter work on the decimal numeral system, rather than the treatise on algebra, which introduced the Indo-Arabic numerals to Western European scholars. With cipher in algorism n. at Phrases, compare Old French, Middle French estre un chiffre en algorisme (a1230), Middle French estre comme chiffre en algorisme (c1330).

1. The Arabic (decimal) system of numbering (characterized by a zero, 0); arithmetic in which Arabic numerals are used rather than Roman numerals or the abacus; (cf. algorithm n. 1; now historical). Formerly also: †practical arithmetic, esp. the use of logarithms (obsolete).Recorded earliest in figure of algorism, variant of number of algorism n. at Phrases.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical notation or symbol > [noun] > scale > types of

algorism?c1225

binary scale1796

scale of (two, etc.)1871

tetrad1883

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 159 [He] makeð þer in figures of augrim. as þeose rikeneres doð þet habbeð muche to rikenen.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 1 Þe capiteles of þe boc..byeþ y-wryte..by þe tellynge of algorisme.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 155 Of Arsmetique the matiere Is..What Algorisme in nombre amonteth.

?c1425 Crafte Nombrynge in R. Steele Earliest Arithm. in Eng. (1922) 3 This boke is called þe boke of algorym, or Augrym after lewder vse, And þis boke tretys þe Craft of Nombryng, þe quych crafte is called also Algorym.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 476/2 I caste an accomptes with counters after the aulgorisme maner.

1566 T. Drant tr. Horace Medicinable Morall sig. Bij As well by augrisme tell, The grauell of the See.

1591 W. Garrard & R. Hitchcock Arte of Warre 129 Good knowledge in the Mathematikes specially in Algarosme, Algebra, and Geometrie.

1625 W. Lisle tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Noe in tr. Part of Du Bartas 140 The treasures hoard of Algrim mysteries.

1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 262 The Indian Algorism (or Calculation by the Numeral Figures now in use).

1735 J. Kirkby Arithm. Inst. ii. ix. 61 Artificial Algorism is the working by Artificial Numbers, called Logarithms, which are substituted in the Place of Natural Numbers.

1750 D. Fenning Young Algebraist's Compan. Pref. p. xxi Several Authors are so over and above short and intricate, that it is almost impossible for a Beginer to learn so much as the Algorithm, much less the Algorism. [Note] Algorithm signifies the first Principles, and Algorism the practical Part, or knowing how to put the Algorithm in Practice.

1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. ii. 152 Matthew Paris..observes, that [in Greek]..any number may be represented by a single figure, which is not the case..in Algorism.

1900 19th Ann. Rep. Bureau Amer. Ethnol. 1897–8 826 In Arabia this mystical system preceded..system of enumeration and notation long known as algorithm (or algorism).

1980 M. Baxandall Limewood Sculptors Renaissance Germany vi. 146 To induce people to move from the medieval abacus arithmetic done with counters on a board to the new arithmetic of the algorism.

2007 J. N. Crossley Growing Ideas Number 27 Just as the numerals can be used without algorism, so too algorism can be used with any ten (mutually different) signs that we might use to represent 9, 8, 7..2, 1, 0.

2. = algorithm n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > mathematical enquiry > process of calculating > method or rule for

rulea1387

canonc1400

backer1543

position1551

rule of falsehood1552

rule of three1562

method of exhaustions1685

sieve1803

sieve of Eratosthenes1803

algorithm1811

algorism1888

sieve1897

decision procedure1936

pivotal condensation1939

decision method1940

1888 W. W. R. Ball Short Acct. Hist. Math. x. 159 He made translations of several Arab and Moorish works, and also wrote an algorism which contains the earliest examples of the extraction of the square roots of numbers by the aid of decimals.

1900 D. E. Smith Teaching Elem. Math. v. 121 Improvements in algorism, that is, in the arrangement of work in performing the elementary operations, are constantly appearing, and some are of real value.

1907 School Work 6 241/2 As in the oral work of this week, using the algorism of this type 3 × 4 × 1 sq. in. = 12 sq. inches.

1946 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 187 152 I..found an algorism for the evaluation of Δ(K) if K is two-dimensional and bounded.

1974 Synthese 26 513 Clearly the old methodologists offered complete theories of method, something akin to algorisms or, as Popper says, science sausage-making machines.

