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单词 construction
释义

constructionn.

Brit. /kənˈstrʌkʃn/, U.S. /kənˈstrəkʃ(ə)n/
Forms: Also Middle English construccioun, Middle English–1500s construccion, construcyon, 1500s constructyon, constructione, etc.
Etymology: < Latin constructiōn-em, noun of action < construĕre to construe v., construct n. The French construction is cited by Littré from 12th cent., and may have been the immediate source.
I. The action of constructing.
1.
a. The action of framing, devising, or forming, by the putting together of parts; erection, building. arch of construction: an arch built in the body of a wall or other structure, to relieve the part below it from superincumbent weight.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > construction
building1297
performinga1425
facturec1425
constructionc1440
construingc1440
making-upa1525
compoundingc1529
composition1555
frame1558
compacting1561
composing1574
architecture1590
composure1609
fabric1611
compiling1624
compagination1646
confection1652
composal1700
constitutinga1713
constructure1712
constructing1788
confecting1863
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > relieving arch
discharging arch1688
counter-arch1726
relieving arch1845
arch of construction1849
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 91 Construccyon or construynge, construccio.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 19 The construccion of the cite of Rome.
1727 J. Arbuthnot Tables Anc. Coins 259 The Construction of Ships was forbidden to Senators.
1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 186 From whence a [railroad] line is now in course of construction to the Hudson.
1849 E. A. Freeman Hist. Archit. 198 Others have only an arch of construction above the flat lintel.
b. of immaterial objects, systems, organizations, etc.
ΚΠ
1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. xxv. 302 The Mosaic system was the first construction of a special instrumentality for a special end.
c. The art or science of constructing.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > art or science of
architecture1563
construction1842
tectonics1850
1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 956 Construction... Amongst architects it is more particularly used to denote the art of distributing the different forces and strains of the parts and materials of a building in so scientific a manner as to avoid failure and insure durability.
1864 C. Vaux Villas & Cottages 70 To study the capabilities and varieties of wooden construction.
1891 Graphic 28 Feb. [The] Assistant-Controller of the Navy and Director of Naval Construction, who has designed the new ships.
2.
a. The manner in which a thing is artificially constructed or naturally formed; structure, conformation, disposition.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [noun]
shapec1050
composition1382
temperc1400
confectionc1420
temperament1471
frame?1520
compage1550
architecture1590
compacture1590
structure?1591
fabricaturec1600
constitution1601
membrature1606
composture1614
compositure1625
contexturea1639
composure1639
economy1644
fabric1644
conformation1646
composier1648
constructurea1652
compages1660
mechanism1662
compound1671
construction1707
componency1750
formation1774
make-up1821
1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 28 The Order and..Construction of their essential or organical Parts.
1791 Gentleman's Mag. 61 ii. 769 To build it [a dry dock] with a timberfloor of a new and peculiar construction.
1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 461 The bad construction of the hospitals.
1841 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom xv. 255 Beneath the mandibles is situated another pair of jaws, of similar construction.
1866 C. Engel Introd. Study National Music i. 15 The rather unusual rhythmical construction of six bars in the first part, and eight in the second.
b. The mental building up of materials; constructive faculty.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > inventive or creative faculty > [noun]
invention?a1505
imagination1509
wit-craft1573
inventa1605
contrivance1659
creativity1659
inventibility1662
inventiveness1668
originality1742
creativeness1805
constructiveness1815
construction1826
imagineering1942
1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. vii. 90 At last, he burst forth with an immense deal of science, and a great want of construction—a want, which scientific men often experience.
3. Geometry.
a. The action or method of drawing a figure for the purpose of solving a problem or proving a proposition.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > [noun] > in geometry
construction1570
the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > mathematical enquiry > proposition > proving or checking
resolution1557
construction1570
analysis1649
induction1838
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 9 Then is set the construction of suche things which are necessary ether for the doing of the proposition, or for the demonstration.
1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 10 The construction, and the demonstration, are every where alike.
1840 D. Lardner Treat. Geom. 133 Of the construction of equal and similar figures.
1882 G. M. Minchin Uniplanar Kinematics 57 Graphic construction for Resultant Acceleration.
b. Nautical. ‘The method of ascertaining a ship's course by trigonometrical diagrams’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.).
