单词 | construction |
释义 | constructionn. I. The action of constructing. 1. a. The action of framing, devising, or forming, by the putting together of parts; erection, building. arch of construction: an arch built in the body of a wall or other structure, to relieve the part below it from superincumbent weight. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > construction building1297 performinga1425 facturec1425 constructionc1440 construingc1440 making-upa1525 compoundingc1529 composition1555 frame1558 compacting1561 composing1574 architecture1590 composure1609 fabric1611 compiling1624 compagination1646 confection1652 composal1700 constitutinga1713 constructure1712 constructing1788 confecting1863 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > relieving arch discharging arch1688 counter-arch1726 relieving arch1845 arch of construction1849 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 91 Construccyon or construynge, construccio. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 19 The construccion of the cite of Rome. 1727 J. Arbuthnot Tables Anc. Coins 259 The Construction of Ships was forbidden to Senators. 1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 186 From whence a [railroad] line is now in course of construction to the Hudson. 1849 E. A. Freeman Hist. Archit. 198 Others have only an arch of construction above the flat lintel. b. of immaterial objects, systems, organizations, etc. ΚΠ 1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. xxv. 302 The Mosaic system was the first construction of a special instrumentality for a special end. c. The art or science of constructing. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > art or science of architecture1563 construction1842 tectonics1850 1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 956 Construction... Amongst architects it is more particularly used to denote the art of distributing the different forces and strains of the parts and materials of a building in so scientific a manner as to avoid failure and insure durability. 1864 C. Vaux Villas & Cottages 70 To study the capabilities and varieties of wooden construction. 1891 Graphic 28 Feb. [The] Assistant-Controller of the Navy and Director of Naval Construction, who has designed the new ships. 2. a. The manner in which a thing is artificially constructed or naturally formed; structure, conformation, disposition. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [noun] shapec1050 composition1382 temperc1400 confectionc1420 temperament1471 frame?1520 compage1550 architecture1590 compacture1590 structure?1591 fabricaturec1600 constitution1601 membrature1606 composture1614 compositure1625 contexturea1639 composure1639 economy1644 fabric1644 conformation1646 composier1648 constructurea1652 compages1660 mechanism1662 compound1671 construction1707 componency1750 formation1774 make-up1821 1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 28 The Order and..Construction of their essential or organical Parts. 1791 Gentleman's Mag. 61 ii. 769 To build it [a dry dock] with a timberfloor of a new and peculiar construction. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 461 The bad construction of the hospitals. 1841 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom xv. 255 Beneath the mandibles is situated another pair of jaws, of similar construction. 1866 C. Engel Introd. Study National Music i. 15 The rather unusual rhythmical construction of six bars in the first part, and eight in the second. b. The mental building up of materials; constructive faculty. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > inventive or creative faculty > [noun] invention?a1505 imagination1509 wit-craft1573 inventa1605 contrivance1659 creativity1659 inventibility1662 inventiveness1668 originality1742 creativeness1805 constructiveness1815 construction1826 imagineering1942 1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. vii. 90 At last, he burst forth with an immense deal of science, and a great want of construction—a want, which scientific men often experience. 3. Geometry. a. The action or method of drawing a figure for the purpose of solving a problem or proving a proposition. ΘΚΠ society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > [noun] > in geometry construction1570 the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > mathematical enquiry > proposition > proving or checking resolution1557 construction1570 analysis1649 induction1838 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 9 Then is set the construction of suche things which are necessary ether for the doing of the proposition, or for the demonstration. 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 10 The construction, and the demonstration, are every where alike. 1840 D. Lardner Treat. Geom. 133 Of the construction of equal and similar figures. 1882 G. M. Minchin Uniplanar Kinematics 57 Graphic construction for Resultant Acceleration. b. Nautical. ‘The method of ascertaining a ship's course by trigonometrical diagrams’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.). ΚΠ 1828 Moore's Pract. Navigator (ed. 20) 41 By construction. c. construction of equations n. see quot. 1728. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun] > action or process effectiona1652 retrogression1704 genesis1706 construction of equations1728 trace1834 tortuosity1867 quadrature1911 surgery1961 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Construction of Equations, is the Method of reducing a known Equation into Lines and Figures; whereby the Truth of the Rule, Canon, or Equation, may be demonstrated geometrically. d. transferred. ΚΠ 1884 tr. H. Lotze Logic 123 A generic concept derived from experience, the inner organisation of which can only be represented imperfectly by description, not exactly by construction. 4. a. A thing constructed; a material structure; a formation of the mind or genius. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > that which is built or constructed > [noun] workOE structure1560 construction1796 the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > inventive or creative faculty > [noun] > creative design or product findalOE ideaa1586 conception1587 creationa1616 birth1625 brainchild1631 constructurea1652 notion1742 construction1796 baby1890 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 424 The subterraneous constructions of Italy are as stupendous as those above ground. 1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 71 A number of other constructions were discovered. 1875 H. J. S. Maine Lect. Early Hist. Inst. i. 11 The Brehon laws are in no sense a legislative construction. b. A mechanical structure used in a stage setting, or forming the setting itself. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > a theatre > theatrical equipment or accessories > [noun] > scenery > pieces of side shutter1634 drop1781 flat1795 back-scene1818 border1824 profile1824 act drop1829 set piece1859 profiling1861 profile wing1873 backing1889 profile piece1896 revolve1900 construction1924 wood-wing1933 cutout1949 1924 H. Carter New Theatre Soviet Russia 71 Instead of painted planes he [sc. Meierhold] uses constructions in volumes made of wood, iron and other suitable material. 1924 H. Carter New Theatre Soviet Russia 72 Construction as it is now understood as an aid to acting and nothing more..arrived in April, 1922. 1929 H. Carter New Spirit Russ. Theatre 221 The bridge of Life and Death that forms the chief construction on the Japanese stage. 1929 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 34/2 High platforms, skeletonized structures, inclined planes, all manner of bare, unsentimentalized construction provide the footing as well as the background for the actors. c. Art. A sculptural creation, composed from a number of pieces, often of different material, and usually non-representational. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > constructivism or kineticism > [noun] > construction stabile1943 construction1944 assemblage1961 junk art1961 junk sculpture1961 1944 H. Read in Horizon July 63 Dear Gabo,..it is easier for me to sympathize with those lovers of art who but dimly apprehend the formal unity of one of your constructions. 1956 F. Gore Abstract Art 30 Arp is opposed to the ‘technoid’ constructions of Mondrian. 1964 H. Read Hist. Mod. Sculpture iii. 89 From 1914 onwards a group of artists in Moscow attempted to apply engineering techniques to the construction of sculpture, and the objects thus made were called ‘constructions’. II. The action of construing, and connected senses. 5. Grammar. a. The action of syntactically arranging words in a sentence; ‘the putting of words, duly chosen, together in such a manner as is proper to convey a complete sense’ (Johnson). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] > act of arranging words syntactically construction1591 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Gram. sig. E3 Construction is the apt ioining of words in framing of a sentence. 1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 26 1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 130 Prolepsis is also a figure of Construction. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Construction,..the arranging and connecting the Words of a Sentence; according to the Rules of the Language. b. The syntactical connection between verbs and their objects or complements, adjectives and their extensions, prepositions and objects, etc.In this Dictionary the principal constructions of verbs, adjectives, etc., are given under the various senses, marked Const. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] construction1530 syntaxis1540 composition1553 syntaxa1637 syntaxa1684 consecution1871 word order1872 taxis1885 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 137 There is nat a more straunger construction in all this tonge. 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lv. 20) I cannot tell whither the construction will beare it or no. 1640 Sir R. Baker in C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David (1870) I. Ps. i. 2 That stands in construction with all tenses. 1669 J. Milton Accedence 41 Construction consisteth either in the agreement of words together..which is call'd Concord; or the governing of one the other in such Case or Mood as is to follow. 