2003 I. Hashimoto in Z.-L. Lu & L. Kaufman Magn. Source Imaging Human Brain 284 Different frequency analysis methods, including..a time-frequency domain multiple signal classification algorism..have demonstrated unanimously a peak between 300 Hz and 750 Hz.

Phrases

† cipher in algorism n. Obsolete the figure 0; (figurative) a person of no significance, a cipher.

ΚΠ

c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iv. l. 53 As siphre..in awgrym, Þat noteth a place and no þing availith.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 684/2 I reken, I counte by cyfers of agrym.

1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Liij^v Other men stande for no more than Ciphres in Algorisme.

1593 G. Peele Famous Chron. King Edward the First sig. A4^v Neither one, two, nor three, But a poore Cipher in Agrum.

1628 W. Bedell Let. 1 Apr. in H. J. M. Mason Life William Bedell (1843) 137 For to myself, as if I were a cypher in Algorism, they vouchsafe not a word.

number of algorism n. (also figure of algorism) now historical an Arabic numeral; usually in plural.

ΚΠ

?c1225Figures of augrim [see sense 1].

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §7. 5 Ouer the wiche degrees ther ben nowmbres of augrym.

1562 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. (new ed.) Pref. sig. A.i^v I haue..quoted the Sections also by their due numbers with the vsuall figure of Algorisme.

1861 T. Wright Ess. Archæol. II. xv. 70 The figures of the algorismus are identical in every respect with the characters of the abacus.

1895 H. E. Watts tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (new ed.) II. 212 The dead cannot be reduced to any reckoning, whereas the rewarded who are alive may be counted in three numbers of algorism.

1914 Eng. Hist. Rev. 29 707 Later, after the introduction of the Hindu system, such disks [sc. on abaci] or stones were marked with the numbers of algorism.

Compounds

algorism stone n. historical in later use a counter used to perform calculations, esp. as part of an abacus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > arithmetical instrument > counter or token

counterc1310

algorism stonec1405

casting-countersc1547

sheep-counter1647

jetton1687

abbey piece1759

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 24 His Augrym stones layen faire a part.

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 376 His natyvyte..Clerly Cerched be smale fracciouns, First be Secoundes, tiers, and eke quartes, On Augrym stoones and on white caartes ypreued out.

1535 T. More Let. 5 July in Wks. (1557) II. 1458/1 I sende now to my good doughter Clement her algorisme stone.

1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Augrimstones, stones to cast account with.

1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music II. i. ix. 110 He [sc. scholar Nicholas, in the Miller's Tale] has also a set of Augrim Stones, a kind of pebbles at that time made use of in numeral computation.