ΚΠ
1828 Moore's Pract. Navigator (ed. 20) 41 By construction.
c. construction of equations n. see quot. 1728.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun] > action or process
effectiona1652
retrogression1704
genesis1706
construction of equations1728
trace1834
tortuosity1867
quadrature1911
surgery1961
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Construction of Equations, is the Method of reducing a known Equation into Lines and Figures; whereby the Truth of the Rule, Canon, or Equation, may be demonstrated geometrically.
d. transferred.
ΚΠ
1884 tr. H. Lotze Logic 123 A generic concept derived from experience, the inner organisation of which can only be represented imperfectly by description, not exactly by construction.
4.
a. A thing constructed; a material structure; a formation of the mind or genius.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > that which is built or constructed > [noun]
workOE
structure1560
construction1796
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > inventive or creative faculty > [noun] > creative design or product
findalOE
ideaa1586
conception1587
creationa1616
birth1625
brainchild1631
constructurea1652
notion1742
construction1796
baby1890
1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 424 The subterraneous constructions of Italy are as stupendous as those above ground.
1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 71 A number of other constructions were discovered.
1875 H. J. S. Maine Lect. Early Hist. Inst. i. 11 The Brehon laws are in no sense a legislative construction.
b. A mechanical structure used in a stage setting, or forming the setting itself.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > a theatre > theatrical equipment or accessories > [noun] > scenery > pieces of
side shutter1634
drop1781
flat1795
back-scene1818
border1824
profile1824
act drop1829
set piece1859
profiling1861
profile wing1873
backing1889
profile piece1896
revolve1900
construction1924
wood-wing1933
cutout1949
1924 H. Carter New Theatre Soviet Russia 71 Instead of painted planes he [sc. Meierhold] uses constructions in volumes made of wood, iron and other suitable material.
1924 H. Carter New Theatre Soviet Russia 72 Construction as it is now understood as an aid to acting and nothing more..arrived in April, 1922.
1929 H. Carter New Spirit Russ. Theatre 221 The bridge of Life and Death that forms the chief construction on the Japanese stage.
1929 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 34/2 High platforms, skeletonized structures, inclined planes, all manner of bare, unsentimentalized construction provide the footing as well as the background for the actors.
c. Art. A sculptural creation, composed from a number of pieces, often of different material, and usually non-representational.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > constructivism or kineticism > [noun] > construction
stabile1943
construction1944
assemblage1961
junk art1961
junk sculpture1961
1944 H. Read in Horizon July 63 Dear Gabo,..it is easier for me to sympathize with those lovers of art who but dimly apprehend the formal unity of one of your constructions.
1956 F. Gore Abstract Art 30 Arp is opposed to the ‘technoid’ constructions of Mondrian.
1964 H. Read Hist. Mod. Sculpture iii. 89 From 1914 onwards a group of artists in Moscow attempted to apply engineering techniques to the construction of sculpture, and the objects thus made were called ‘constructions’.
II. The action of construing, and connected senses.
5. Grammar.
a. The action of syntactically arranging words in a sentence; ‘the putting of words, duly chosen, together in such a manner as is proper to convey a complete sense’ (Johnson).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] > act of arranging words syntactically
construction1591
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Gram. sig. E3 Construction is the apt ioining of words in framing of a sentence.
1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 26
1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 130 Prolepsis is also a figure of Construction.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Construction,..the arranging and connecting the Words of a Sentence; according to the Rules of the Language.
b. The syntactical connection between verbs and their objects or complements, adjectives and their extensions, prepositions and objects, etc.In this Dictionary the principal constructions of verbs, adjectives, etc., are given under the various senses, marked Const.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun]
construction1530
syntaxis1540
composition1553
syntaxa1637
syntaxa1684
consecution1871
word order1872
taxis1885
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 137 There is nat a more straunger construction in all this tonge.
1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lv. 20) I cannot tell whither the construction will beare it or no.
1640 Sir R. Baker in C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David (1870) I. Ps. i. 2 That stands in construction with all tenses.
1669 J. Milton Accedence 41 Construction consisteth either in the agreement of words together..which is call'd Concord; or the governing of one the other in such Case or Mood as is to follow.