1767 H. Walpole Narr. Rousseau 133 He changed the construction of the last phrase, though the thought remained exactly the same. 1876 C. P. Mason Eng. Gram. (ed. 21) Pref. Help towards the understanding of the more difficult constructions. c. Hebrew Grammar. The relation of a noun in the construct state. See construct adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > government regimenta1504 regimen1531 government1569 rection1585 construction1762 1762 J. Parkhurst Hebrew & Eng. Lexicon p. iv A Noun is said to be in Regimine, or in Construction, when it is in a particular relation to a Noun following it. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] > word for word constructiona1387 metaphrasis1603 metaphrase1680 literalism1833 transverbation1885 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 161 John Cornewaile..chaunged the lore in grammar scole, and construction, of [i.e. from] Frenche into Englische. 1430 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. x To sewe his style in my translation Worde by worde like the construction After the maner of gramariens. a1450 (a1397) Prol. Old Test. in Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Cambr. Mm.2.15) (1850) xv. 57 Whanne riȝtful construccioun is lettid bi relacion, I resolue it openli. 1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 72 She drew out hir petracke, requesting him to conster hir a lesson,..Thus walking in the ally she listned to his construction. 1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) ii. §8 I have seene a grammarian..shew more pride in the construction of one Ode [of Horace] than the Author in the composure of the whole booke. View more context for this quotation 7. The construing, explaining, or interpreting of a text or statement; explanation, interpretation; meaning, sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > [noun] > of text construction1483 lection?1541 construing1640 1483 Cath. Angl. 75 A Construccion, construccio, exposicio. 1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) 47 Whan blanchardyn had wel loked and rede the verses..& well vnderstode theire sentence..the prouost axed hym yf he was counseylled for to fulfylle the construction of that texte. 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 654/1 Al the question for the more part riseth..vpon the construccion thereof, that is to say..what was for that scripture the true sense and right vnderstanding. 1648 Bp. J. Hall Breathings Devout Soul xv. 22 What riddles are in that prophesie; which..undergoes as many constructions, as there are pens that have undertaken it. 1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. i. 146 Those texts..will admit of some other construction. 1803 Duke of Wellington in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 584 My construction of the tenor of the letter..may I hope prove erroneous. 8. a. Interpretation put upon conduct, action, facts, words, etc.; the way in which these are taken or viewed by onlookers; usually with qualification, as to put a good, bad, favourable, charitable (or other) construction upon. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > [noun] interpretation1387 intendment1390 sense1584 construction1592 reading1624 turn1688 construal1960 take1977 1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. E3v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) To admit me fauorable and indifferent construction, of what I shal here vnfould vnto you by writing. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. iv. 45 O illegitimate construction! I scorne that with my heeles. View more context for this quotation 1609 C. Tourneur Funerall Poeme sig. C2 The bitter censures of malignancies, In managements so subiect to construction. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. iv. 12 To finde the Mindes construction in the Face. View more context for this quotation a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) ii. 82 A charitable construction of each others acts and intentions. 1677 W. Hubbard Narr. Troubles with Indians New-Eng. ii. 38 To put the best Construction might be, on such Irregular actions. 1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. III. 499 Some Good may be done, though at the Expence of Envy and ill Construction. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 174 Since such is the construction that is put upon my patience. 1869 J. Martineau Ess. Philos. & Theol. 2nd Ser. 126 Locke..guards himself..against any such construction. b. †to make (a) construction: to give an explanation or meaning to; to explain or interpret in a certain way. Obsolete. to bear a construction: to allow of being explained in a certain way. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > interpret in particular way [verb (transitive)] understandc1000 interpretc1380 construea1400 construec1465 to make (a) construction1528 expound1533 confera1555 reada1556 decipher1569 resemble1592 intellect1599 1528 J. Skelton Honorificatissimo: Replycacion agaynst Yong Scolers sig. Av Ye may soone make construction With right lytell instruction. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) ii. ii. 216 There is shrewd construction made of her. View more context for this quotation 1620 F. Bacon Let. 19 Mar. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) III. 236 I humblye praye your Lordships to make a favourable and true construction of my absence. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xiv. 27 He would have made a less angry Construction, had I less deserved that he should do so. 1848 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxi Facts which would bear two constructions. 9. Law. a. The explaining or interpreting of the words of a statute, deed, or other legal document. ΘΚΠ society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > interpretation of the law > interpretation of a statute or deed construction1523 construing1579 1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng i. sig. B3v To the declaracyon and constructyon of this statute, etc. 1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. xiii. 117 By the Resignation of Richard the Second, the Parliament might seem, in strict construction of Law, to be expired. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 226 By an equitable construction of the statute of Glocester. 1845 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. II. 63 The construction or interpretation of a contract. 1890 Ld. Halsbury in Law Times Rep. 64 3/2 The question..turns upon the true construction of the Waterworks Clauses Act, 1847. b. A particular explanation or interpretation put upon a law, etc. ΘΚΠ society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > interpretation of the law > a particular construction1569 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 1324 The true meaning of which statute, they did impugne & ouerthrowe by diuers subtile and sinister constructions of the same. 1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 213 Iudges must beware of hard constructions, and strained inferences. 1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 329 The Master of the Rolls..adopted the latter construction. 1890 Sir N. Lindley in Law Times Rep. 63 690/1 Forcing upon this order a construction which would not be put upon it by those who are in the habit of dealing with orders in this form. Compounds attributive and in other combinations in sense 1, as construction camp, construction car, construction material, construction timber, etc.; construction railway n. = construction-way n., construction train n. a train conveying materials for the construction or repair of railways. construction-way n. a temporary railway laid down for use in the construction of a permanent railway, canal, or similar undertaking. ΚΠ 1796 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1846) VII. p. civ A Vessel..loaded with construction-timber. 1869 C. L. Brace New West xiv. 184 Every stick of fuel, every railroad tie, and beam for trestle-work, must be carried on construction trains from these mountains. 1873 J. H. Beadle Undeveloped West xxi. 397 Hitherto construction cars had been shoved across singly by hand. 1881 Chicago Times 18 June A construction train backing down to Elwood. 1884 Cent. Mag. Oct. 843 Adventurers who had followed the construction camps on the Northern Pacific Railroad. 1891 Harper's Mag. Nov. 887/1 It was Dunn's headquarters—the construction camp. 1900 Daily News 8 Mar. 3/2 The armoured train and construction trains can now go beyond Crocodile Pools almost to Ramutsa. 1943 J. S. Huxley TVA 55 (caption) The construction camp lies between the Freeway and the town. 1947 L. M. Beebe Mixed Train Daily 298 The club car ‘Julia Bullette’ of the romantic Virginia and Truckee—was originally built as a construction car. Draft additions June 2007 construction paper n. North American a type of thick coloured paper used esp. in children's craft projects. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > material for making paper > paper > [noun] > other types of paper India paper1721 whitey-brown1761 hot press1807 splash-paper1811 India proof1812 India paper proof1814 crinkled paper1820 pattern paper1849 powder paper1856 sheathing1859 chartaline1880 lining paper1880 Whatman1880 greaseproof paper1894 papyroxylin1894 shelf paper1895 corrugated paper1897 construction paper1902 Ingres paper1910 liner1921 cartolina1936 wood-free1966 1902 Daily Rev. (Decatur, Illinois) 19 Dec. Baskets, sleds, and boxes made of construction paper. 1963 K. H. Seibel Joyful Christmas Craft Bk. i. 6 Construction paper in bright colors is available at art-supply stores. 2006 Sunday News (Lancaster, Pa.) (Nexis) 5 Nov. g1 It was a drawing of a tree with the hand print of each family member cut out of construction paper. Draft additions December 2020 construction site n. an area of land where a structure is being built, repaired, or renovated; = building site n. at building n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > place where specific jobs are done > [noun] > construction sites building-site1871 construction site1903 platform yard1973 1903 Nottingham Evening Post 6 Aug. 3/2 It is hardly necessary to refer to the facilities which are provided at such ports as Tulon, Brest, Rochefort and Cherbourg, all of which are bases of supplies as well as construction sites. 2009 J. Kellerman True Detectives ii. 13 [A] corporate client..[was] needing someone to check out the goings-on at a..construction site where tools and building materials were disappearing at an alarming rate. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1387 |
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