1986 M. Dowling Humanism in Age of Henry VIII vii. 222 Her speciality was probably algebra, since More sent back her algorism stone with his last letter from the Tower.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	algorism
释义	algorismn. Brit. /ˈalɡərɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈælɡəˌrɪzəm/ Forms: α. Middle English algram, Middle English augrime, Middle English augryme, Middle English avgrin, Middle English awgrym, Middle English–1500s augrym, Middle English–1700s augrim, 1500s agrime, 1500s agrum, 1500s agrym, 1500s agryme, 1500s algrysme, 1500s augrisme, 1500s augrum, 1500s aulgrym, 1500s aulgryme, 1600s algrim, 1600s algrism. β. Middle English algarism, Middle English algarysme, Middle English algorym, Middle English–1500s algorysme, Middle English–1600s algorisme, 1500s algarosme, 1500s aulgorism, 1500s aulgorisme, 1500s aulgoryme, 1600s algurisme, 1600s– algorism. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: French algorism , algorisme , augorisme ; Latin algorismus ; algorithm n.. Etymology: In sense 1 < (i) Anglo-Norman algorism, (with vocalization of -l- ) augorime, (with elision of unstressed medial vowel) augrim, augrime and Old French, Middle French algorisme, (with vocalization of -l- ), augorisme, Middle French algorime method of calculation using Arabic numerals (early 13th cent.), arithmetic (c1400 or earlier), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin algorismus Arabic numerical notation (from 12th cent. in British sources; also in continental sources; also as augorismus (a1274, a1349 in British sources), algarismus (first half of the 15th cent. in British sources)), use as common noun of the personal name Algorismus , Algoarismus , Alghoarismus , Alchoarismus (all from 12th cent. in British and continental sources) < Arabic al-Ḵwārizmī (also al-Ḵwārazmī , al-Ḵuwārizmī , al-Ḵuwārazmī ), surname of the mathematician Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Mūsā (fl. 800–47: see note below). In sense 2 an alteration of algorithm n. (compare algorithm n. 2) after -ism suffix. Compare Spanish algorismo (a1425; a1276 as †alguarismo ), Portuguese algarismo (16th cent.; also †algorismo ), Italian †algorismo (end of the 13th cent.), and also Middle High German, early modern German algorismus , all denoting a type of arithmetic. Compare also Spanish guarismo cipher (probably early 17th cent. in this sense; earlier in senses ‘arithmetic’ (c1350) and ‘code, secret language’ (late 16th cent.); shortened < alguarismo ). Compare later algorithm n. and the foreign-language parallels cited at that entry. Al-Ḵwārizmī's Arabic surname, which literally means ‘the native of Khorezm’, is < Arabic al the + Ḵwārizm (also Ḵwārazm ), the Arabic name of the town of Khorezm (now Khiva in Uzbekistan) + -ī -i suffix². He is best known for his treatise on algebra (see algebra n.), but also wrote a (now lost) work on the decimal numeral system, which was translated into Latin in several versions. A particularly influential version was John of Seville's translation Liber Alghoarismi de practica arismetrice; a British version, attributed to Adelard of Bath, is entitled Liber Algorismi de numero Indorum; both of these date from the first half of the 12th cent. It was this latter work on the decimal numeral system, rather than the treatise on algebra, which introduced the Indo-Arabic numerals to Western European scholars. With cipher in algorism n. at Phrases, compare Old French, Middle French estre un chiffre en algorisme (a1230), Middle French estre comme chiffre en algorisme (c1330). 1. The Arabic (decimal) system of numbering (characterized by a zero, 0); arithmetic in which Arabic numerals are used rather than Roman numerals or the abacus; (cf. algorithm n. 1; now historical). Formerly also: †practical arithmetic, esp. the use of logarithms (obsolete).Recorded earliest in figure of algorism, variant of number of algorism n. at Phrases. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical notation or symbol > [noun] > scale > types of algorism?c1225 binary scale1796 scale of (two, etc.)1871 tetrad1883 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 159 [He] makeð þer in figures of augrim. as þeose rikeneres doð þet habbeð muche to rikenen. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 1 Þe capiteles of þe boc..byeþ y-wryte..by þe tellynge of algorisme. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 155 Of Arsmetique the matiere Is..What Algorisme in nombre amonteth. ?c1425 Crafte Nombrynge in R. Steele Earliest Arithm. in Eng. (1922) 3 This boke is called þe boke of algorym, or Augrym after lewder vse, And þis boke tretys þe Craft of Nombryng, þe quych crafte is called also Algorym. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 476/2 I caste an accomptes with counters after the aulgorisme maner. 1566 T. Drant tr. Horace Medicinable Morall sig. Bij As well by augrisme tell, The grauell of the See. 1591 W. Garrard & R. Hitchcock Arte of Warre 129 Good knowledge in the Mathematikes specially in Algarosme, Algebra, and Geometrie. 1625 W. Lisle tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Noe in tr. Part of Du Bartas 140 The treasures hoard of Algrim mysteries. 1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 262 The Indian Algorism (or Calculation by the Numeral Figures now in use). 1735 J. Kirkby Arithm. Inst. ii. ix. 61 Artificial Algorism is the working by Artificial Numbers, called Logarithms, which are substituted in the Place of Natural Numbers. 