1767 H. Walpole Narr. Rousseau 133 He changed the construction of the last phrase, though the thought remained exactly the same.
1876 C. P. Mason Eng. Gram. (ed. 21) Pref. Help towards the understanding of the more difficult constructions.
c. Hebrew Grammar. The relation of a noun in the construct state. See construct adj. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > government
regimenta1504
regimen1531
government1569
rection1585
construction1762
1762 J. Parkhurst Hebrew & Eng. Lexicon p. iv A Noun is said to be in Regimine, or in Construction, when it is in a particular relation to a Noun following it.
6. The action of analysing the structure of a sentence and translating it word for word into another language; construing, translation. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] > word for word
constructiona1387
metaphrasis1603
metaphrase1680
literalism1833
transverbation1885
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 161 John Cornewaile..chaunged the lore in grammar scole, and construction, of [i.e. from] Frenche into Englische.
1430 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. x To sewe his style in my translation Worde by worde like the construction After the maner of gramariens.
a1450 (a1397) Prol. Old Test. in Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Cambr. Mm.2.15) (1850) xv. 57 Whanne riȝtful construccioun is lettid bi relacion, I resolue it openli.
1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 72 She drew out hir petracke, requesting him to conster hir a lesson,..Thus walking in the ally she listned to his construction.
1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) ii. §8 I have seene a grammarian..shew more pride in the construction of one Ode [of Horace] than the Author in the composure of the whole booke. View more context for this quotation
7. The construing, explaining, or interpreting of a text or statement; explanation, interpretation; meaning, sense.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > [noun] > of text
construction1483
lection?1541
construing1640
1483 Cath. Angl. 75 A Construccion, construccio, exposicio.
1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) 47 Whan blanchardyn had wel loked and rede the verses..& well vnderstode theire sentence..the prouost axed hym yf he was counseylled for to fulfylle the construction of that texte.
1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 654/1 Al the question for the more part riseth..vpon the construccion thereof, that is to say..what was for that scripture the true sense and right vnderstanding.
1648 Bp. J. Hall Breathings Devout Soul xv. 22 What riddles are in that prophesie; which..undergoes as many constructions, as there are pens that have undertaken it.
1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. i. 146 Those texts..will admit of some other construction.
1803 Duke of Wellington in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 584 My construction of the tenor of the letter..may I hope prove erroneous.
8.
a. Interpretation put upon conduct, action, facts, words, etc.; the way in which these are taken or viewed by onlookers; usually with qualification, as to put a good, bad, favourable, charitable (or other) construction upon.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > [noun]
interpretation1387
intendment1390
sense1584
construction1592
reading1624
turn1688
construal1960
take1977
1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. E3v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) To admit me fauorable and indifferent construction, of what I shal here vnfould vnto you by writing.
1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. iv. 45 O illegitimate construction! I scorne that with my heeles. View more context for this quotation
1609 C. Tourneur Funerall Poeme sig. C2 The bitter censures of malignancies, In managements so subiect to construction.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. iv. 12 To finde the Mindes construction in the Face. View more context for this quotation
a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) ii. 82 A charitable construction of each others acts and intentions.
1677 W. Hubbard Narr. Troubles with Indians New-Eng. ii. 38 To put the best Construction might be, on such Irregular actions.
1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. III. 499 Some Good may be done, though at the Expence of Envy and ill Construction.
1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 174 Since such is the construction that is put upon my patience.
1869 J. Martineau Ess. Philos. & Theol. 2nd Ser. 126 Locke..guards himself..against any such construction.
b.to make (a) construction: to give an explanation or meaning to; to explain or interpret in a certain way. Obsolete. to bear a construction: to allow of being explained in a certain way.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > interpret in particular way [verb (transitive)]
understandc1000
interpretc1380
construea1400
construec1465
to make (a) construction1528
expound1533
confera1555
reada1556
decipher1569
resemble1592
intellect1599
1528 J. Skelton Honorificatissimo: Replycacion agaynst Yong Scolers sig. Av Ye may soone make construction With right lytell instruction.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) ii. ii. 216 There is shrewd construction made of her. View more context for this quotation
1620 F. Bacon Let. 19 Mar. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) III. 236 I humblye praye your Lordships to make a favourable and true construction of my absence.
1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xiv. 27 He would have made a less angry Construction, had I less deserved that he should do so.
1848 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxi Facts which would bear two constructions.
9. Law.
a. The explaining or interpreting of the words of a statute, deed, or other legal document.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > interpretation of the law > interpretation of a statute or deed
construction1523
construing1579
1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng i. sig. B3v To the declaracyon and constructyon of this statute, etc.
1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. xiii. 117 By the Resignation of Richard the Second, the Parliament might seem, in strict construction of Law, to be expired.
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 226 By an equitable construction of the statute of Glocester.
1845 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. II. 63 The construction or interpretation of a contract.
1890 Ld. Halsbury in Law Times Rep. 64 3/2 The question..turns upon the true construction of the Waterworks Clauses Act, 1847.
b. A particular explanation or interpretation put upon a law, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > interpretation of the law > a particular
construction1569
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 1324 The true meaning of which statute, they did impugne & ouerthrowe by diuers subtile and sinister constructions of the same.
1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 213 Iudges must beware of hard constructions, and strained inferences.
1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 329 The Master of the Rolls..adopted the latter construction.
1890 Sir N. Lindley in Law Times Rep. 63 690/1 Forcing upon this order a construction which would not be put upon it by those who are in the habit of dealing with orders in this form.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations in sense 1, as construction camp, construction car, construction material, construction timber, etc.; construction railway n. = construction-way n., construction train n. a train conveying materials for the construction or repair of railways. construction-way n. a temporary railway laid down for use in the construction of a permanent railway, canal, or similar undertaking.
ΚΠ
1796 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1846) VII. p. civ A Vessel..loaded with construction-timber.
1869 C. L. Brace New West xiv. 184 Every stick of fuel, every railroad tie, and beam for trestle-work, must be carried on construction trains from these mountains.
1873 J. H. Beadle Undeveloped West xxi. 397 Hitherto construction cars had been shoved across singly by hand.
1881 Chicago Times 18 June A construction train backing down to Elwood.
1884 Cent. Mag. Oct. 843 Adventurers who had followed the construction camps on the Northern Pacific Railroad.
1891 Harper's Mag. Nov. 887/1 It was Dunn's headquarters—the construction camp.
1900 Daily News 8 Mar. 3/2 The armoured train and construction trains can now go beyond Crocodile Pools almost to Ramutsa.
1943 J. S. Huxley TVA 55 (caption) The construction camp lies between the Freeway and the town.
1947 L. M. Beebe Mixed Train Daily 298 The club car ‘Julia Bullette’ of the romantic Virginia and Truckee—was originally built as a construction car.

Draft additions June 2007

construction paper n. North American a type of thick coloured paper used esp. in children's craft projects.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > material for making paper > paper > [noun] > other types of paper
India paper1721
whitey-brown1761
hot press1807
splash-paper1811
India proof1812
India paper proof1814
crinkled paper1820
pattern paper1849
powder paper1856
sheathing1859
chartaline1880
lining paper1880
Whatman1880
greaseproof paper1894
papyroxylin1894
shelf paper1895
corrugated paper1897
construction paper1902
Ingres paper1910
liner1921
cartolina1936
wood-free1966
1902 Daily Rev. (Decatur, Illinois) 19 Dec. Baskets, sleds, and boxes made of construction paper.
1963 K. H. Seibel Joyful Christmas Craft Bk. i. 6 Construction paper in bright colors is available at art-supply stores.
2006 Sunday News (Lancaster, Pa.) (Nexis) 5 Nov. g1 It was a drawing of a tree with the hand print of each family member cut out of construction paper.

Draft additions December 2020

construction site n. an area of land where a structure is being built, repaired, or renovated; = building site n. at building n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > workplace > place where specific jobs are done > [noun] > construction sites
building-site1871
construction site1903
platform yard1973
1903 Nottingham Evening Post 6 Aug. 3/2 It is hardly necessary to refer to the facilities which are provided at such ports as Tulon, Brest, Rochefort and Cherbourg, all of which are bases of supplies as well as construction sites.
2009 J. Kellerman True Detectives ii. 13 [A] corporate client..[was] needing someone to check out the goings-on at a..construction site where tools and building materials were disappearing at an alarming rate.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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