1750 D. Fenning Young Algebraist's Compan. Pref. p. xxi Several Authors are so over and above short and intricate, that it is almost impossible for a Beginer to learn so much as the Algorithm, much less the Algorism. [Note] Algorithm signifies the first Principles, and Algorism the practical Part, or knowing how to put the Algorithm in Practice. 1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. ii. 152 Matthew Paris..observes, that [in Greek]..any number may be represented by a single figure, which is not the case..in Algorism. 1900 19th Ann. Rep. Bureau Amer. Ethnol. 1897–8 826 In Arabia this mystical system preceded..system of enumeration and notation long known as algorithm (or algorism). 1980 M. Baxandall Limewood Sculptors Renaissance Germany vi. 146 To induce people to move from the medieval abacus arithmetic done with counters on a board to the new arithmetic of the algorism. 2007 J. N. Crossley Growing Ideas Number 27 Just as the numerals can be used without algorism, so too algorism can be used with any ten (mutually different) signs that we might use to represent 9, 8, 7..2, 1, 0. 2. = algorithm n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > mathematical enquiry > process of calculating > method or rule for rulea1387 canonc1400 backer1543 position1551 rule of falsehood1552 rule of three1562 method of exhaustions1685 sieve1803 sieve of Eratosthenes1803 algorithm1811 algorism1888 sieve1897 decision procedure1936 pivotal condensation1939 decision method1940 1888 W. W. R. Ball Short Acct. Hist. Math. x. 159 He made translations of several Arab and Moorish works, and also wrote an algorism which contains the earliest examples of the extraction of the square roots of numbers by the aid of decimals. 1900 D. E. Smith Teaching Elem. Math. v. 121 Improvements in algorism, that is, in the arrangement of work in performing the elementary operations, are constantly appearing, and some are of real value. 1907 School Work 6 241/2 As in the oral work of this week, using the algorism of this type 3 × 4 × 1 sq. in. = 12 sq. inches. 1946 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 187 152 I..found an algorism for the evaluation of Δ(K) if K is two-dimensional and bounded. 1974 Synthese 26 513 Clearly the old methodologists offered complete theories of method, something akin to algorisms or, as Popper says, science sausage-making machines. 2003 I. Hashimoto in Z.-L. Lu & L. Kaufman Magn. Source Imaging Human Brain 284 Different frequency analysis methods, including..a time-frequency domain multiple signal classification algorism..have demonstrated unanimously a peak between 300 Hz and 750 Hz. Phrases † cipher in algorism n. Obsolete the figure 0; (figurative) a person of no significance, a cipher. ΚΠ c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iv. l. 53 As siphre..in awgrym, Þat noteth a place and no þing availith. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 684/2 I reken, I counte by cyfers of agrym. 1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Liij^v Other men stande for no more than Ciphres in Algorisme. 1593 G. Peele Famous Chron. King Edward the First sig. A4^v Neither one, two, nor three, But a poore Cipher in Agrum. 1628 W. Bedell Let. 1 Apr. in H. J. M. Mason Life William Bedell (1843) 137 For to myself, as if I were a cypher in Algorism, they vouchsafe not a word. number of algorism n. (also figure of algorism) now historical an Arabic numeral; usually in plural. ΚΠ ?c1225Figures of augrim [see sense 1]. c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §7. 5 Ouer the wiche degrees ther ben nowmbres of augrym. 1562 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. (new ed.) Pref. sig. A.i^v I haue..quoted the Sections also by their due numbers with the vsuall figure of Algorisme. 1861 T. Wright Ess. Archæol. II. xv. 70 The figures of the algorismus are identical in every respect with the characters of the abacus. 1895 H. E. Watts tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (new ed.) II. 212 The dead cannot be reduced to any reckoning, whereas the rewarded who are alive may be counted in three numbers of algorism. 1914 Eng. Hist. Rev. 29 707 Later, after the introduction of the Hindu system, such disks [sc. on abaci] or stones were marked with the numbers of algorism. Compounds algorism stone n. historical in later use a counter used to perform calculations, esp. as part of an abacus. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > arithmetical instrument > counter or token counterc1310 algorism stonec1405 casting-countersc1547 sheep-counter1647 jetton1687 abbey piece1759 c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 24 His Augrym stones layen faire a part. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 376 His natyvyte..Clerly Cerched be smale fracciouns, First be Secoundes, tiers, and eke quartes, On Augrym stoones and on white caartes ypreued out. 1535 T. More Let. 5 July in Wks. (1557) II. 1458/1 I sende now to my good doughter Clement her algorisme stone. 1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Augrimstones, stones to cast account with. 1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music II. i. ix. 110 He [sc. scholar Nicholas, in the Miller's Tale] has also a set of Augrim Stones, a kind of pebbles at that time made use of in numeral computation. 1986 M. Dowling Humanism in Age of Henry VIII vii. 222 Her speciality was probably algebra, since More sent back her algorism stone with his last letter from the Tower. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.?c1225
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